Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode Research Articles

Green voltammetric method for determination of diclofenac sodium in environmental and biological samples using aluminium tungstate nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

ABSTRACT Based upon aluminium tungstate (Al2(WO4)3 NPs), a new modified sensor was created in order to monitor diclofenac sodium (DCF) electrochemically in environmental samples. The electrode composition, electrolyte effect, selectivity, scan rate, and pH parameters that affect the assay’s performance were optimised and the pH study revealed that pH 3.6 was found to be suitable to improve the electrochemical behaviour of diclofenac. The electrochemical characteristics of the built-in electrode were assessed using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV).The electrode composition, electrolyte effect, selectivity, scan rate, and pH parameters were optimised. The limit of detection was found to be 0.076 µM and the limit of quantification (LOQ) value was 0.25 µM for the concentration range (0.2–25 µM) of DCF. It has demonstrated good selectivity for (DCF) in presence of the interfering species and its electrochemical sensing’s repeatability, reproducibility and stability were evaluated and found typical. Some environmental samples like tap water, waste water, Nile-river water and biological ones like urine and plasma, have been effectively applied using the proposed electrochemical sensor. Green chemistry metrics, viz. Analytical GREEnness Preparation (AGREEprep), Analytical Eco-Scale Assessments (ESA) and The AMVI for the proposed method were calculated and have assured that the method has limited negative impact on both human health and the environment.

Development of CuO nanoparticles modified electrochemical sensor for detection of salbutamol

Abstract Metal oxide structures are being utilized in an increasing variety of applications. This study used cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques to investigate the possible utilization of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for the redox reactions of salbutamol (SAL). The electrochemical performance of the SAL analyte in a complex matrix environment in Ventolin was evaluated in order to assess the appropriateness of the proposed sensor in a real sample environment. CuO nanoparticles were produced via a straightforward, cost-effective and efficient sol–gel method, and characterization studies of synthesized CuO nanoparticles were performed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray Diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synthesized CuO nanoparticles had a spherical shape and particle size was found to be 74 nm. The crystal size of the CuO particles was calculated to be 21.79 nm using the Debye–Scherrer equation. Under optimal conditions, differential pulse voltammetry demonstrated a linear response in the 50 nM to 100 μM range, with a salbutamol detection limit of 50 nM (S/N = 3). The SAL concentration (R 2 = 0.9971) was found to have a good correlation coefficient. The reproducibility of the biosensor was investigated and evaluated with a relative standard deviation of 3% (n = 8). The storage stability of CuO modified CPE for two weeks was evaluated based on the response of DP current measured at intervals every two days. According to the measurement results, the modified electrode exhibited good stability and reproducibility while maintaining 80% of its stability. It is also a rapid and dependable sensor candidate with a measurement time of approximately 20 s. The developed electrode has been utilized successfully to determine doping material with improved performance.

Chitosan/TiO2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode as a sensitive voltammetric sensor for the determination of diclofenac sodium as an anti-inflammatory drug

Diclofenac (sodium [o-(2,6-dichloroanilino) phenyl] acetate) belongs to the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and is widely used as a painkiller. In this paper, a new, simple and effective electrochemical sensor for the determination of diclofenac was developed by modifying the carbon paste electrode. The electrode was modified with chitosan, a biopolymer with excellent adsorptive properties, and TiO2 nanoparticles, a catalytically active material. The modification of the electrode provided larger surface area and improved the electrical conductivity, resulting in enhanced electrochemical detection of diclofenac at a pH of 5.0 using adsorptive differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal working conditions, linear relationship between the oxidation peak current and the diclofenac concentration was obtained in two different ranges, from 0.2 to 10 μM and from 10 to 100 μM, with a detection limit of 0.013 μM. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of diclofenac in commercial tablets and synthetic urine samples. The fabricated chitosan/TiO2/carbon paste electrode, with an optimized voltammetric method, showed excellent analytical performance for diclofenac determination in terms of stability, low detection limit, high sensitivity, selectivity, as well as good reproducibility and repeatability of results. The obtained results suggest the potential for further utilization of the developed sensor for the simultaneous determination of a group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

An ultrasensitive electrochemical platform based on copper oxide nanoparticles and poly (crystal violet) for the detection of brilliant blue FCF from soft drinks

In this study, a highly sensitive and quick electrochemical platform based on poly (crystal violet) film and copper oxide nanoparticles for the detection of brilliant blue FCF from various soft beverages was developed. The synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. Further, crystal violet was electropolymerized on the surface of the carbon paste electrode modified with copper oxide nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of poly (crystal) violet/copper oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode were assessed through the utilization of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Furthermore, the signal towards the oxidation of brilliant blue was examined using the differential pulse voltammetry method. Under ideal experimental conditions, the peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the brilliant blue concentration within the range of 0.01–1.00 nmol/L, with a sensitivity of 294.55 µA nmol/L cm−2 and a significant detection limit of 3 pmol/L. In the presence of other dyes and other food additives, the developed platform showed greater selectivity in detecting brilliant blue. The reliability of the designed platform was demonstrated by the 99.19 – 100.67 recovery percentage for the identification of BB in various soft drink samples.

Developing an exclusive sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer/Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4@Au nanocomposite for the selective determination of an anti-cancer drug imatinib

Determination of pharmaceuticals especially anticancer drugs is one of the important issues in environmental and medical investigation and creating good information about human health. The presence sturdy introducing an electroanalytical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)/Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/Au@Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (PE) to determine imatinib (IMA). The MIP/MWCNTs/Au@Fe3O4/PE showed catalytic activity and also a sensitive strategy to sensing IMA in the concentration range 1–1000 μM with a limit of detection of 0.013 μM. The MIP/MWCNTs/Au@Fe3O4/PE has shown interesting results in the analysis of IMA in real samples, and the interference investigations results show the high selectivity of the MIP/MWCNTs/Au@Fe3O4/PE in the monitoring of IMA in complex fluids such as tablet and blood serum and results approved by F-test and t-test as statistical methods.

Sensitive determination of diuron on zinc oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode in soil and water samples

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor based on Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) modified carbon paste electrode was designed for the toxic diuron pesticide detection. The ZnONPs were synthesized through the hydrothermal route and their structural properties were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction powder (XRD). The designed ZnONPs‐modified carbon paste electrode (ZnONPs‐CPE) was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensor showed significantly enhanced sensitivity on the diuron oxidation peak current, compared to the bare carbon paste electrode. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Experimental parameters such as pH, amount of ZnONPs and frequency were evaluated and the optimized conditions were obtained with 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at pH=8, a frequency of 50 Hz and a quantity of 5 mg of ZnONPs. Under these conditions, linear responses ranging from 1.3 to 7.7 μM and 8.6 to 30 μM of diuron were obtained, with correlation coefficients of R2=0.994 and 0.996 respectively. Detection and quantification limits of 0.22 μM and 0.84 μM (S/N=3) were respectively achieved based on the 3σ method. The interference of some ions on the oxidation peak of diuron on ZnONPs‐CPE was also evaluated and no interference was observed, therefore demonstrating the selectivity of the sensor. The proposed sensor, designed with ecofriendly materials, is sensitive, selective and was effectively used for diuron determination in soils and water samples with recoveries ranging from 98 % to 101.5 %.

Voltammetric determination of daclatasvir dihydrochloride at bimetallic Ag/Co nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

In this work, a sensitive and cost-effective voltammetric method was proposed for the determination of daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC.2HCl) at a bimetallic Ag/Co nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode. Potential cyclization was used for the electro-deposition of the nanoparticles. The number of potential cycles needed for deposition was optimized. Surface characterization of the prepared sensor was performed using scanning electron microscope imaging (SEM). The electroanalysis of DAC was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Results of the scan rate effect indicated a dual diffusion-adsorption mechanism of DAC electrooxidation that involved two electrons. A very wide concentration range, from 5 × 10−9 to 10−4 M, was detected and divided into two segments with a low detection limit of 0.387 nM in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution/pH 2.6. The electroactivity of the developed sensor toward DAC, sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability, robustness, and selectivity were investigated. This sensor was successfully applied for the determination of DAC in pharmaceutical and urine samples.

Electrochemical determination of aripiprazole based on aluminium oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode.

The electrochemical oxidation of aripiprazole was explored at a carbon paste electrode modified with aluminium oxide nanoparticles by cyclic voltammetry and square-wave anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Experimental parameters such as carbon paste composition, scan rate, buffer pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential were optimized in order to obtain high analytical performance. The incorporation of aluminium oxide nanoparticles into the carbon paste matrix enhanced the effective surface area of the carbon paste electrode and improved the sensitivity. On the aluminium oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode, aripiprazole exhibited an irreversible anodic peak at +1.17 V in pH 1.8 BR buffer solution. Under optimum conditions, the peak current exhibited a linear dependence with aripiprazole concentration between 0.03 and 8.0 μM with a detection limit of 0.006 μM. The analytical applicability of the voltammetric method was evaluated by quantification of ARP in human serum samples and pharmaceutical formulations.

Electrochemical Detection of Olivetol Based on Poly(L-Serine) Film Layered Copper Oxide Modified Carbon Paste Electrode (p-L-Serine/CuO/CPE)

Olivetol is an important polyphenol compound and intermediate in the synthesis of cannabinoids possessing many types of biological activities. A facile electrochemical sensor for olivetol was fabricated based on p-L-serine, and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (p-L-serine/CuO/CPE). The proposed p-L-serine/CuO/CPE was applied to the electrochemical detection of olivetol by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV). Through the characterizations of materials and modified electrodes, the p-L-serine/CuO/CPE exhibited enhanced electrochemical signals for olivetol compared to bare CPE and CuO/CPE in both CV and DPV methods. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed p-L-serine/CuO/CPE showed a good quantitative analysis ability and a wide analysis range from 20 to 100 μmol L-1 of olivetol with a limit of detection of 1.04 μmol L-1. Based on the reproducibility, repeatability, and stability exhibited by this fabricated sensor and the cheap and accessible raw materials, the p-L-serine/CuO/CPE became a novel determination choice for olivetol in the electrochemical method with the advantages of being cost-effective and convenient.

Voltammetric determination of Molnupiravir used in treatment of the COVID-19 at magnetite nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode

To reduce the progression of the viral process in patients infected with COVID-19, new treatments and drug active substances are needed. One of these drugs is Molnupiravir (MNP) which has a direct antiviral effect and has also proven to be highly effective in reducing the azopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 infectious virus and viral RNA. Due to the importance and frequent use of this drug in the treatment of COVID-19, its accurate, quick, and cheap detection in pharmaceutical or biological samples is crucial. In this work, electrochemical behavior and sensitive voltammetric determination of MNP are described using a magnetite nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode (Fe3O4@CPE) for the first time. Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by recording their transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra. Cyclic voltammetric measurements showed that MNP was irreversibly oxidized at Fe3O4@CPE at 760 mV in pH 2.0 Britton Robinson buffer solution (BRBS). The peak current of MNP was increased approximately threefold at Fe3O4@CPE compared to bare CPE due to a good electrocatalytic efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs. According to differential pulse voltammetric studies, the fabricated electrode exhibited a linear range (LR) between 0.25 and 750 µM with sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of 4591.0 µA mM−1 cm−2 and 0.05 µM, respectively. On the other hand, although lower sensitivity (327.3 µA mM−1 cm−2) was obtained from CV compared to DPV, a wider linear calibration curve between 0.25 and 1500 µM was obtained in CV. Studies performed in tablet samples confirmed that the Fe3O4@CPE exhibits high applicability for selective and accurate voltammetric determination of MNP in real samples.

Nanostructured ZnO-Based Electrochemical Sensor with Anionic Surfactant for the Electroanalysis of Trimethoprim.

In this research, detection of trimethoprim (TMP) was carried out using a nanostructured zinc oxide nanoparticle-modified carbon paste electrode (ZnO/CPE) with an anionic surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) with the help of voltametric techniques. The electrochemical nature of TMP was studied in 0.2 M pH 3.0 phosphate-buffer solution (PBS). The developed electrode displayed the highest peak current compared to nascent CPE. Effects of variation in different parameters, such as pH, immersion time, scan rate, and concentration, were investigated. The electrode process of TMP was irreversible and diffusion controlled with two electrons transferred. The effective concentration range (8.0 × 10−7 M–1.0 × 10−5 M) of TMP was obtained by varying the concentration with a lower limit of detection obtained to be 2.58 × 10−8 M. In addition, this approach was effectively employed in the detection of TMP in pharmaceutical dosages and samples of urine with the excellent recovery data, suggesting the potency of the developed electrode in clinical and pharmaceutical sample analysis.

Sensitive and selective determination of vitamin B2 in non-alcoholic beverage and milk samples at poly (glutamic acid)/zinc oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

BackgroundThe deficiency of vitamin B2 can lead to many health problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a sensitive, selective and fast method for the determination of vitamin B2 in food samples. In this work, a sensitive, selective and low-cost electrochemical sensor was developed using poly (glutamic acid) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for vitamin B2 in non-alcoholic beverage and milk samples.MethodsThe modification of the electrode surface was carried out by electropolymerization of glutamic acid on ZnO NPs–carbon paste electrode (ZnO NPS–CPE). The prepared electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of vitamin B2 at the modified electrode. The effect of various parameters such as amount of ZnO NPs, polymerization cycle, concentration of the monomer, pH, scan rate and accumulation time were optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity at the modified electrode.ResultsThe developed sensor showed high electrocatalytic activity towards vitamin B2. Under the optimized conditions, the developed sensor showed a linear response in the range 0.005–10 µM with a low detection limit of (LOD) 0.0007 ± 0.00001 µM and high sensitivity of 21.53 µA/µM.ConclusionsA reproducible, repeatable, stable and selective sensor was successfully applied for the quantification of vitamin B2 in beverage and milk samples with acceptable recoveries in the range of 88–101%.

Electrocatalytic Investigation by Improving the Charge Kinetics between Carbon Electrodes and Dopamine Using Bio-Synthesized CuO Nanoparticles

We have successfully studied the charge transfer kinetics between carbon paste electrodes and dopamine using green synthesized rectangular monoclinic CuO nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by Alchemilla vulgaris leaves with the one-pot green synthesis method. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results confirmed the monoclinic structure with a particle size of around 85 nm. The investigation of thermal properties was carried out by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). We also studied the electrochemical response of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles to detect Dopamine (DA) using cyclic voltammetry, which was proven to be an excellent electrocatalyst for the electro-oxidation of DA. The fabricated CuO nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode (CMCPE) depicts fantastic selectivity, robustness, and sensitivity in analyzing DA in clinical and pharmaceutical preparations. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) orbitals of the DA were studied using positive and negative charges at the CuO modified carbon paste electrode interface. Frontier molecular orbitals of DA are plotted to understand electron transfer reactivity at the electrode interface.

Mn/Cu Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Nicotine Detection

AbstractA novel, cheap and economical electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) revealing is prepared by setting down for Manganese/copper nanoparticles (Mn/Cu NPs) on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). This sensor demonstrated good electrocatalytic activities to anodic oxidation of NIC in Potassium Phosphate Buffer solution (0.1 M) of pH range (4.0–10.0). The electrochemical description of MCMCPE is carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis (EDX) techniques were utilized for studying the surface morphology. The developed sensor is found to show a linear response in the concentration range 2×10−6–6×10−4 M with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1.15×10−7 M. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity and stability for sensing NIC in urine and tobacco samples.

Sensitive detection for nicotine using nickel/copper nanoparticle–modified carbon paste electrode

The need of quick testing of nicotine (NIC) is vital because of its hurtful impacts on human. NIC detection has been successfully developed using a novel sensitive simple electrochemical sensor. The sensor system is based on modifying a carbon paste electrode (CPE) using Ni and Cu nanoparticles to develop the new nickel/copper nanoparticle–modified carbon paste electrode (NCNMCPE) with low-cost and simple procedure. The sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for NIC oxidation in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) at a lower voltage of 1.3 V, with a linear response from 6.0 to 1000.0 µM. The detection limit (LOD) was estimated to be 0.14 nM. The sensing performance of the NCNMCPE for the electro-oxidation of NIC was examined utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) techniques were used to achieve surface characteristics.

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical sensors application of Tb2Ti2O7 nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode for the sensing of mefenamic acid drug in biological samples and pharmaceutical industry wastewater

Today, in most fields, wide research has been done in the manufacture of biosensors and the detection of various types of substances, including drugs. Nevertheless, the analytical detection of drugs from a biological sample by a simple and portable method for on-site detection is still important and very challenging. This paper investigates the electrochemical determination of the mefenamic acid (MEF), with a novel carbon paste electrode modified with terbium titanate nanostructures (TTN/CPE). The effect of the capping agent on the morphology and size of terbium titanate synthesized from terbium nitrate in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) as a stabilization agent is investigated. The as-produced nanostructures are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Electrochemical studies in optimized conditions indicate MEF has two linear responses in the range of 1.0 × 10−2–4.0 × 102 μM with a detection limit of 2.4 nM at the surface of TTN/CPE. The suggested sensor reveals good sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility and can be utilized for some important biological samples and wastewater with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical synthesis of polymelamine/gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode as voltammetric sensor of dopamine

• A Modified electrode was synthesized using electrochemical method. • The PM/AuNPs/CPE demonstrated better electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of hidroquinone. • The modified sensor showed high selectivity, sensitivity and excellent practice for HQ analysis in the real sample with satisfying recovery. Modifications of carbon paste electrodes (CPE) with polymelamine (PM) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as dopamine (DA) sensors have been investigated. Electrodes were made by coating PM by electropolymerization from melamine solution on the surface of CPE, then AuNPs were made by electrochemically reducing HAuCl 4 solution. AuNPs/PM/CPE electrodes were used as dopamine sensors by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and pulse differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The results showed that the electrodes gave a linearity of 0.2–11 µM, a detection limit of 0.067 µM, and recovery value of 98.78%± 0.34% in the analysis of urine samples spiked with dopamine. The electrodes gave perfect peak potential for separation from DA, uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA).

Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Mebendazole and Levamisole Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Human Plasma

AbstractA new, simple and highly sensitive electrochemical method based on zirconium oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (2 % ZrO2/CPE) was used for simultaneous determination of anthelmintics drugs Mebendazole (MB) and Levamisole HCl (LV) in drug substance, dosage form and human plasma. Differential pulse (DPV) and square wave (SWV) voltammetric analysis were applied in Britton Robinson buffer (pH 6; 0.04 M) after optimization of different analytical parameters. The studied drugs were measured simultaneously at very low concentration of analytes resulting in two well‐separated peaks. The detection limits were found to be 0.01 and 0.62 μM for MB and LV, respectively, using DPV and 0.01 and 0.42 μM for MB and LV, respectively using SWV.

Application of analytical Eco-Scale and Complex-GAPI tools for green assessment of a new simple nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode method for voltammetric determination of mosapride citrate in pharmaceutical dosage form and human plasma

A new, sensitive, eco-friendly and reliable electrochemical method was reported for determination of mosapride citrate (MOS). The method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of MOS after modification of carbon paste electrode (CPE) with 2% zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and cationic surfactant cetrimide using differential pulse voltammetry in 0.2 M phosphate buffer pH 5. Different instrumental and experimental parameters involved in the electrochemical determination were studied and optimized, including pH, buffer type and its concentration, and scan rate. The studied nanoparticles modified CPE showed high sensitivity and excellent anodic response with a linear relationship between the peak current and the molar concentration of the studied drug over the concentration range of 0.08–1.48 μM (equivalent to 0.05–0.91 μg mL−1). The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.01 and 0.08 μM, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of MOS in authentic drug, tablet dosage form and spiked human plasma. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines showing high accuracy and precision with recovery100.04% and RSD 1.21%. The results of the analysis obtained showed a good agreement with those obtained from the reported method.

Mn/Cu Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Nicotine Detection

Mn/Cu Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Nicotine Detection