Nanobubble Water Research Articles

Effects of ozone nano-bubble water on mucositis induced by cancer chemotherapy

No effective, reliable treatment for stomatitis associated with cancer therapy has been established. This study focused on the its effectiveness of ozone nano-bubble water (ONBW) for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced stomatitis. Oral mucositis was induced in 14-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 21). The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: 7 without treatment (control); 7 treated with physiological salt solution (saline); and 7 treated with ONBW. Animals were weighed on Days 7, 9, 11, and 16. Stomatitis grade evaluation and bacterial count measurements were performed before rinsing in all animals 3, 5, and 10 days after acetic acid irritation (Days 9, 11, and 17 respectively). Weight loss after stomatitis creation was observed in all groups, with significant differences between the control and ONBW groups and between the saline and ONBW groups on Day 16. The stomatitis grade did not worsen during the experimental period in any group, with the lowest grades in the ONBW group on Days 11 and 16. Significant differences were identified between the control and ONBW groups and between the saline and ONBW groups on Days 11 and 16. Oral bacterial counts tended to decrease over time in all three groups, with the greatest decrease in the ONBW group, followed by the saline group. The decrease in the bacterial count was steepest in the ONBW group. Rinsing out the oral cavity with ONBW decreased bacterial counts and encouraged the healing of oral chemotherapy-induced stomatitis. ONBW may be an effective treatment for chemotherapy-induced stomatitis.

Effect of Air Nanobubble Water on the Growth and Metabolism of Haematococcus lacustris and Botryococcus braunii.

Miniature air bubbles with a diameter of less than 200 nm were generated by a nanobubble aerator, and nanobubble water (NBW) was eventually obtained using the gas-liquid mixing system with hydrodynamic function. As the air bubbles have long lifetime and high gas solubility in the liquids, NBW is stable in nature and inside contains sufficient dissolved oxygen. At present, there is no report on the use of NBW to replace ordinary water to cultivate microalgae. In this research, effect of NBW on the growth and metabolism of different microalgae, including Haematococcus lacustris and Botryococcus braunii was investigated. The result demonstrated that the growth of H. lacustris and B. braunii was increased by NBW and the highest promotion ratio was up to 44% and 26%, respectively. For H. lacustris, the astaxanthin content in the NBW treatment group was also improved compared to the control group. As the main product of B. braunii, lipid content in the dry matter was decreased after the treatment of NBW, but total lipid production was significantly higher than that of the control group. In general, NBW could serve as the potentially effective tool to promote the growth of microalgae in the future.

Characterisation of seed germination using nanaobubbled water

This paper particularises the generation of nanobubbles in distilled water using electrolysis process. Nanobubbles are those whose diameter is less than 200 nm. The size of the nanobubbles is quantified by using Atomic Force Microscope (A.F.M). This paper also specifies the germination of seeds with nanobubble water for seeds like Tulsi (Holy Basil), beans, surattense night shade and the growth rate is compared with seeds that are germinated with normal water. The comparison is made in terms of number of days the seed took to germinate from the soil, number of days it took for generation of first leaf and number of days it took for perfect branching. It also looks into the case where moss is formed due to over flooding of water for plants. However, mass formation was found to be very less when nanobubbled water was flooded during seed germination. Many property changes are seen in water due to the presence of nanobubbles. So properties like density, viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanobubbles water are studied and the results of these studies hold good harmony with the previous results.

Two Cases of Palmoplantar Pustulosis Treated with Oral Rinse Using Ozone Nano-bubble Water in Addition to Conventional Topical Therapy

Background: Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a unique, chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by pustules and erythematous lesions on specific sites, such as the palms and soles; however, the etiology and treatment of the condition are not clearly established. Recently, oral bacteria have been proposed as the possible causative factor of PPP. Ozone nano-bubble (ONB) water, treated with nano-sized ozone gas particles, shows strong sterilizing activity and has been attracting attention as a new treatment method not only for periodontal disease but also for PPP. Case history: This report presents the cases of two female patients with PPP who underwent treatment using a mixture of topical vitamin D and steroid ointments for over 6 months. However, the skin lesions did not show much improvement. Owing to the antimicrobial activity of ozone, they voluntarily agreed to rinsing their oral cavities with ozone water, particularly the periodontal areas, for a couple of minutes with 10–20 ml of ONB water, each night, in conjunction with the previous topical treatment.Results: Their skin lesions resolved completely within several months of addition of ONB water oral rinse to the routine topical treatment. Conclusion: The results support the usefulness of ONB water as an effective therapeutic means for the resolution of skin lesions in patients with PPP.

Enhanced hydrolysis of waste activated sludge for methane production via anaerobic digestion under N2-nanobubble water addition.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a relatively safe and economically feasible disposal technique for waste activated sludge (WAS), in which hydrolysis of complex organic matters is the rate-limiting step. The aim of this study is to explore the efficiency of applying nitrogen gas nanobubble water (N2-NBW) to AD of WAS and reveal the possible mechanisms. The possible effects of N2-NBW on different processes during AD of WAS were investigated and N2-NBW was expected to enhance the hydrolysis step. Results showed that after N2-NBW addition, sludge particles possessed more negative charges (indicated by zeta potential) than the control with deionized water (DW) addition. The total methane production of NBW group was 402 mL/g-VSreduced, 29% higher than the control group. Moreover, mechanism investigations revealed that N2-NBW addition not only improved the disintegration of high molecular weight compounds (proteins and polysaccharides), but also enhanced the activities of four extracellular hydrolases by 14-17%. Results from the present work showed that the enhancement of N2-NBW addition on methane production from AD of WAS was mainly through the augmentation of hydrolysis of WAS, as little effect on methanogenesis and VS reduction was discerned. The promotion effect of N2-NBW on hydrolysis suggests that N2-NBW addition is a promising pretreatment strategy for AD of WAS with no chemical addition at low energy consumption, thus, increasing the economic feasibility of WAS disposal.

Evaluation of antitumor effect of oxygen nanobubble water on breast cancer-bearing BALB/c mice.

Hypoxia is a condition of low oxygen level which poses a common feature of most cancers. In the current study, we investigated effect of water containing oxygen nanobubble (ONB) on tumor growth in breast cancer 4T1-bearing mice during 14-day treatment period. Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into three groups (six mice per group), including the ONB group drinking water containing ONB, the air nanobubble (ANB) group drinking water containing ANB, and control group drinking normal water. Tumor weight and size were measured in 2-day interval during 14-day treatment. mRNA expression of p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), and cyclin D/Cdk2 genes were measured in the treated and control mice. After 8, 12, and 14 days of treatment, tumor size in ONB group was significantly decreased by 40.5%, 32.8%, and 28%, respectively, when compared with the control group. In addition, ANB group showed a significant reduction in tumor burden as well. The messenger RNA (mRNA) level of p53 in tumor cells of ONB and ANB group was found to be 36-fold (P = 0.0001) and 33-fold (P = 0.0001) higher than that in the control group, respectively. There was a ninefold increase in mRNA expression of VEGF gene in tumor cells of ANB mice than that in control mice; however, there was no significant changes in ONB group. Expression of HIF gene was significantly lower in tumor cells of ONB and ANB group than in the control group. It is concluded that drinking ONB water has potential to inhibit tumor growth, however more preclinical and proof-of-concept studies are needed to confirm its safety and therapeutic effect.

Effects of nanobubble water on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus 1028 and its lactic acid production.

Nanobubble water (NBW) has been applied in various fields due to the unique properties of nanobubbles (NBs) including long-term stability, negative zeta potential and generation of free radicals. In this study, the performance of four kinds of NBW from different gases (air, N2, H2, and CO2) in addition to deionized water (DW) were investigated and compared in terms of the growth of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus 1028. The NB density, size distribution, zeta potential, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the NBW were firstly investigated. Results indicate that N2-NBW had the highest absolute value of zeta potential and NB density (−25.3 ± 5.43 mV and 5.73 ± 1.0 × 107 particles per mL, respectively), while the lowest was detected in CO2-NBW (−6.96 ± 2.36 mV and 3.39 ± 1.73 × 107 particles per mL, respectively). With the exception of CO2-NBW, all the other types of NBW showed promotion effects on the growth of the strain at the lag and logarithmic phases. Among them, N2-NBW demonstrated the best performance, achieving the highest increase ratio of 51.1% after 6 h cultivation. The kinetic models (Logistic and Gompertz) indicate that the culture with N2-NBW had the shortest lag phase and the maximum specific growth rate when compared to the H2-NBW and DW groups under the same cultivation conditions. Preliminary analysis on the mechanisms suggested that these effects were related to the properties (zeta potential and density) of the NBs, which might affect the transport of substances. This study suggests that NBW has the potential for promoting the production efficiency of probiotics via fermentation.

Generation and reduction of bulk nanobubbles by ultrasonic irradiation

To develop a compact generator of bulk nanobubbles (ultrafine bubbles), ultrasound was irradiated to ultrapure water. Effects of ultrasonic power and frequency on nanobubble concentration and diameter were investigated. Nanobubbles with a diameter of 90–100 nm were generated. Number concentration of nanobubbles increased with time and approached asymptotically to an equilibrium value which was about 1.5 × 109 mL−1. Nanobubble concentration increased with increasing ultrasonic power and decreasing frequency. For comparison, ultrasound was also irradiated to high concentration nanobubble water prepared by pressurized dissolution method. Reduction of nanobubbles was measured and nanobubble concentration decreased to the equilibrium value. Nanobubble concentration decreased with increasing ultrasonic power and frequency.Generation and reduction of nanobubbles by ultrasound was modeled to analyze experimental data. The generation rate coefficient of nanobubbles increased with decreasing frequency because cavitation collapse became stronger. The reduction rate constant of nanobubbles at 488 kHz and 1 MHz in high concentration nanobubble water became much higher than those in ultrapure water due to aggregation and floatation of nanobubbles. The equilibrium number concentration increased with decreasing frequency. The results calculated by our model were in good agreement with the experimental data. The nanobubble generator using ultrasound is compact, simple in operation and produce nanobubbles in a short time. This method is contamination-free because the liquid pump is unnecessary.

Antioxidant Activity of Hydrogen Nanobubbles in Water with Different Reactive Oxygen Species both in Vivo and in Vitro.

Hydrogen water as a new therapeutic antioxidant has been widely used in living organisms under stress. In this study, we applied nanobubble (NB) technology to hydrogen water. The antioxidant capacity of hydrogen NB water was studied with respect to different reactive oxygen species (ROS) both in vitro and in vivo. Using a relatively weak reduced dye, APF, we showed that hydrogen NB water can effectively remove three cytotoxic ROS, •OH, ClO-, and ONOO-, from water. Hydrogen NB water could also remove O2•-, which is a physiologically important ROS, from water. However, hydrogen water could not reduce other physiologically important ROS such as H2O2 and NO. At similar dissolved hydrogen concentrations, hydrogen NB water displayed higher antioxidant activity than hydrogen water without NB. Barley seed germination tests were used to study the antioxidant effect of hydrogen NB water on ROS generation in vivo. Our results showed that this decreased the physiological activity of barley seeds in their normal homeostatic state. Hydrogen NB water eliminated endogenous O2•- in seeds and inhibited germination. The usage of hydrogen NB water should be individually considered according to the types of cells involved. Our results offer basic data concerning the application of hydrogen NB water in different fields.

Physiochemical Characteristics of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A Meyer Sprout Cultivated with Nanobubble Water and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic Hydrolysates

Physiochemical Characteristics of <i>Panax ginseng</i> C. A Meyer Sprout Cultivated with Nanobubble Water and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic Hydrolysates

CFD-PBM coupled simulation of a nanobubble generator with honeycomb structure

In recent years, nanobubble technologies have drawn great attention due to their wide applications in many fields of science and technology. The nitrogen nanobubble water circulation can be used to slow the progressions of oxidation and spoilage for the seafood long- term storage. From previous studies, a kind of honeycomb structure for high-efficiency nanobubble generation has been proposed. In this paper, the bubbly flow in the honeycomb structure was studied. The numerical simulations of honeycomb structure were performed by using a computational fluid dynamics–population balance model (CFD-PBM) coupled model. The numerical model was based on the Eulerian multiphase model and the population balance model (PBM) was used to calculate the gas bubble size distribution. The bubble coalescence and breakage were included. Considering the effect of bubble diameter on the fluid flow, the phase interactions were coupled with the PBM. The bubble size distributions in the honeycomb structure under different work conditions were predicted. The experimental results were compared with the simulation predictions.

Design and performance of honeycomb structure for nanobubbles generating apparatus having different cell dimensions

In recent years, nanobubble technology has drawn great attention due to their wide applications in various fields of science and technology, such as water treatment, biomedical engineering, and nanomaterials. This study focuses on the application to seafood long term storage. The nitrogen nanobubble water circulation may reduce the oxygen in water and slow the progressions of oxidation and spoilage. Our previous study showed the pressure reduction and shear stress are involved in nanobubble generation apparatus with honeycomb cells. In this work, the nanobubble generating performance is studied experimentally for honeycomb structures by varying the cell size and the flow velocity. Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis is also performed to simulate the experiment and find out the efficient nanobubble generation.

Development of single nanometer-sized ultrafine oxygen bubbles to overcome the hypoxia-induced resistance to radiation therapy via the suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor‑1α.

Radiation therapy can result in severe side-effects, including the development of radiation resistance. The aim of this study was to validate the use of oxygen nanobubble water to overcome resistance to radiation in cancer cell lines via the suppression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) subunit. Oxygen nanobubble water was created using a newly developed method to produce nanobubbles in the single-nanometer range with the ΣPM-5 device. The size and concentration of the oxygen nanobubbles in the water was examined using a cryo-transmission electron microscope. The nanobubble size was ranged from 2 to 3 nm, and the concentration of the nanobubbles was calculated at 2×1018 particles/ml. Cell viability and HIF-1α levels were evaluated in EBC-1 lung cancer and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells treated with or without the nanobubble water and radiation under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. The cancer cells grown in oxygen nanobubble-containing media exhibited a clear suppression of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression compared to the cells grown in media made with distilled water. Under hypoxic conditions, the EBC-1 and MDA-MB231 cells displayed resistance to radiation compared to the cells cultured under normoxic cells. The use of oxygen nanobubble medium significantly suppressed the hypoxia-induced resistance to radiation compared to the use of normal medium at 2, 6, 10 and 14 Gy doses. Importantly, the use of nanobubble media did not affect the viability and radiation sensitivity of the cancer cell lines, or the non-cancerous cell line, BEAS-2B, under normoxic conditions. This newly created single-nanometer range oxygen nanobubble water, without any additives, may thus prove to be a promising agent which may be used to overcome the hypoxia-induced resistance of cancer cells to radiation via the suppression of HIF-1α.

Nanobubble Water's Promotion Effect of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Sprouts Supported by RNA-Seq Analysis.

The physiological promotion effect of nanobubble (NB) water on living organisms is still a poorly understood phenomenon which was discovered 1 decade ago. Here, we analyzed the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) embryo transcriptome following the exposure to NB water and low-concentration hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using RNA-Seq. We found that 349 genes were differentially expressed after 24 h exposure to NB water and 97 genes were differentially expressed after exposure to H2O2 solution. Gene ontology enrichment and cluster analyses revealed that NB water induced expression of genes related to cell division and cell wall loosening. RNA-Seq, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme activity measurements all pointed to gene-encoding peroxidases as a major factor responsible for the effects of physiological enhancement due to NB water. The exogenous hydroxyl radical (•OH) produced by NB water significantly increased the expression of genes related to peroxidase and NADPH, thus leading to an increased endogenous superoxide anion (O2•-) inside the barley seed. Appropriately, low concentrations of exogenously added reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endogenous ROS played important roles in plant growth and development. When ROS levels were low, the endogenous ROS was eliminated by ascorbate peroxidase and other peroxidases instead of activating the catalase and superoxidase dismutase. This data set will serve as the foundation for a system biology approach to understand physiological promotion effects of NB water on living organisms.

나노버블수에 의한 구리 오염 토양의 정화에 관한 기초 연구

본 연구에서는 중금속 오염지반을 정화하기 위한 향상제로 친환경 재료인 나노버블수를 적용하기 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 수소 나노버블을 제조하여 입도분석과 제타 포텐셜 측정을 통해 장기 생존성을 평가하였다. 제조된 나노버블수를 회분식 탈착실험에 적용하여 구리 오염토양에 대한 나노버블수의 정화 효과를 증류수와 비교하여 분석하였다. 가압용해식 나노버블 제조 장치를 통해 제조한 나노버블은 최소 14일간 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 구리 오염 토양에 대한 회분식 탈착실험을 수행한 결과, 토양 종류에 관계없이 나노버블수의 제거효율은 전반적으로 증류수보다 높았으며 고액비와 반응시간에 비례하여 증가하였다. pH 변화에 따라 사질토는 산성 측에서 제거 효율이 높게 나타났으나 점성토는 그 차이가 다소 낮았다. 실험 결과를 통해 나노버블의 구리 탈착 효과는 나노버블의 큰 비표면적과 제타 포텐셜에 기인하여 전반적으로 우수하게 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구를 바탕으로 나노버블수의 중금속 제거 효과를 확인하였으며 이를 토양정화의 향상제로 적용하여 친환경적인 정화공법으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The fundamental study for an application of nanobubble as a soil remediation enhancer on heavy metal contaminated soil was carried out. The existence and long-term stability of hydrogen nanobubbles were investigated by particle analysis and zeta-potential analysis. And the removal efficiency of copper using nanobubble water(NBW) and distilled water(DW) were compared and analyzed through a batch desorption test. As a result, it is confirmed that nanobubble which was fabricated by compression-dissolution type generator can exist for more than 14 days. The results of batch test show that copper removal of NBW was higher than that of DW irrespectively to soil type and increased as solid-liquid ratio and contact time increased, respectively. According to the pH change, the removal of copper on sand was higher on the acid side but the removal difference was slightly lower on the clay. It is considered that a high efficiency of NBW in copper removal is due to the large surface area and high zeta-potential of nanobubbles. Therefore, the nanobubble can be applied to soil remediation for heavy-metal contaminated soil as an eco-friendly enhancer.

Control of Accumulation of Cu(I) in Copper Sulfate Electroplating Plating Solution

Formation and accumulation of Cu(I) in copper sulfate electroplating solutions were discussed. By electrolysis, the accumulation of Cu(I) in the plating solutions was also confirmed in the laboratory. Accumulation rate and amount will depends on the current density and electrolysis time and the dissolved gases. Cu(I) is held in an aqueous solution as a complex with PEG, and gradually it is consumed by oxidation or disproportionation reaction. In the plating solutions using a nano bubble water, formation and accumulation rate of Cu(I) was different by gas species dissolved. Our results indicate the possibility for control of Cu(I) in the plating solutions.

Application of Ozone Nanobubble Water (ONBW) to Peri-Implantitis Treatment

In this case report, we investigated the effects of Ozone nanobubble water (ONBW) on peri-implantitis lesions with non-surgical treatment. ONBW preserves the ozone gas nucleus for more than 6 months although half life time of ozone water was almost 30 min. ONBW exerts anti-microbial activity towards several kinds of bacteria including periodontopathic bacteria and cariogenic bacteria. There was no cytotoxicity against oral epithelial and mucosa cells. The Advanced quick bonding (AQB) implants on 19 and 20 were placed on a patient 43 years old female four years ago. The chief complaint of her was swelling at the site of 20. The patient presented swollen at peri-implant area, Bleeding of probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD)=6 mm at buccal site of an implant of 20. There was no findings of mobility at concerned implant. The bone resorption and a radiolucent part around the implant was confirmed with periapical radiograph. The amount of bone loss was 5.0 and 6.5 mm at mesial and distal site of 20, respectively. This peri-implantitis was evaluated the case required surgical therapy. In addition to mechanical plaque control, the patient received regular professional oral hygiene treatment and irrigation with ONBW every week at 100 mL each. And also, regarding chemical plaque control, the irrigation for pockets was also performed at home by the patient at a frequency of three times a day every day. After 12 weeks, soft tissues of the peri-implant presented no clinical signs of inflammation and BOP, and PD was 3 mm. The bone levels did not change significantly as demonstrated by the follow-up roentgenography taken after 3 years. Microbiologically, the number of red-complex of periodontopathic bacteria have been decreased substantially. This case report supports that ONBW might be effective and predictable as an adjunctive therapy for peri-implantitis. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report on describing the peri-implantitis treatment with ONBW.

PUB074 Intake of Cold High Dissolved Oxygen Mineral Water as Cancer Cure

Section not applicable. Many known cancer treatment methods rely on oxygen and/or ozone cancer treatment by gas and by liquid have demonstrated varying degree of successes. A new innovative approach is being applied relying on nano bubble water with high oxygenated level up to 15 to 20 ppm. Normal dissolved oxygen in water seldom exceed 10 ppm. Dissolved oxygen exceeding 10 ppm is in the form activated oxygen (inside nano bubbles) which has ORP value of +2.5V. Nano bubbles can penetrate all types of human membrane and provide oxygen into cancer cells which will cause cell death while healthy cells will prosper. These nano bubble will contain beneficial levels of dissolved nano nitric oxide which will enlarge bood vessels serrounding the cancer cell clusters which speed up the cure. In combination with fasting (no food intake except water) for 14 days, the human body will conduct self detoxification processes and expell toxins out through urine and excretion. Excretion will stop after 2 to 3 days of fasting. These samples analysis yielded various environmental, growth hormones, pesticides and antibiotics residues. Treatment of terminal lung cancer patients with lung cancers showed either shrinkage or even disappearance. Several representitive lung cancer cure cases will be presented with varied degree of successes. Drastic cancer cures means shorter hospital stays. However, bad living habits like eating fatty food, alhohols, smoking patients may need regular maintenance of drinking high oxygenated water.

Identification of ROS Produced by Nanobubbles and Their Positive and Negative Effects on Vegetable Seed Germination.

Exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by nanobubble (NB) water offer a reasonable explanation for NBs' physiological promotion and oxidation effects. To develop and exploit the NB technology, we have performed further research to identify the specific ROS produced by NBs. Using a fluorescent reagent APF, a Fenton reaction, a dismutation reaction of superoxide dismutase and DMSO, we distinguished four types of ROS (superoxide anion radical (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2)). ·OH was confirmed to be the specific ROS produced by NB water. The role of ·OH produced by NB water in physiological processes depends on its concentration. The amount of exogenous ·OH has a positive correlation with the NB number density in the water. Here, spinach and carrot seed germination tests were repeatedly performed with three seed groups submerged in distilled water, high-number density NB water, and low-number density NB water under similar dissolved oxygen concentrations. The final germination rates of spinach seeds in distilled water, low-number density NB water, and high-number density NB water were 54%, 65%, and 69%, respectively. NBs can also promote sprout growth. The sprout lengths of spinach seeds dipped in NB water were longer than those in the distilled water. For carrot seeds, the amount of exogenous ·OH in high-number density NB water was beyond their toxic threshold, and negative effects were shown on hypocotyl elongation and chlorophyll formation. The presented results allow us to obtain a deeper understanding of the physiological promotion effects of NBs.

Prevention of postoperative infection after implant placement using ozon nano-bubble water

Prevention of postoperative infection after implant placement using ozon nano-bubble water