Nanoemulsion System Research Articles

Molecular dynamics simulation of self-assembly in a nanoemulsion system

Nanoemulsions can be applied as delivery systems that improve solubilization capacity for poorly soluble drugs, and enhance the drug loading. In this work, a molecular self-assembly of a nanoemulsion composed of benzalkonium chloride as surfactant, cyclohexane as oil phase, and ethanol as co-surfactant in water, was investigated by three 1 μs coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation results showed that the oil molecules placed in the hydrophobic core of the nanoemulsion and made its size larger, while the polar terminal groups of benzalkonium chloride chains dominated the surface. The ethanol co-surfactant molecules distributed throughout the system so that they did not concentrate in the hydrophilic shell of the nanoemulsion. After formation of the droplet, it remained stable until the end of the simulation. The nanoemulsion structure was compact and exhibited a prolate ellipsoid shape. The average value of radius of gyration of the nanoemulsion was 1.68 nm and physical radius, determined from the radius of gyration was 2.17 nm.

The physical and chemical analysis of nanoemulsion from extract rodent tuber mutant plant (Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd.)

Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd. is well known as rodent tuber herbal plant has been successfully irradiated by using gamma rays irradiation technique to increase the bioactive compounds. Despite the potential of rodent tuber mutant plants, the idea came up to develop functional food formulations into nanoemulsion systems. Nanoemulsion composed of extract, glycerol, DMSO, tween 80, and water in different concentrations. The rodent tuber mutant plant extract and DMSO were formulated into nanoemulsion with a fixed concentration of 0.1% of the weight of the formula, the emulsifier was used tween 80 with a concentration of 0.1% and glycerol with a concentration of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% of the weight of the formula while the solvent used is distilled water with a final volume 10 mL of the weight of the formula. This study aimed to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of nanoemulsion prepared at various concentrations and volume ratios of rodent tuber mutant plant extract and surfactant. The analysis of the component of the nanoemulsions was conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The alkane group found in the nanoemulsion sample, such as eicosane (5.96%). It can be concluded that the best extract and surfactant concentrations are using glycerol at 0%. The droplet sizes of 0% glycerol concentration had 111.6 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.541 compared with other concentrations. Nanoemulsion at 0% of glycerol showed a low zeta potential value of -19.36 mV. The destabilization of nanoemulsion after 24 h was dominated with creaming appeared, as shown in negative zeta potential. This shows that the formulation is not stable enough for a certain period of time even though it has a nanoparticle size. The development of nanoemulsion optimalization is a prospective approach to solve the stabilization problem.

Boosting transdermal delivery of atorvastatin calcium via o/w nanoemulsifying system: Two-step optimization, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation.

A nanoemulsion system was designed for Atorvastatin calcium (ATOR) transdermal delivery to overcome its poor bioavailability of (30%) resulting from the extensive first-pass effect and dissolution rate-limited in vivo absorption. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were developed, and various NE formulae were prepared using oleic acid (OA), Tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400 as cosurfactant, ethanol and limonene as permeation enhancers (PEs). NEs were characterized for morphology, droplet size, zeta potential and in vitro release. The optimized formulae were assessed for ex vivo transdermal permeation and in vivo pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic studies. Hypocholesterolemic effect after 7days skin treatment was detected and compared to oral ATOR dispersion. Finally, blood plasma levels were measured for 24h for rats received the selected transdermal NE and transdermal drug in OA. The obtained results suggested the low potentiality of NE systems in transdermal delivery of lipophilic drugs, only the addition of PEs is driving factor for increasing drug flux through full thickness rat skin. In the optimized formula, the presence of ethanol and PEG 400 disrupts SC lipids exhibiting rapid ex vivo release profile compared to other NEs and to ATOR in OA. In contrast, the optimized NE achieved a prolonged plasma profile. Transdermal NE was significantly more efficient than oral administration in lowering cholesterol plasma level and in increasing ATOR bioavailability. In conclusion, data revealed no correlation between ex vivo and in vivo studies explained by the collapse of the follicles in ex vivo skin permeation study, leaving only the lipoidal pathway for NE to pass through, thus only NE components, neither nanosizing nor other reported mechanisms, are the main influencing factors. In vivo experiments suggested that o/w NE changed ATOR pathway to follicular delivery leading to accumulation of NE in follicles and consequently a prolonged plasma profile.

Characterization of nanoemulsion gotukola, mangosteen rind, cucumber and tomato extract for cosmetic raw material

Agingis related to defacement caused by free radical and the most common signs are fine lines and wrinkles. Wrinkles occur in skin layer called dermis-contained collagen that is responsible in preventing wrinkles. This physiological change on skin made an individual look old, and this is a troubling issue especially for women. Natural substances have an excellent anti-aging remedy to improve skin defection caused by free radical and maintain skin rejuvenation. Itis already proved that gotukola, mangosteen rind, cucumber and tomato extract has antioxidant activity. In this study, these extracts were formulated in nanoemulsion which was prepared in anti-aging topical preparation. This nanoemulsion system was expected to accelerate active agent absorption into skin tissue. It was also investigated the the emulsion stability system by pH, refractive index, viscosity and particle size parameter. It was shown that the anti-aging topical preparation with a composition of 2% Gotukola extract, 2% mangosteen rind extract, 2 % tomato extract and 4% cucumber extract was stable for 2 months of observation with average pH 6.16 ± 0.33; 6.11 ± 0.351, refractive index 1.38817 ± 0.00863; 1.37 ± 0.00453, viscosity 3148 cP ± 1068; 1638 cP ± 1294 and particle size 1.14 μm ± 0.84; 1.64 μm ± 0.99 in 5 °C and ambient temperature respectively. Overall, the emulsion system was relatively stable in both storage temperature 5 °C and ambient temperature. It was also proven to be safe for human application.

Synthesis and Characterization of <i>Citrus limonum</i> Essential Oil Based Nanoemulsion and Its Enhanced Antioxidant Activity with Stability for Transdermal Application

Lemon oil (LO), also known as Citrus limonum is a highly volatile essential oil (EO) with potential therapeutic properties like anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, anti-fungal and anti-cancerous. However, the efficacy of LO is limited due to its physiological factors such as high volatility, poor stability (particularly sensitive to sunlight) and quick degradability upon exposure. To overcome these challenges, we formulated lemon oil loaded nanoemulsion system (LO-NE) (oil-in-water), using aqueous titration method. The formulation comprised of lemon oil (LO), Tween 80 and ethanol as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant phases respectively. The existence zone of NE was established by constructing pseudo-ternary phase diagrams using different concentrations of LO, surfactant and co-surfactant (Smix). The quantitative estimation of LO was performed using a high throughput gas chromatography, revealing the presence of various compounds like Limonene, Alpha-Pinene and Linalyl acetate followed by the estimation of total phenolics and flavonoid content. The characterization of LO-NE indicated the particle size of 60 ± 2.5 nm along with the polydispersity index of 0.125 and zeta potential of −14.9 mV. The size range of the NE particles dispersed in the colloidal system was further verified by TEM micrograph which shows size range between 46.2 - 104.7 nm. All the anti-oxidant assays outcomes exhibited the higher activity of LO-NE in comparison to LO alone with lower IC50 values. The release kinetics statistical data showed that LO-NE had a sustained release and followed the Higuchi’s model in comparison to burst release of LO alone. Lastly, the stability analysis of the optimised formulation (LO-NE) and LO was estimated through antioxidant assay and subjecting them for thermodynamic stability after 6 months. The results attained, showed higher stability and anti-oxidant capability of LO-NE than LO alone. The study suggested that formulated nanoemulsion can be effectively used as a highly efficacious biologically active alternative nanoformulation against many transdermal disorders.

Metod reverzne dijalize sa vrećicama za procenu in vitro oslobađanja lekovite supstance iz parenteralnih nanoemulzija - studija sa risperidonom

The present study describes the release pattern of risperidone, a poorly water-soluble psychopharmacological drug, from two parenteral nanoemulsions containing the mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and soybean oil as an oil phase, sodium oleate solution as an aqueous phase and lecithin alone or in combination with polysorbate 80 as emulsifiers/stabilizers. The nanoemulsions were prepared by hot high-pressure homogenization, and evaluated regarding physicochemical properties - a droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and viscosity, as well as biopharmaceutical performances - in vitro drug release by employing a reverse dialysis bag technique. Physicochemical characterization revealed a favorable mean droplet size (160-210 nm), narrow size distribution (<0.15), high surface charge (around -50 mV to -60 mV) and low apparent viscosity (4-6 mPa.s) of developed nanoemulsions, thus proving their suitability for parenteral administration of poorly water-soluble actives. The in vitro drug release study showed biphasic release profiles of risperidone, with significant differences between two investigated nanoemulsion formulations (differing only in the presence of polysorbate 80), indicating the influence of nanoemulsion matrix on drug release kinetics. However, the release of risperidone from investigated nanoemulsions was relatively rapid (more than 50% released within the first 5 min), suggesting their promising application in emergency situations. Furthermore, above 95% of the drug was released from both tested nanoemulsions within 180 min, while the kinetic release process could be described by Korsmeyer-Peppas model and supposed to be diffusion-controlled.Overall, it can be concluded that the reverse dialysis bag technique was the appropriate and enough discriminatory method to evaluate the in vitro release of risperidone from presented nanoemulsion systems.

Study on stability and in vitro digestion of camellia oil nanoemulsion system

The soy protein isolate (SPI) was combined with tea saponin as an emulsifier to prepare camellia oil nanoemulsion, and the stability of camellia oil nanoemulsion was compared with that of soybean protein isolate or tea saponin as emulsifier. The effects of different pH, ionic strength, heating temperature and storage time on the average particle size, ξ-potential and microstructure of camellia oil nanoemulsion prepared by three emulsifiers were studied. The results showed that the nanoemulsions prepared by combining natural emulsifiers (SPI-TS) in the pH range of 5-9 were stable and remained stable in the range of 0-300mm NaCl concentration, but had poor tolerance to high salt environment. After heating at different temperatures (30 °C-90 °C) for 30min, the average particle size, ξ-potential and microstructure of the three emulsions did not change significantly, showing good heating stability. At different storage temperatures (4, 25, 50°C) SPI-TS and TS emulsion could exist stably about four weeks, and had good storage stability. In addition, we performed in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion studies on the digestive properties of camellia oil nanoemulsions. The results showed that the particle size, the ξ-potential of the nanoemulsion changes depend on the type of emulsifier during digestion. The release rate of free fat acids (FFAs) of nanoemulsions after gastrointestinal digestion were all higher than that of the control group. The results showed that the nanoemulsion delivery system could effectively improve the digestion of camellia oil, It was important to improve the bioavailability of camellia oil.

Cyclodextrin supermolecules as excellent stabilizers for Pickering nanoemulsions

Compared to traditional emulsions, nanoemulsions offer tiny droplets which are of importance in various scenarios. However, the nanoscaled system is inherently difficult to prepare due to its high curvature and huge surface energy. In this study, robust Pickering nanoemulsions system with high loading capacity (up to 44.67%) was prepared using edible materials. The mean particle size of the nanoemulsions was 205.63 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.239, and the ζ-potential was −26.67 mV. β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)/Tween-20 nanoparticles induced nanodroplets and α-cyclodextrins/polyethylene glycol 20000 (α-CD/PEG) gels played a role to restard coalescence in this nanoemulsion system. The results indicated that the concentration of β-CD/Tween-20 nanoparticles significantly affected the formation of the Pickering nanoemulsions (P-NEs). Higher crystallite concentrations corresponded to more crystallite adsorption at the oil–water interface. In addition, a three-dimensional network structure around the Pickering droplets occurred by α-CD/PEG gels. Both these cyclodextrins supermolecular structures contributed to an excellent stable period of the P-NEs of 60 days.

Investigation of nanoemulsion interfacial properties: A mesoscopic simulation

The interfacial and structural properties of lycopene nanoemulsions stabilized by modified octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch were studied by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. These dynamics simulations accurately reproduce nanoemulsion formation from dispersion to aggregation. NMR diffusivity studies provided data that were consistent with the model output, indicating that the model successfully reveals lycopene embedment in the emulsion as well as interactions between lycopene and starch molecules, which limit their respective movements. The interface between the oil and water phases, and emulsifier amphiphilicity, were apparent in the simulation snapshots and OSA starch density profiles. The simulations and experimental studies reveal that the emulsifier reduces interfacial tension more effectively within a suitable concentration range. The root mean square (RMS) end-to-end distance and Raman spectroscopic analysis both show that the emulsifiers at the interface are aligned and become more ordered at higher concentrations. These findings expand our understanding of this nanoemulsion system.

Cremophor EL Nano-Emulsion Monomerizes Chlorophyll a in Water Medium.

In this paper, the application of a non-ionic detergent Cremophor EL for monomerization of chlorophyll a in an aqueous medium is studied. The spectrophotometric properties of chlorophyll a encapsulated into the Cremophor EL nano-emulsion system were characterized by electronic absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence as well as circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results have shown that chlorophyll a dissolves more efficiently in the aqueous medium containing low-level Cremophor (5 wt%) than at an ethanolic solution even in the concentration of 10−4 M. The molecular organization of the chlorophyll a in the Cremophor EL nano-micelles was also investigated by means of Raman spectroscopy. The spectral changes in the frequency of the C=O stretching group were used to distinguish the aggregation state of chlorophyll. It was revealed that chlorophyll a exists dominantly in the monomeric form in the Cremophor EL aqueous solution. The promising aspect of the use of Cremophor EL nano-emulsion as a delivery system is to maintain stable chlorophyll monomer in an aqueous medium. It would open the potential for a new, practical application of chlorophyll a in medicine, as a dietary supplement or studies on molecular organization of chlorophyll a in the well-defined artificial system.

Thermally and pH-responsive gelation of nanoemulsions stabilized by weak acid surfactants

Nanoemulsions are widely used in applications such as in food products, pharmaceutical ingredients and cosmetics. Moreover, nanoemulsions have been a model colloidal system due to their ease of synthesis and the flexibility in formulations that allows one to engineer the inter-droplet potentials and thus to rationally tune the material microstructures and rheological properties. In this article, we study a nanoemulsion system in which the inter-droplet interactions are modulated by temperature and pH. We develop a nanoemulsion suspension in which the droplets are stabilized by weak acid surfactants whose charged state can be independently controlled by temperature and pH, leading to a responsive electrostatic repulsion. Moreover, the additional poly(ethylene glycol) segment (PEG) on the surfactant gives rise to a temperature responsive attraction between droplets via PEG-PEG association and ion-dipole interaction. The interplay of these three interactions gives rise to non-monotonic trends in material properties and structures as a function of temperature. The underlying mechanism resulting in these trends is obtained by carefully characterizing the nanoemulsion droplets and studying the molecular interactions. Such mechanistic understanding also provides guidance to modulate the inter-droplet potential using pH and ionic strength. Moreover, the molecular understanding of the weak acid surfactant also sheds light on the destabilization of the nanoemulsion droplets triggered by a switch in pH. The control of the competition of attractive and repulsive interactions using external stimuli opens up the possibility to design complex nanoemulsion-based soft materials with controllable structures and rheological properties.

Role of Nanotechnology for Design and Development of Cosmeceutical: Application in Makeup and Skin Care.

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1–100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments.

Fabrication of nanoemulsion system containing chloramphenicol and palm kernel oil esters for parenteral treatment of meningitis

Meningitis is a disease caused by a bacterial infection in the brain. Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common causative agent for meningitis disease. Chloramphenicol used to be a drug used for the treatment of meningitis. Current medication in treating meningitis is using the family of cephalosporin drugs. However, due to the drug-resistant problem, this family of a drug is no longer efficient towards the meningitis bacteria. Thus, the use of chloramphenicol has caught back the attention in treating meningitis disease. Chloramphenicol is claimed to be toxic towards human cells since the higher dosage is needed per injection for every treatment. This is corresponding to the poor delivery method of this hydrophobic drug. Nanoemulsion is believed to be the best option in transporting chloramphenicol to the brain by the intravenous route. A good combination of oil mixed with a surfactant mixture led to the formation of formulation with small particle sizes with low PDI values. Optimization of nanoemulsion's composition using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) suggested that the best amount of oil, lecithin, and glycerol were 4%, 2.5%, and 2.25%, respectively. The optimized formulation was then modified due to the instability and insufficient osmolality value of the formulation. The physicochemical characteristics (particle size, PDI, zeta potential, osmolality, viscosity, and pH) of the formulation successfully fulfilled the requirement for parenteral application. Toxicity analysis showed that chloramphenicol encapsulated nanoemulsion system was much safer compared to the standard chloramphenicol. Storage of the chloramphenicol-loaded nanoemulsion at 4°C showed good stability for 3 months with no significant changes on the particle size.&#x0D;

Development of cyclosporine-loaded nanoemulsion for topical treatment of psoriasis

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease in which the symptoms are obviously appeared on the patient's body with thick, red/ salmon colour and dry patches. Clinically, topical treatment has been the first-line treatment for psoriasis, whether or not the systemic and phototherapy is required. Currently, cyclosporine is one of the standard oral medications used for moderate to a severe case of psoriasis. However, through oral delivery, it cannot be used for a long period and causes bad effects. Thus, a new delivery system of cyclosporine is in need to be developed to overcome its toxic effects by skipping the first pass body metabolism. A nanoemulsion colloidal system, as the main carrier for big, non-water-soluble cyclosporine, is believed could help in the delivery of activities through the stratum corneum of the skin layer. Nanoemulsion system, which mainly consists of oil phase (a mixture of virgin coconut oil, nutmeg oil, and cyclosporine), aqueous phase, and surfactant, was successfully being developed by using Mixture Experimental Design optimization tool with droplet size range between 110-160 nm. Stability studies were carried out with respect to; pH, storage at different temperatures, coalescence and Ostwald ripening mechanism, free-thaw cycle, and FTIR analysis. From the obtained results, this newly-developed nanoemulsion containing cyclosporine was proven to be stable and successfully maintained its physicochemical characteristics even after 3 months of storage at 4°C and 25°C temperature. Ostwald ripening mechanism contributed to the instability of the system at 45°C of storage. Introduction of standard cyclosporine, blank nanoemulsion, and nanoemulsion containing cyclosporine to the HaCaT cells in the treatment of MTT assay study has confirmed the safety of the nanoemulsion. Permeation study of the newly-developed nanoemulsion containing cyclosporine showed it was best fitted the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. In addition, the transepidermal water loss and hydration studies proved the efficacy of cyclosporine-loaded nanoemulsion in increasing the water storage of the volunteers’ normal skin after 3h of application.

Development, characterization and in vitro toxicity evaluation of nanoemulsion-loaded hydrogel based on copaiba oil and coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CQ10) is a lipophilic substance synthesized endogenously by the body that has antioxidant, photoprotective and wound-healing properties. However, when applied exogenously in topical preparations, there are obstacles to its permeation through the stratum corneum due to its high molar mass, low water solubility and susceptibility to photodegradation. In this case, permeation is desired for the substance to attain high levels of bioavailability in the lower levels of the epidermis, protecting keratinocytes against oxidative damages, and in the dermis to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen. In this work, we used copaiba oil, a vegetable oil with properties similar to those of CQ10, to compose oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions with CQ10 (NECQ10) and without it (NECO), for comparative purposes, prepared by ultrasound processing. After adding the thickener ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer to the NECQ10 and NECO, the formulations NECQ10g and NECOg, respectively, were evaluated regarding the particle size distribution, which was monomodal with mean droplet size of about 60 nm and had mean polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.2. Furthermore, another formulation was obtained without using the ultrasound processor (ECQ10g), giving rise to an O/W emulsion (ECQ10 g) corresponding to NECQ10g, with dispersed droplet sizes of about 1.7 μm, also for comparative purposes. The formulations were stable for 90 days, had pH compatible with the stratum corneum and were safe according to in vitro toxicity tests on fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The NE of interest incorporated in hydrogel (NECQ10 g) only weakened the gel’s strength, while not affecting the rheological characteristics of a gel, thus having viscosity suitable for topical use. Furthermore, the NECQ10 g was able to improve the cell viability profile in fibroblasts when compared with the formulations NECOg and ECQ10 g, in the order NECQ10g > NECOg > ECQ10 g, due to the presence of CQ10 encapsulated in the nanoemulsion system.

Interferon-gamma carrying nanoemulsion with immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities.

The therapeutic administration of cytokines has been introduced aiming to modulate the immune response system, seeking for different approaches to face pathologies such as cancer, auto immune and infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a stable oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion system carrying the cytokine Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) on the activity of phagocytes and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Nanoemulsions were prepared through ultra-homogenization, and they consisted of distilled water, triglycerides of capric acid/caprylic, sorbitan-oleate, polysorbate 80, and 1-butanol. IFN-γ (100 ng ml-1 ) was incorporated into two O/W nanoemulsion formulations, and these formulations were characterized in terms of their preliminary and accelerated physicochemical stability, rheological properties, droplet size, polydispersity and surface charge. We identified the most optimal IFN-γ nanoemulsion (IFN-γNE2), which remained stable under extreme temperature variations for 90 days, contained an average dose of 97 ng ml-1 of IFN-γ and exhibited a biocompatible pH and a relative stable rheological profile. Cell viability and intracellular Ca2+ release assays conducted showed that IFN-γNE2 reduced the cell viability of MCF-7 cells without affecting the cell viability of phagocytes. Furthermore, IFN-γNE2 was able to induce cellular activity of phagocytes as evidenced by increased intracellular Ca2+ release in these cells. Our findings on this IFN-γ nanoemulsion suggest that it can be a promising therapeutic agent for immunostimulation and cancer treatment.

Antipathogenic effects of emulsion and nanoemulsion of cinnamon essential oil against Rhizopus rot and grey mold on strawberry fruits

Application of essential oils in controlling plant pathogens is generally associated with difficulty due to low solubility in water, strong odor, physical and chemical instability. One of the ways to minimise these effects is to use a nanoemulsion system. It also increases the antimicrobial properties. In this research, after preparation of cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum L.) essential oil (CEO), nanoemulsion of the essential oil was prepared and its physical and chemical properties were determined. The particle size of nanoemulsion was determined to be&#x0D; 115.33 ± 3.97 nm. Emulsification and nanoemulsion of the essential oil along with thiabendazole as an antifungal agent at various concentrations of active ingredient were studied for control of Rhizopus stolonifera and Botrytis cinerea fungi, strawberry fruit decay. Results in solid Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium indicated that emulsion and nanoemulsion of CEO have a significant difference in antifungal activity against B. cinerea and R. stolonifera. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 500 and 1,000 μl fungi per liter of culture medium. According to the results of the research, essential oil nanoemulsion had a significant effect on the reduction of a fungal cartilage of strawberry fruit. In general, nano-emulsions of the essential oil showed more antifungal activity than essential oil. There was no significant difference in decay control between thiabendazole and CEO. The nano-emulsion of cinna- mon oil at a concentration of 0.2% proved significant effect in reducing fruit decay and showed the lowest fruit infec- tion (5.43%). Consequently, nano-emulsion of essential oil is recommended for the production of natural fungicides.

Techniques for Formulation of Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery System: A Review.

Nanoemulsion drug delivery systems are advanced modes for delivering and improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and the drug which have high first pass metabolism. The nanoemulsion can be prepared by both high energy and low energy methods. High energy method includes high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonication whereas low energy methods include the phase inversion emulsification method and the self-nanoemulsification method. Low energy methods should be preferred over high energy methods as these methods require less energy, so are more efficient and do not require any sophisticated instruments. However high energy methods are more favorable for food grade emulsion as they require lower quantities of surfactant than low energy methods. Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system are overlapping in nature, especially in the case of low energy methods. In this review, we have classified different methods for formulation of nanoemulsion systems based on energy requirements, nature of phase inversion, and self-emulsification.

Depressants in nanoemulsion systems applied to quartz and hematite microflotation

Nanoemulsion systems were investigated in the microflotation of quartz and hematite. Four different depressants were used: Maizena®, soluble starch, amidex, and amylose. The nanoemulsions comprise in a single stable phase varying amounts of water, kerosene, Flotigam EDA® (collector), and n-butyl alcohol, allowing all flotation reagents to be added at the same time, reducing interfacial tension and favoring their application in the process. Microflotation tests were performed in a modified Hallimond Tube and the zeta potential values of the minerals were determined in the presence and absence of reagents. Quartz floatability was not affected by depressants, even when concentrations of 100ppm of depressant were used in the nanoemulsion. The determined isoelectric point of quartz (pH 2). High levels of hematite depression were obtained for all depressants (80%–90% depression). Quartz floatabilities of up to 95% were achieved by using nanoemulsions in the process.

Vitamin E-based Folic Acid Nanoemulsion: Formulation and Physical Evaluation for Oral Administration.

Background: Folic acid is essential in many metabolic processes and DNA synthesis. Nevertheless, folic acid is not stable, pH-sensitive, and deteriorated upon light exposure.Objective: This work was aimed to improve folic acid stability within vitamin E-based nanoemulsion.Methods: The nanoemulsion was prepared with self-nanoemulsification method by mixing vitamin E oil, Tween 20, and PEG 400. A pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed with aqueous titration to determine the optimum ratio for the mixture. The globule size, pH and entrapment efficiency were included in the nanoemulsion characterizations. In addition, the influence of centrifugation, storage, and pH on physical and chemical stabilities of folic acid nanoemulsion was evaluated.Results: Optimum formula was obtained from vitamin E, Tween 20, and PEG 400 with the ratio of 1:11:1, and the folic acid amount was 8 mg. The size of folic acid-loaded oil globule was 15.10 ± 1.51 nm, and the nanoemulsion pH was 6.24 ± 0.01. The nanoemulsion system was able to load the folic acid completely. Folic acid in nanoemulsion was stable after 14 days at room temperature, and it was more stable compared to folic acid in solution. In addition, the physical and chemical characteristics of folic acid in nanoemulsion was not affected by the simulated gastric condition.Conclusion: Hence, nanoemulsion is a promising strategy to enhance folic acid stability.