Naked Oat Research Articles

不同耕作方式下草甸栗钙土燕麦田土壤微生物特征

不同耕作方式下草甸栗钙土燕麦田土壤微生物特征

Effect of predecessors on the productivity and phytosanitary condition of hull-less oats in organic farming

Effect of predecessors on the productivity and phytosanitary condition of hull-less oats in organic farming

Studies on vegetative development of naked oat (avena sativa grex var. Nudae mordv) variety "Mina" grown in the conditions of organic farming in Sarkar agro region

Studies on vegetative development of naked oat (avena sativa grex var. Nudae mordv) variety "Mina" grown in the conditions of organic farming in Sarkar agro region

Development of oats syrup technology

Interest in the cultivation and using of naked oats has increased significantly in recent years in the most of countries. This is due to dietary and curative properties of the grain and its derived products such as syrups. Technological stages of syrup production are germinating of cereal, preparation of wort and its concentration. The article reviews an issue concerning the impact of wort concentration temperature on the physico-chemical indicators of syrup, as well as, considers an experimental data on the content of dietary fiber and vitamins in syrups, and illustrates carbohydrate content of end-products. It is found that with increasing of wort concentration temperature from 40 ° C to 70 ° C the time of the process reduces 3.7 times, and further it leads to lessening of the reducing substances from 53.9% to 45.7% and increases the colour of syrup from 61.7 EBC units to 68.5 EBC units. For obtaining of optimal physicochemical parameters of syrup and ensuring a minimum time of concentration recommended temperature of the process is 60 ° C. It is shown that the syrup produced from commercial malt contains 2.2 times more pentosans compared to the syrup produced from Vyatsky oat. In turn, syrup from Vyatsky oat contains 2.5 times more β-glucan - the most important physico-chemical component in a viewpoint of nutrition. The carbohydrate composition of syrups permits to recommend them for using in functional products as well as high content of dietary fiber and vitamins gives a perspective of their application in the food industry.

Protein, Amino Acid and Gluten Content in Oat (Avena Sativa L.) Grown in Latvia

Abstract The rising attention globally on the use of oats and the beneficial effect of oat compounds in nutrition has also increased interest in oat production in Latvia. The aim of this study was to evaluate protein, amino acid and gluten content in husked and hulless oat grains grown in organic and conventional farming systems. Two hulless oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes - the breeding line '33793' and the variety 'Stendes Emilija' and one husked oat variety 'Lizete' from the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute - were cultivated in 2013 under conventional farming methods using three nitrogen (N) application rates (80, 120, and 160 kg·ha-1) and under organic farming. Protein content was determined by Kjeldahl method, amino acid composition by high-performance liquid chromatography method using Waters AccQ Tag, and gluten content by Sandwich R5 ELISA. The results showed that oat genotype had significant effect p < 0.001) on protein and gluten content, as well as on amino acid composition. The applied amount of fertiliser did not have significant effect on the studied quality parameters, but the growing system did (p < 0.001). Higher content of protein was observed in hulless oat samples, compared to that in husked oat samples. There was also a significant difference (p = 0.01) in the total amount of amino acids between husked and hulless oat samples. In hulless oat variety 'Stendes Emilija' and hulless breeding line '33793' the content of gluten was similar and two times higher than in the husked oat variety 'Lizete'. Further breeding work is necessary to obtain oats with a lower content of gluten-like proteins.

Influence of Nitrogen Application Rate and Meteorological Conditions on β-Glucan Content in Naked and Husked Oat Grain

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of applied nitrogen fertilizer rate on β-glucan content in oat (Avena sativa L.) grains. The study was carried out at the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute from 2011 to 2014. Three nitrogen surface fertiliser treatments (80, 120 and 160 kg·ha-1) were applied on one husked oat (variety 'Lizete') and two naked oat genotypes (breeding lines 'S-156' and '33793'). The content of β-glucan in naked oat genotypes was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the husked genotype. The difference in β-glucan content between the naked breeding lines was not significant (p > 0.05). Significant (p < 0.05) differences in β-glucan content were observed between nitrogen treatments only for husked oat genotype 'Lizete'. Effect of growing season on β-glucan content was significant (p < 0.05) for both (naked and husked) oat genotypes. β-glucan content of naked oat breeding lines ('S-156' and '33793') was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 2011 comparing with 2012 and 2013, due to differences in precipitation during the grain filling period.

GC–TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic investigations of naked oat bran supplementation in high-fat-diet-induced dyslipidemic rats

The present study aimed to explore the metabolic response of oat bran consumption in dyslipidemic rats by a high-throughput metabolomics approach. Four groups of Sprague–Dawley rats were used: N group (normal chow diet), M group (dyslipidemia induced by 4-week high-fat feeding, then normal chow diet), OL group and OH group (dyslipidemia induced, then normal chow diet supplemented with 10.8% or 43.4% naked oat bran). Intervention lasted for 12weeks. Gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to identify serum metabolite profiles. Results confirmed the effects of oat bran on improving lipidemic variables and showed distinct metabolomic profiles associated with diet intervention. A number of endogenous molecules were changed by high-fat diet and normalized following supplementation of naked oat bran. Elevated levels of serum unsaturated fatty acids including arachidonic acid (Log2Fold of change=0.70, P=.02 OH vs. M group), palmitoleic acid (Log2Fold of change=1.24, P=.02 OH vs. M group) and oleic acid (Log2Fold of change=0.66, P=.04 OH vs. M group) were detected after oat bran consumption. Furthermore, consumption of oat bran was also characterized by higher levels of methionine and S-adenosylmethionine. Pathway exploration found that most of the discriminant metabolites were involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, microbial metabolism in diverse environments and biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites. These results point to potential biomarkers and underlying benefit of naked oat bran in the context of diet-induced dyslipidemia and offer some insights into the mechanism exploration.

Effects of ultrafine grinding and cellulase hydrolysis treatment on physicochemical and rheological properties of oat (Avena nuda L.) β-glucans

In order to improve the functionality of oat (Avena nuda L.) β-glucans and widen their applications in food industry, the oat bran was processed by ultrafine grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis, and extracted to obtain oat β-glucans. The extracted oat β-glucans were characterized by the molecular weight distribution, particle size, rheological properties, thermal stability, solubility and water holding capacity, and morphological properties. The average molecular weight of raw oat β-glucans (OBG-1) and ultrafine ground oat β-glucans (OBG-2) were 2.79 × 105 Da and 3.26 × 105 Da, respectively; while the average molecular weights of cellulase hydrolyzed oat β-glucans (OBH-1 and OBH-2) significantly decreased to 1.98 × 105 and 1.05 × 105 Da. The particle size, thermal stability, solubility and water holding capacity showed significant correlation with molecular weight distribution. Both OBG-1 and OBG-2 had shear-thinning behavior, whereas OBH-1 and OBH-2 exhibited shear-thickening behavior. Scanning electron microscope observation suggested that cellulase hydrolyzed oat β-glucans had fibrous structures with granular particles in aggregates sticking to the fibrous skeleton. Compared with raw and ultrafine ground oat β-glucans, the partially hydrolyzed oat β-glucans showed different rheological properties, which might be of potential use in the food industry.

English

English

Methodological aspects of breeding covered oat variety Medved

A triple hybrid is created with the use of gene sources of the naked oat Adam and covered oats Rodney and Ulov. The second cross cycle is carried out in F3 hybrid 29-99 (Adam × Rodney E) after screening for absolutely covered genotypes. Elite plants are selected in F4, among which the line 194h06, the variety Medved, is singled out in breeding nursery II (F6). The new variety is midseason maturing with a high yield of grain (up to 8.1 t/ha) and dry matter (up to 10.7 t/ha), large grains (1000 grain weight 41.9 g), weakly susceptible to loose smut against an infectious background and resistant (0% infection) against a natural background.

Effect of Processing in Superheated Steam on Surface Microbes and Enzyme Activity of Naked Oats

An experimental study was conducted to identify treatment conditions for sterilizing naked oats while retaining inherent enzyme activity. Naked oats were processed with superheated steam (SS) with variations in processing times (1–5 min) and temperature (140–200C). The number of bacteria and molds were significantly decreased as the SS temperature and exposure time increased. After naked oats were treated with SS at 160–170C for 2 min, the number of microbes were reduced below the safe storage limit. The SS treatment effectively reduced populations of bacteria and mold and had a less pronounced effect on enzymatic activity. This method shows great potential for usage as a sterilization treatment in the food processing industry. Practical Applications Superheated steam technique can effectively reduce disinfection time, control microbial biofilms and enhance safety in the cereal food processing industry.

ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ПІДХОДИ В ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ХЛІБОБУЛОЧНИХ ВИРОБІВ З СУХОЮ МОЛОЧНОЮ СИРОВАТКОЮ

In this work presents the major technological and physico-chemical properties of naked oat cultivar Salomon grown in Kirovograd region. The basic advantages of the new culture in the production of cereal products compared with traditional cultivars of oats were found. The advantages of studied naked cultivar of oats is the high values of indicator volume weight and low values of indicator content of hull grain compared to traditional varieties. Almost total absence of hard floral hulls on surface of naked of oats, velevance some of indicators of technological proprieties of test samples to requirements for conventional forms simplify the technological process of manufacturing oats food products. Cultivar of naked oats «Salomon» has a well balanced chemical composition compared to the averages values for traditional oat cultivars and food products of their processing. Obtained data allow considering the potential for production products with the standard quality of the existing range, or products with high biological and nutritional value from naked oats.

Agronomic performance of naked oat (Avena nuda L.) and faba bean intercropping

The most common cereals for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) used in intercrops is conventional oat (Avena sativa L.) An alternative to oat may be naked oat (Avena nuda L.), whose oil content and quality is double. Here, intercropping of naked oat with two different faba bean cultivars (determinate-high tannin and indeterminate-low tannin) was compared with sole crops of each species in 2006-2008. The treatments were: sole naked oat at 500 kernels m2, indeterminate sole faba bean at 50 seeds m2, determinate sole faba bean at 70 seeds m2, and an additive series of 25%, 50%, and 75% of faba bean seeding rate mixed with the naked oat seeding rate. Our results demonstrated that intercropping increased the Land Equivalent Ratio by +3% to +9% over sole cropping. Raising the faba bean seeding rate in a mixture from 25% to 75% reduced oat grain yield from 630 (determinate cultivar) to 760 kg ha-1 (indeterminate cultivar) but increased faba bean grain yield from 760 kg ha-1. Higher yield and leaf area index (LAI) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values show that the indeterminate cultivar of faba bean is more suitable in mixture with naked oat. The high value of competition index (CR > 1) indicates domination and aggressiveness of faba bean towards naked oat. Regardless of cultivar type, mixture of faba bean with naked oat is less productive than pure sowing.

Influence of legume crops on content of organic carbon in sandy soil

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a 3-year field experiment designed to evaluate the content of organic carbon in brown soil (Haplic Cambisol Dystric) developed from a light loamy sand under legumes cultivation. Experimental factors were: species of legume crop (colorful-blooming pea(Pisum sativum), chickling vetch(Lathyrus sativus), narrow-leafed lupin(Lupinus angustifolius), methods of legumes tillage (legumes in pure culture and in mixture with naked oats) and mineral N fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N·ha−1). Cultivation of legumes on sandy soil did not result in an increase of organic carbon content in the soil after harvest as compared to the initial situation, i.e. 7.39 vs. 7.76 g·kg−1dry matter (DM), on average, respectively. However, there was the beneficial effect of this group of plants on soil abundance in organic matter, the manifestation of which was higher content of organic carbon in soils after legume harvest as compared to soils with oats grown (7.21 g·kg−1DM, on average). Among experimental crops, cultivation of pea exerted the most positive action to organic carbon content (7.58 g·kg−1, after harvest, on average), whereas narrow-leaved lupin had the least effect on organic carbon content (7.23 g·kg−1, on average). Pure culture and greater intensity of legume cultivation associated with the use of higher doses of mineral nitrogen caused less reduction in organic carbon content in soils after harvest.

Adaptation to a warming-drying trend through cropping system adjustment over three decades: A case study in the northern agro-pastural ecotone of China

Long-term field monitoring data and historical crop data are useful to assess the impacts of climate change and to manage cropping systems. The objectives of this study are to understand the cropping system response to a warming-drying trend in the northern agro-pastural ecotone (NAE) of China and to document how farmers can adapt to the warming-drying trend by changing cropping system structure and adjusting planting date. The results indicate that a significant warming-drying trend existed in the NAE from 1980 to 2009, and this trend significantly decreased crop (spring wheat, naked oat, and potato) yields. Furthermore, the yield decreased by 16.2%–28.4% with a 1°C increase in maximum temperature and decreased by 6.6%–11.8% with a 10% decrease in precipitation. Considering food security, water use efficiency, and water ecological adaptability in the semi-arid NAE, cropping system structure adjustment (e.g., a shift from wheat to potato as the predominant crop) and planting date adaptation (e.g., a delay in crop planting date) can offset the impact of the warming-drying trend in the NAE. Based on the successful offsetting of the impact of the warming-drying trend in the NAE, we conclude that farmers can reduce the negative effects of climate change and minimize the risk of crop failure by adapting their cropping system structure at the farming level.

INFLUENCE OF FARMING SYSTEM, NITROGEN RATES AND METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON NAKED OAT IN LATVIA

Research and development related to the naked oat is now becoming more wide-spread as the opportunity for its different uses is understood also in Latvia. It has been recognized as a more valuable product in the food industry because both the interest of consumers in their health and the promotion of food products are increasing. Naked oat kernels contain high levels of β-glucans and unsaturated fatty acids. The aim of the study was to evaluate the yield and oat grain quality of naked oat breeding lines from Latvian oat breeding program. The following parameters were assessed grain yield, 1000 grain weight, test weight, crude protein fat and β-glucan. The research assessed the variability of these parameters in organic and conventional farming system (at three different mineral fertilizer rates: N80, N120, N160). The field experiments were carried out at the State Stende Cereal Breeding Institute during three years (20112013). Results showed that the higher N fertilizer rate positively affects the amount of the crude protein and β-glucan in naked oat grains. The farming system (η 2 =42.9 %) and testing year/meteorological condition of years (η 2 =35.9 %) had a greater impact on naked oat yield. Comparing only N80, N120 and N160 variants in conventional system it was observed that during the three year period the meteorological conditions had the greatest impact on the yield of naked oat (η 2 =86.6 %). Naked oat line ‘S-156’ gave the highest grain yield in conventional and organic farming systems and formed significantly higher crude protein, fat and β-glucan amounts in the grain.

Rhizodeposition of nitrogen and carbon by mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and its contribution to intercropped oats (Avena nuda L.).

Compounds released by mungbean roots potentially represent an enormous source of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in mungbean-oat intercropping systems. In this study, an in situ experiment was conducted using a 15N - 13C double stem-feeding method to measure N and C derived from the rhizodeposition (NdfR and CdfR) of mungbean and their transfer to oats in an intercropping system. Mungbean plants were sole cropped (S) or intercropped (I) with oat. The plants were labeled 5 weeks after planting and were harvested at the beginning of pod setting (Ip and Sp) and at maturity (Im and Sm). More than 60% and 50% of the applied 15N and 13C, respectively, were recovered in each treatment, with 15N and 13C being quite uniformly distributed in the different plant parts. NdfR represented 9.8% (Sp), 9.2% (Ip), 20.1% (Sm), and 21.2% (Im) of total mungbean plant N, whereas CdfR represented 13.3% (Sp), 42.0% (Ip), 15.4% (Sm), and 22.6% (Im) of total mungbean plant C. When considering the part of rhizodeposition transferred to associated oat, intercropping mungbean released more NdfR and CdfR than mungbean alone. About 53.4–83.2% of below-ground plant N (BGP-N) and 58.4–85.9% of BGP-C originated from NdfR and CdfR, respectively. The N in oats derived from mungbean increased from 7.6% at the pod setting stage to 9.7% at maturity, whereas the C in oats increased from 16.2% to 22.0%, respectively. Only a small percentage of rhizodeposition from mungbean was transferred to oats in the intercropping systems, with a large percentage remaining in the soil. This result indicates that mungbean rhizodeposition might contribute to higher N and C availability in the soil for subsequent crops.

Antibacterial Mechanism of The Ehyl Acetate Extracts From Naked Oat Again Bacillus subtilis

The antibacterial mechanism of the ethyl acetate extracts from naked oat against Bacillus subtilis were studied in this paper based on assays such as cell wall alkaline phosphatase (AKP), permeability and integrity of cell membrane as well as electron microscopy observations. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extracts had significant effects on AKP, permeability and integrity of cell membrane. We concluded that the mechanism of action of the ethyl acetate extracts against B. subtilis might be described as:Acting on cell wall and membrane, resulting in disruption, cell lysis, and the leakage of intracellular constituents according to the results of AKP, the leakage of electrolytes, the losses of contents (proteins, reducing sugars and 260 nm absorbing materials) assays and electron microscopy observations. Overall, the results clearly indicated that the ethyl acetate extracts from naked oat was potential to control the contamination of foods caused by bacterial diseases

Hypolipidaemic effects of oat flakes and β-glucans derived from four Chinese naked oat (Avena nuda) cultivars in Wistar-Lewis rats.

β-Glucan is widely considered to be the major ingredient responsible for the hypolipidaemic effects of oat. Determination of the β-glucan content in naked oat cultivars in China has been largely performed for breeding and food processing. Since oat is generally consumed as oat flakes in China, evaluation of the bioactivity of oat flakes might be more direct and comprehensive than determination of the internal β-glucan. However, the hypolipidaemic activity of oat flakes processed from Chinese oat cultivars has rarely been reported. The nutritional components of four naked oat cultivars were analysed before they were processed to oat flakes. The hypolipidaemic effects of oat flakes and the extracted β-glucans were tested on rats fed a high-fat diet for 30 days. Oat flakes and β-glucans of different origins showed different preventative effects on hyperlipidaemia. Among the four cultivars, β-glucan of 'Bayou-1' showed the greatest hypolipidaemic effect. However, oat flake processed from 'Dingyou-7' showed the best bioactivity to mediate the increase of serum lipid. The hypolipidaemic effect of oat might not only depend on β-glucan, but might also be related to other components. 'Dingyou-7' might be suitable for oat flake processing because of its superior bioactivity.

The effect of naked oats (<i>Avena nuda</i> L.) used in feeding gilts on their sexual activity

Abstract. The study was carried out on 180 Polish Landrace gilts. Three gilts were selected from each of 60 litters. When their body weight had reached about 30 kg, the gilts were divided into three groups, two experimental and one control, with 60 individuals per group. The mixture fed to the experimental groups contained 40 % (D1) and 20 % (D2) naked oats of the Akt variety. Sexual activity was observed in the gilts during the first, second and third oestrus. The occurrence of the standing reflex was tested twice a day, in the morning and afternoon, and its duration was determined by timing the positive reaction to a boar, to touch and to mounting. The first oestrus occurred earliest in the experimental gilts (group D1) at an average age of 178.2 days, i.e. 8.7 days earlier than in the control group. Analysis of the 17-β-estradiol level in the blood serum of the experimental gilts showed that the feed rations containing naked oats had a beneficial effect on the secretion of this hormone.