Nano Al2O3 Research Articles

In-Situ synthesized Non-flammable gel polymer electrolyte enable highly safe and Dendrite-Free lithium metal batteries

Safety issues resulting from flammable organic solvent and lithium (Li) dendrite formation have seriously impeded Li metal batteries development. Here, the H+ generated by acid-treated Al2O3 functions as an initiator, promotes the polymerization of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) in a commercial liquid electrolyte (LE) which contains 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in a mixed organic solution of 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) (1:1, v/v) to form gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). Owing to the fire-retarding property of Al2O3, the oxygen index of as-prepared GPE can reach up to 22.2%. Furthermore, a high Li+ transference number of 0.74 has been achieved by acid-treated nano Al2O3. The –OH on the surface of acid-treated nano Al2O3 can attract TFSI‐ anions by Lewis acid-base interaction and promote the dissolution of LiTFSI and enhance the mobility of Li+. Sequentially, the Li-Li symmetric cells based on as-prepared GPE show no evident polarization enlargement after 1000 h cycling under the current density of 1 mA cm−2, which means as-prepared GPE can effectively suppress the Li dendrite formation during the Li plating/stripping process. The lithium metal batteries (LMBs) using LiFePO4 as a cathode deliver excellent rate performance with capacity retention up to 97% after a sequence of current density attributing to Li's good interfacial stability anodes.

A Comparative Study on the Influence of Nano and Micro Particles on the Workability and Mechanical Properties of Mortar Supplemented with Fly Ash

In this study, the effects of micro-Al2O3 (MA) and nano-Al2O3 (NA) on the mechanical properties and durability performance of a mortar containing fly ash (FA) were investigated. In the first step, MA and NA were added to the mortar (as a cement replacement) at dosages of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The flowability of the mixture containing NA and MA showed a dosage-dependent behavior, and the addition of MA resulted in a higher flow spread compared with NA. The flow spread increased at 5% (for both NA and MA), and a further increase in the particle content to 10% and 15% decreased the flow spread value. Although the presence of MA and NA contributed to increasing the compressive strength as the particle content increased, the addition of NA resulted in a greater increase in compressive strength (40% increase when adding 15% of NA). The highest splitting tensile strength was obtained when 10% NA was used, and a further increase in the particle content decreased the splitting tensile strength. In the optimization step, the effect of a binder replacement with FA (10, 20 and 30%) in the presence of 10% NA as the optimum level of additive was investigated. Generally, the addition of FA decreased the compressive strength. The highest drop in compressive strength was noticed at early ages, and there was no significant difference in strength development from 14 days to 28 days. A decreasing trend in the splitting tensile strength was observed with the addition of FA content.

Modification of nanoparticles for the strength enhancing of cement-stabilized dredged sludge

This paper investigates the effectiveness of nano-modification on the strength enhancement of cement-stabilized dredged sludge (CDS). Three types of nanoparticles including nano-SiO2 (NS), nano-Al2O3 (NA) and nano-MgO (NM) were used as cement admixtures for dredged sludge stabilization. Effects of single nanoparticle content, mass ratio of composite nanoparticles and curing time on the strength development of CDS were evaluated via a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests. The pH evolutions of CDS caused by nanoparticles were also examined by a range of pH tests. Furthermore, micro-mechanisms reflecting the strength evolutions were analyzed by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The results indicated that adding nanoparticles can significantly improve the UCS of CDS. For single nano-modification, the optimum contents of NS, NA and NM were 4%–6%, 6% and 8%, which can increase the 7- and 28-d UCSs of CDS by 38% and 50%, 17% and 35%, 65% and 67%, respectively. Compared with single nano-modification, composite nano-modifications were more effective in improving the strength gain of CDS. The optimum mass ratios of composite nanoparticles, namely NS/NA, NS/NM and NA/NM, were 9/1, 3/7 and 3/7, respectively. Based on the strength growth rate, the composite nanoparticles with NS/NM of 3/7 were highly recommended. The addition of nanoparticles obviously affected the pH evolution of CDS, which was mainly determined by the difference of OH− production and consumption inside nano-modified CDS. The microstructural analysis revealed that C-S-H and C-A-H gels are the main cementitious products, and the addition of nanoparticles can obviously contribute to a denser and more homogenous microstructure of CDS.

Investigation the effect addition of nano Al2O3 on microstructure of Yttria tetragonal Zirconia polycrystalline ceramic

Purpose: This research aimed to prepare tetragonal zirconia polycrystals powder by coprecipitation method and study effects of addition of different amounts of nano Al2O3 (1, 2 and 4) wt.% on its microstructure and mechanical properties of (5Y-TZP) composite. Design/methodology/approach: The powder was uniaxial pressed at a pressure of 150 MPa and held for 60 s, and sintered at the 1500°C, held for two hours and then cooling down at 5°C/min to room temperature. Microhardness and fracture toughness tests were utilized to evaluate the mechanical properties of yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystal composite. The microstructure has been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM). Findings: The results showed an addition of nano Al2O3 has a great influence on hardness and microstructure, the increase in Vicker's microhardness of composite samples with the increase in the nano Al2O3 wt.% and microstructure were characterized with homogeneous zirconia distribution, grain growth destruction with the increasing percentage of nano Al2O3. The most important influence is the enhancing of the densification process as the porosity decreased. The highest hardness and maximum fracture toughness were recorded at 4 wt.% nano Al2O3. Research limitations/implications: Ceramic matrix composites are developed to overcome the brittleness of ZrO2 and the low toughness of alumina by formation, a large difference of elastic behavior between matrix and particles(dispersion phase )which disturbs the stress field as a dislocation comes near a particle. Practical implications: Zirconia has mechanical properties similar to those of stainless steel. Yttria-stabilized tetragonal Zirconia (Y-TZP) is growing used in dentistry due to its good mechanical properties such as hardness and fracture toughness. Thus, controlling of microstructure by adding nanoalumina plays an important role in enhancing these properties. Originality/value: Study the adding bitty percentage from nano alumina on microstructure and mechanical properties of (5Y-TZP) ceramic.

Investigation and analysis of EDM process – a new approach with Al2O3 nano powder mixed in sunflower oil

This study analyses the EDM process of AISI D2 steel with copper tungsten electrode along with Al2O3 powder mixed in sunflower oil as a dielectric fluid in place of EDM oil. AISI D2 steel is predominantly used in the manufacture of precision components of dies, press tools, automobiles, aircraft and space equipment. For that reason, it has been selected as work piece material. Based on the high conductivity nature of electrical and thermal characteristics of copper tungsten, it is used as an electrode in the process. Due to the easy availability and affordability, Al2O3 particles of 60 nano meter size is taken as catalyst for mixing with the sunflower oil and used as an alternate dielectric fluid in place of EDM oil. In order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment produced by the gases due to EDM oil, a vegetable oil namely, sunflower oil is used in its place. Flash point, fire point is higher than 300°C in sunflower oil when compared to conventional EDM oil. It is also eco-friendly and biodegradable. Input parameters of pulse interval, pulse duration, discharge voltage and peak current are compared with various output parameters of the process, namely, electrode wear rate, surface roughness and material removal rate. Experiments are conducted using Taguchi L9 experimental design and the effect of process input values over the output process response are analyzed using ANOVA method. The analysis leads to the conclusion that powder mixed EDM process (PMEDM), in which Al2O3nano particles mixed with sunflower oil yields a minimum surface roughness due to the better heat absorption. More removal of material along with a lesser tool wear is also noticed. Nano particles of Al2O3 improved the surface finish due to the abrasive action of the lowest discharge gap between particles.

Hybrid nano-coolants in automotive heat transfer – an updated report

Nano coolants have been attracting various researchers for efficient heat transfer agents. The efficacy of nanofluids as nano coolants is reviewed in the present study. The addition of nanoparticles to existing coolant fluids can enhance their heat transfer performance. Conventionally water and ethylene glycol are used as engine radiator coolants. The addition of ethylene glycol is needed to increase the boiling point of the water and decrease the freezing point. The convention also seems to be a crucial factor for heat exchanger performance. This is a requirement for vehicles that are being used under harsh weather conditions. Different types of nanoparticles used as nano coolants SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cu/CuO, G/GO, CNT, and Hybrid nanoparticles, were extensively illustrated. Finally, nanofluids applications in the past decade were included. As many researchers have shown, they can be used to enhance radiator performance as well. In this review paper, studies of heat transfer performance of various Nanofluids as nano coolants conducted by researchers are studied. Finally, a conclusion is presented.

An application of fuzzy logic with grey relational technique in grinding process using nano Al2O3 grinding wheel on Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This investigation is focused on studying grinding of titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) by using nano Al2O3 grinding wheel as an alternative approach to existing methods of grinding. To evaluate optimum conditions of grinding process output, a full factorial technique has been used. L27 orthogonal array was chosen to arrive at an optimised permutation of grinding depth of cut, speed and feed. Consequently, the optimal combination of parameters was tested and results were compared with those of a conventional grinding wheel. The results show superior surface finish on Ti alloy when ground with nano Al2O3 grinding wheel. Confirmatory tests assured that a great improvement in grey relational grade with fuzzy logic, from 0.551 to 0.749 was observed, which substantiates the progress in the performance at best possible levels of nano grinding parameters. Improvement of 21.47% in surface finish of the ground material using combinations of fuzzy grey relational analysis have been achieved.

An application of fuzzy logic with grey relational technique in grinding process using nano Al<SUB align="right">2O<SUB align="right">3 grinding wheel on Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This investigation is focused on studying grinding of titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) by using nano Al2O3 grinding wheel as an alternative approach to existing methods of grinding. To evaluate optimum conditions of grinding process output, a full factorial technique has been used. L27 orthogonal array was chosen to arrive at an optimised permutation of grinding depth of cut, speed and feed. Consequently, the optimal combination of parameters was tested and results were compared with those of a conventional grinding wheel. The results show superior surface finish on Ti alloy when ground with nano Al2O3 grinding wheel. Confirmatory tests assured that a great improvement in grey relational grade with fuzzy logic, from 0.551 to 0.749 was observed, which substantiates the progress in the performance at best possible levels of nano grinding parameters. Improvement of 21.47% in surface finish of the ground material using combinations of fuzzy grey relational analysis have been achieved.

Performance and emission analysis of di diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel with al2o3 nano additives

Current research will solve fuel problems, the increase in vehicles every day is caused by the change in human lifestyle. Fossil fuels also play an important role in adding harmful pollutants to the atmosphere. Sometimes it affects humans and organisms. Fuel changes play an important role in changing engine performance, combustion and emissions. Diesel engines are used to power cars, engines, boats and irrigation systems. India’s demand for imported petroleum is expected to increase by 80% by 2020 as demand for diesel and other petroleum product grows rapidly. Demand for this specialty has grown significantly as a result of recent energy crises and declining crude oil reserves. There are several advantages to using biodiesel as an alternative liquid fuel, namely ease of availability, eco-friendliness, potential use, biodegradability and contribution to durability. Biodiesel can be made from a variety of natural raw materials, and a small number of unwanted plants, fruits and seeds are accepted worldwide as a potential fodder for biodiesel production. In recent decades, many studies have focused on the combination of nanoparticles with biodiesel because these compounds have significant effects on the efficiency, combustion and emissions of biodiesel. In this article, we will use aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in conjunction with B20 to achieve specific fuel properties from previous journal research, improve the performance characteristics of the diesel engine, and achieve better engine emissions control without any engine modification.

Effect of Cutting Parameters with Dry and MQL Nano Fluids in Turning of EN-36 Steel

Many exploration works did to limit cutting force, temperature, surface roughness and tool wear during turning process, yet in dry machining it is hard to limit these parameters straightforwardly, to limiting these parameters diverse lubricants have been utilized until now. In spite of the fact that there have been many research works on the thermal conductivity and lubricity of nano fluids with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in numerous fields and the investigation in regards to the utilization of cutting fluids with nanofluid particle during milling process of EN-36 steel is not done to the larger extent. In the current work, nanofluids were prepared by adding 6% volume and 8% volume of Al2O3 nano particles to the vegetable fluid independently, these nanofluids were utilized during milling process of EN-36 Steel and measured the parameters in dry machining and with MQL nanofluid lubricants. Experiments were conducted by utilizing the Taguchi approach and the outcomes were dissected utilizing analysis of variance (ANOVA). Experimental and predicted values were compared and analyzed. The analysis of the results revealed that the roughness, temperature, cutting force and tool wear in 8% volume of nanofluid with MQL were 0.1 μm, 44.16 °C, 280.46 N and 0.0031 mm respectively are significantly better than the dry machining and 6% volume of nanofluid with MQL performances. Finally, the established results concluded that the machining with 8% volume of nanofluid with MQL have improved the machining performance when compared with the dry milling process.

Investigation of Al2O3-water nano fluid flow through the circular tube

This paper demonstrates the augmentation of nano-fluid heat transfer in circular pipe. In this experimental study, nano-fluid of Al2O3/water flow through the circular tube for different mass flow rate (60LPH, 75LPH, 90LPH) Water was used as base fluid in this experiment. Magnetic stirrer and digital ultrasonic water cleaner were used to prepare the homogeneous mixture to disperse 45 nm of Al2O3 nano particle in the base fluid pipe at a particle concentration of 0.05 per cent. Nano fluid was passed through the copper tube for different mass flow rate. Similarly, Water was also passed through the same tube for the same condition. The outcomes from the both experiment was compared with each other. It revealed that higher heat transfer was achieved by nano fluid compared to water. Rate of heat transfer was 30 percent increased by incorporating nano particles in the base fluid.

Effect of Al2O3 nanofillers in basalt/epoxy composites: Mechanical and tribological properties

AbstractIn this research, effect of Al2O3 nanofillers on mechanical, wear, and hardness characteristics of basalt/epoxy laminate composites were carried out. Composite laminates of basalt/epoxy with different percentage of Al2O3 nano fillers were manufactured by Hand layup method. Mechanical Properties which includes tensile strength, inter laminar shear strength (ILSS), flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness were investigated as per ASTM standards. Wear tests were carried out for different loads with different sliding velocities keeping sliding distance constant. It was observed that flexural strength and ILSS increases for small percentage of nanofillers, whereas tensile strength deteriorates with increase in percentage of fillers and hardness increases with increase in percentage of fillers. The wear results indicates, the addition of Al2O3 nanofillers significantly reduces the wear loss of basalt/epoxy composites. Fractured and worn surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy images which establishes a good agreement with the obtained results.

Electroless-plating of Ag nanoparticles on Al2O3 and graphene Nano sheets (GNs) for improved wettability and properties of Al–Al2O3/GNs nanocomposites

Low wettability between reinforcements and matrix is a key challenge in the production of metal matrix nanocomposites with improved properties. In this paper, we employed electroplating technology to coat Al2O3 and Graphene Nano sheets (GNs) with Ag nanoparticles to improve their wettability with Al matrix. After coating, we used mechanical milling and sintering to manufacture Al–10%Al2O3/GNs hybrid nanocomposites with different GNs content. For all the manufactured composites, we evaluated the structural, mechanical and wear behaviors. The results revealed the efficiency of electroplating process for improving wettability between composite components resulting in very dense samples even for samples with relatively high GNs content. This improved wettability enable the production of hybrid composite with 2 times larger hardness and reduced wear rates due to the improved surface characteristics of Al2O3 and GNs nanoparticles caused by Ag plating over their surfaces. In comparison with available techniques and results in the literature, we achieved hybrid nanocomposite with 1.85 times larger hardness than the available Al-GNs nanocomposite and 1.75 times larger hardness than the available Al–Al2O3/GNs nanocomposites.

Highly Thermally Conductive and Superior Electrical Insulation Polymer Composites via In Situ Thermal Expansion of Expanded Graphite and In Situ Oxidation of Aluminum Nanoflakes.

Polymer composites with highly thermally conductive and electrical insulation are urgently demanded for thermal management in modern electrical and energy applications. However, the incorporation of metal fillers in traditional polymeric composites usually fails to meet the requirements for simultaneously high thermal conductivity and high electrical insulation. Here, we successfully fabricated composites with high thermal conductivity and high electrical insulation by in situ thermal expansion of expandable graphite (EG) and in situ oxidation of aluminum (Al) nanoflakes in aluminum-plastic package waste (APPW). Due to the synergistic effect of the hybrid filler framework, the maximum thermal conductivity reached as high as 8.7 W m-1 K-1 for APPW/EG10/Al60-F composites. In addition, the formation of the nano Al2O3 layer around the Al filler surface brings extremely low electrical conductivity (<10-14 S cm-1) and low dielectric loss (<0.06). Based on the results of finite element simulation, the heat flowed mainly along the effective filler framework and the high thermal conductivity is attributed to the interconnection of the high aspect ratio filler. Furthermore, the strong thermal management capability of the prepared composites was demonstrated in the heat dissipation experiment. The present work suggests that surface-oxidized Al nanoflakes demonstrate fascinating performance and show promising application as thermal management materials in emerging electrical systems and electronic devices.

Compressive Strength of Cement Mortar Modified with Nano-Alumina in Correlation with Different Water-to-Cement Ratios and Curing Periods - A Statistical Analysis

One promising insight to extended service life of cement mortar and improve it is durability by assimilating nano mechanism into the cement-based materials. Regardless of many research studies on the effect of nano alumina on the mechanical performance of cement mortar, there has not been a widespread study examining the effect of nano Al2O3, curing period (t), and water-to-cement ratio (w/c) on the compressive strength (σc) of cement mortar. Consequently, this study explores the subject matter which could be helpful for the building and construction field. In this study, the data collected on the compressive strength of the cement mortar modified with different percentages of nano alumina ranging from 0.5% to 13.5% (by dry weight of the cement) were gathered from the literature. A nonlinear modeling NLM and statistical data analysis were performed on above 500 assembled data. The w/c ratio of the cement mortar varied from 0.3% to 0.79%, and the compressive strength of cement mortar modified with nano alumina and cured for 1,7 and 28 up to 90 days leads to high strength ranged from (10 MPa to 68 MPa). The result of NLM showed that curing period has the highest effect on the compressive strength in combination with water to cement ratio and percentage of nano alumina replacement with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.85.

Tensile and fracture properties of epoxy alumina composite: role of particle size and morphology

Epoxy composites reinforced with three different shapes of Al2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by instant cross-linking process. Out of three types of Al2O3 particles, two were of rod shape particles termed as large nano rod (diameter 2–4 nm and length 100–200 nm), and small nano rod (diameter of 5–10 nm and length less than 50 nm) and third particle was spherical in shape (diameter of 27–43 nm). 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt.%. of reinforcement was maintained constant. Reinforcement of low (1.0) wt.% of spherical Al2O3 nanoparticles is more promising in enhancing tensile strength and failure strain of epoxy composite. At 1.0 wt.% reinforcement of spherical Al2O3 nanoparticles, tensile strength and failure strain are improved by 10% and 29%, respectively. Quasi-static fracture toughness of epoxy composite was improved by reinforcement of all three types of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Fracture toughness of epoxy composite was enhanced by 52% at 1.5 wt.% inclusion of large Al2O3 nano rod. Crack deflection and crack bridging were the micro-mechanics accountable for improved fracture toughness of spherical Al2O3 composite. Crack tilting and twisting, particle pull out, along with crack deflection were the main contributors for increased fracture toughness of composites of Al2O3 nano rods.

A study investigating the influence of nano Al2O3 on the performance of SBS modified asphalt binder

The present study investigates the effect of using nano Al2O3 as a modifier for SBS modified asphalt binders. The effects of varying concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) of nano Al2O3 on SBS modified asphalt binder were evaluated by utilizing various physical tests like penetration, softening point, elastic recovery, and penetration index test. Rheological investigations were carried out by performing frequency sweep tests. Rutting and fatigue performance of the modified asphalt binders was evaluated by using the Superpave rutting parameter, multiple stress creep and recovery test, Superpave fatigue parameter, and linear amplitude sweep tests. Furthermore, the storage stability of the modified asphalt binders was evaluated and the separation index was calculated. The aging resistance was evaluated by using the aging index based on the Superpave rutting parameter. Results showed that the addition of nano Al2O3 has a positive effect on the rutting and fatigue performance of SBS modified asphalt binders. Storage stability of the SBS modified asphalt binders improved significantly after the addition of nano Al2O3, and the aging resistance of the asphalt binders also improved.

Using Nanomaterials in Stabilization of Soil for Oil Infrastructures

The design foundations of storage tanks for oil industry experiences significant problems due to the widespread occurrence of weak and compressible soil which resulted in foundation failure. In this study, soft soils were taken from two locations and mixed with three types of nanoparticles which were nano-alumina (nano Al2O3), nano-copper (nano CuO), and nano-magnesium (nano MgO). Nanomaterials were incorporated in small percentage (less than 1%) by dry weight of soil. The tested geotechnical characteristics included the water content, dry density, and the unconfined compressive strength. The results showed significant enhancements in the maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength. The level of enhancement depended on the type of nanomaterials and the contents. Improved strength and hardening properties were shown with the utilization of nano CuO material in comparison to the soil samples with the other nanomaterials additions, with its optimum addition of 0.7% provided an increment rate of 662.7% while the optimum nano CuO which is about 1% showed a 532% increasing rate in the compressive strength of S1 soil. It was noted that the maximum dry density and unconfined compressive strength enhanced with the increase in the nanoparticles content until reaching a percentage in which the strength decreased. The optimum content of the nano MgO was 0.3% while the optimum nano Al2O3 content was about 0.3% for soil S1 and was about 0.1% for soil S2. The presence of nanomaterials in excessive contents caused agglomeration of particles which had negative influences on mechanical characteristics of the soils. Generally, the incorporation of finer particles like nanoparticles even with low amount would improve the geotechnical characteristics of soils with the consideration of the potential environmental benefits, these combined admixtures are intended to lower the cost and become a more sustainable and environmental alternative for soil stabilization

Study on dry sliding wear behaviour of nanocomposite coatings – an extended Taguchi’s method

ABSTRACT Electrodeposition of Ni-α nano Al2O3 particle was carried out on Aluminium 6061. The study optimized electrodeposition conditions were found to be 40°C, 2 A/dm2, 6 g/L of temperature, current density, and percentage of particle concentration respectively. Further Taguchi method was extended to fine tune the optimized conditions obtained by L27 orthogonal array of parameters for modified study which resulted in better wear resistance with coating conditions of 40°C, 1.75 A/dm2 and 4.5 g/L of temperature, current density and percentage of particle concentration respectively. The dispersion of particles was found more uniform with very few nickel crystals with dendrite structure.

Fatigue Characterization for Composite Materials used in Artificial Socket Prostheses with the Adding of Nanoparticles

The prostheses sockets use normally composite materials which means that their applications may be related with the human body. Therefore, it was very necessary to improve the mechanical properties of these materials. The prosthetic sockets are subjected to varying stresses in gait cycle scenario which may cause a fatigue damage. Therefore, it is necessary or this work to modify the fatigue behavior of the materials used for manufacturing the prostheses sockets. In this work, different Nano particle materials are used to modify the mechanical properties of the composite materials, and increase the fatigue strength. By using an experimental technique, the effect of using different volume fractions for various types for Nano particle materials on the fatigue behavior for composite materials, and preparing the fatigue samples and tested using the fatigue apparatus. The Nano particles used were (Nano SiO2 and Nano Al2O3) materials with volume fraction as (0% to 2%), for each type of Nano material used. The artificial neural network technique was adopted to have a verification for the experimental results and calculating the fatigue life and strength for composite materials, with the addition of nanoparticles and then, a comparison of the results was achieved. The comparison of the results indicate a maximum error between results calculated by two technique did not exceeded about (1%). Then, the results calculated showed that the mechanical properties and fatigue life and strength increase with reinforcement with Nano particle. Also, the results showed that the modified for fatigue limits with materials by (Nano SiO2) Nano particle was more than the modified for fatigue limits for materials reinforcement with other materials. Finally, it can be concluded that the modified for fatigue strength, by reinforcement with (Nano SiO2), leads to 60% more than fatigue limit without Nano additive.