NaCl Samples Research Articles

Effect of pre-drying treatments on the quality of solar-dehydrated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits

Preserving surplus highly perishable products, such as tomatoes, through processing is an effective method, especially during periods of excess supply. Pre-treatment is commonly employed before the drying of agricultural goods to deactivate enzymes, expedite the drying process, and enhance the quality of the resulting dried products. An experiment was done to assess the impact of applying Sodium Metabisulphate, Sodium Chloride, and lemon juice as treatments on the quality of solar-dehydrated tomato (SDT) fruits. The trial consisted of four treatments, organized in a completely randomized design with three replications. The findings demonstrated a substantial increase in protein, crude fat, and total soluble solids levels in the treated samples compared to the control. Moisture content reduced from 96.70 %(wb) to 3.4 % for (db) for the sample pretreated with 5 % lemon juice which was higher than NaCl, SMBS, and Control samples with 3.1 %, 3.2 %, and 3.3 % (db) The experiment has shown that pre-drying treatment of tomato fruits with SMBS, and Lemon juice leads to increased levels of protein with 0.79 g in the treated sample, crude fat recorded at 3.2 % in the lemon juice sample, 10.72% of ash content in lemon juice, and 6.0% of total soluble sugars in lemon juice. Nevertheless, the Lemon juice, NaCl, and control samples exhibited comparable characteristics in terms of color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability In contrast, the SMBS treatment resulted in superior color with 7.1 %, taste 7.2 %, and 8.3 % for general acceptance as indicated by a significant difference (p = 0.05). Hence, employing solar dehydration as a method to preserve the quality and extend the storage life of treated tomato fruits can serve as a viable technological alternative. Producers, processors, and traders of tomato fruits in Ghana can benefit from using Sodium Metabisulphate, Sodium Chloride, and lemon juice treatments.

A Study of the Effects of Saltwater on the Formation, Curing and Strength of Concrete

Concrete is extensively used in all construction works such as buildings, bridges, roads and dams worldwide. It is made by simply combining cement, aggregate, sand and water in the appropriate proportion. This paper explores the investigational study on the outcome of using saltwater in coastal regions for blending and curing concrete since palatable water is a deficient asset on the earth. As most of the ions in seawater comprise Na, Mg, Cl- and SO42-, this research aimed to observe how concrete behaves after the addition of NaCl and MgSO4 salt separately for mixing concrete and curing at different concentrations. Concrete cylinders were cured using fresh water as well as saltwater separately. A total specimen of 42 cylinders was cast with 100%, 75% and 50% ion concentrations of NaCl, MgSO4 and freshwater specimens prepared for the reference concrete, which were exhibited for 7 days and 28 days of curing. A comparatively higher compressive strength was found for a 50% salt concentration of MgSO4 and for 75% salt concentration of NaCl. The comparison of compressive strength using NaCl and MgSO4 samples between this research and previous researches was derived for 7 days and 28 days. A correlation between the compressive strength and ion concentrations of NaCl and MgSO4 for 28 days was derived by performing linear regression analysis. The relations obtained by this analysis can be utilized for further prediction of compressive strength at any other ion concentrations of these salts. IUBAT Review, 6(2): 25-40

Nanotextured porous titanium scaffolds by argon ion irradiation: Toward conformal nanopatterning and improved implant osseointegration.

Stress shielding and osseointegration are two main challenges in bone regeneration, which have been targeted successfully by chemical and physical surface modification methods. Direct irradiation synthesis (DIS) is an energetic ion irradiation method that generates self-organized nanopatterns conformal to the surface of materials with complex geometries (e.g., pores on a material surface). This work exposes porous titanium samples to energetic argon ions generating nanopatterning between and inside pores. The unique porous architected titanium (Ti) structure is achieved by mixing Ti powder with given amounts of spacer NaCl particles (vol % equal to 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%), compacted and sintered, and combined with DIS to generate a porous Ti with bone-like mechanical properties and hierarchical topography to enhance Ti osseointegration. The porosity percentages range between 25% and 30% using 30 vol % NaCl space-holder (SH) volume percentages to porosity rates of 63%-68% with SH volume of 70 vol % NaCl. Stable and reproducible nanopatterning on the flat surface between pores, inside pits, and along the internal pore walls are achieved, for the first time on any porous biomaterial. Nanoscale features were observed in the form of nanowalls and nanopeaks of lengths between 100 and 500 nm, thicknesses of 35-nm and heights between 100 and 200 nm on average. Bulk mechanical properties that mimic bone-like structures were observed along with increased wettability (by reducing contact values). Nano features were cell biocompatible and enhanced in vitro pre-osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Higher alkaline phosphatase levels and increased calcium deposits were observed on irradiated 50 vol % NaCl samples at 7 and 14 days. After 24 h, nanopatterned porous samples decreased the number of attached macrophages and the formation of foreign body giant cells, confirming nanoscale tunability of M1-M2 immuno-activation with enhanced osseointegration.

AI-based analysis of in-line process endoscope images for real-time particle size measurement in a continuous pharmaceutical milling process

This paper presents a case study on the first in-line application of AI-based image analysis for real-time pharmaceutical particle size measurement in a continuous milling process. An AI-based imaging system, which utilises a rigid endoscope, was tested for the real-time particle size measurement of solid NaCl powder used as a model API in the range of 200–1000 µm. After creating a dataset containing annotated images of NaCl particles, it was used to train an AI model for detecting particles and measuring their size. The developed system could analyse overlapping particles without dispersing air, thus broadening its applicability. The performance of the system was evaluated by measuring pre-sifted NaCl samples with the imaging tool, after which it was installed into a continuous mill for in-line particle size measurement of a milling process. By analysing ∼100 particles/s, the system was able to accurately measure the particle size of sifted NaCl samples and detect particle size reduction when applied in the milling process. The Dv50 values and PSDs measured real-time with the AI-based system correlated well with the reference laser diffraction measurements (<6% mean absolute difference over the measured samples). The AI-based imaging system shows great potential for in-line particle size analysis, which, in line with the latest pharmaceutical QC trends, can provide valuable information for process development and control.

Development and Optimization of a Highly Sensitive Sensor to Quinine-Based Saltiness Enhancement Effect

The saltiness enhancement effect can be produced by adding specific substances to dietary salt (sodium chloride). This effect has been used in salt-reduced food to help people forge healthy eating habits. Therefore, it is necessary to objectively evaluate the saltiness of food based on this effect. In a previous study, sensor electrodes based on lipid/polymer membrane with Na+ ionophore have been proposed to quantify the saltiness enhanced by branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), citric acid, and tartaric acid. In this study, we developed a new saltiness sensor with the lipid/polymer membrane to quantify the saltiness enhancement effect of quinine by replacing a lipid that caused an unexpected initial drop in the previous study with another new lipid. As a result, the concentrations of lipid and ionophore were optimized to produce an expected response. Logarithmic responses have been found on both NaCl samples and quinine-added NaCl samples. The findings indicate the usage of lipid/polymer membranes on novel taste sensors to evaluate the saltiness enhancement effect accurately.

Variation and Correlation Analysis of Flavour and Bacterial Diversity of Low-Salt Hotpot Sauce during Storage.

Culinary circles have experienced a recent trend towards low-salt hotpot sauces. Here, changes in the physicochemical quality, flavour, and bacterial diversity of hotpot sauces with different salt concentrations were studied during storage. The results indicated that the peroxide and acid values of hotpot sauce increased gradually and that the quality began to deteriorate with storage. A storage temperature of 4 °C and salt concentration above 4.4% significantly reduced spoilage. The salt concentration had no significant effect on the flavour but extended storage resulted in significant differences in flavour reflected in the changes of sweet, sour, bitter, umami, aftertaste-A, abundance, organic sulphide, and alkanes. Significant differences were found in the bacterial composition between samples stored at different temperatures. Norank-f-o-Chloroplast was the main bacterium in the samples stored at low temperatures, which was beneficial for preservation. Bacillus was detected in 4.1% NaCl samples stored at 25 °C, directly promoting sauce spoilage and an unpleasant flavour. This bacterium signalled the spoilage of low-salt hotpot sauce stored at room temperature.

Simple defocus laser irradiation to suppress self-absorption in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

This study introduces a novel and simple way to suppress the self-absorption effect in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) by utilizing a defocusing laser irradiation technique. For this purpose, a Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1,064 nm and repetition rate of 10 Hz with energy in the range of 10 mJ–50 mJ was used. The laser irradiation was focused by using a 150-mm-focal-length plano-convex lens onto the sample surface under defocusing of approximately –6 mm. Potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) pellet samples were used to demonstrate this achievement. When the defocus position is adjusted to –6 mm for KCl and NaCl samples, the self-reversal in the emission lines of K I 766.4 nm, K I 769.9 nm, Na I 588.9 nm, and Na I 589.5 nm vanish. Meanwhile, the FWHM values of K I 766.4 and K I 769.9 nm are 0.29 nm and 0.23 nm, respectively, during –6 mm defocus laser irradiation, as opposed to 1.24 nm and 0.86 nm under tight focus laser irradiation. Additionally, this work demonstrates that, when the laser energy is changed between 10 and 50 mJ, no self-reversal occurs in the emission lines when –6 mm defocus laser irradiation is applied. Finally, a linear calibration curve was generated using KCl at a high concentration ranging between K concentrations from 16.6% to 29%. It should be noted that, even at such high K concentrations, the calibration curve is still linear. This means that self-absorption is almost negligible. This simple change in defocus laser irradiation will undoubtedly contribute to the suppression of the self-absorption phenomenon, which disrupts LIBS analytical results.

Measurement and Analysis of Natural Radioactive Elements in Salty Sediments from Central and Southern Iraq

Purification of fifteen NaCl samples from natural and different area in the middle and south of Iraq are prepared and studied the structural characteristics of samples by powder X-ray diffraction analysis at 𝛌=1.542Å. The present work considered the specific activities of naturally occurring radioactive materials in salt samples, which are measured and analyzed using high resolution HPGe system. Also, the radiological parameters have been considered in this work. The average specific concentration (in Bq.kg-1) of the salt samples is found 16.864.92 for 226Ra, 5.972.05 for 232Th and 9.852.8 for 40K, respectively, which are below the national levels, 40Bq.kg-1, 30Bq.kg-1 and 400Bq.kg-1, respectively (UNSCEAR, 2000). Similarly the absorb dose rates are in the range3.71 nGy.h-1 to 12.591nGy.h-1.The measured radiation hazard indices show that the concentrations of these radionuclides in all samples are within the allowable limits.

A printed and self-powered test strip for digital conductivity measurement of low volume liquid samples

In this paper, we present a smart implementation of a self-powered device able to analyze the ionic conductivity of low volume liquid samples. The device sensing core consists of a stack of two single use paper-based batteries that operate as conductivity sensors. To operate the system in a self-powered mode a resistive element is connected to the battery stack so its output voltage is directly related to the conductivity of the electrolyte to be analyzed. The output voltage signal is managed by a flexible hybrid circuit fabricated using inkjet printing that requires a minimal number of discrete off-the-shelf electronic components to function. The energy delivered by the battery allows displaying the result to the user by means of screen-printed electrochromic displays. The sensing battery has been calibrated and tested using NaCl samples at different conductivities. As a practical application, a final device able to assess the suitability for crop irrigation of water samples has been designed, fabricated and validated with real water samples coming from different sources. However, its applicability expands to conductivity measurement of any biological sample.

Development of low-cost planar electrodes and microfluidic channels for applications in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D).

Electrochemical techniques are commonly applied to micro total analysis system (μTAS) devices mainly due to its high sensitivity and miniaturization capacity. Among many electrochemical techniques, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4 D) stands out for not requiring direct electrode-solution contact, avoiding several problems such as electrolysis, bubble formation, and metal degradation. Furthermore, the instrumentation required for C4 D measurements is compact, low cost, and easy to use, allowing in situ measurements to be performed even by nonspecialized personal. Contrarily, the production of metallic electrodes and microchannels adequate for C4 D measurements commonly requires specialized facilities and workers, increasing the costs of applying these methods. We propose alternatives to batch manufacture metallic electrodes and polymeric microchannels for C4 D analysis using more straightforward equipment and lower-cost materials. Three devices with different dielectric layer compositions and electrode sizes were tested and compared regarding their analytical performance. The constructed platforms have shown a reduction of more than 64% in cost when compared to traditional techniques and displayed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.994), reproducibility (RSD ≤ 4.07%, n = 3), and limits of detection (≤0.26mmol/L) when measuring standard NaCl samples. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully validated and are available for further C4 D applications such as diagnosis of dry-eye syndrome.

Deliquescence of Eutectic LiCl-KCl Diluted with NaCl for Interim Waste Salt Storage

Molten eutectic LiCl-KCl salt is a widely used electrolyte for electrorefining uranium from spent nuclear fuel. Due to the hygroscopic nature of this salt, such operations must be performed under controlled atmospheric conditions, and waste salts require careful storage to avoid deliquescence and corrosion of container materials. This study investigated a potential processing path for reducing the degree of deliquescence through dilution to varying extents with NaCl. The hydration behavior of LiCl-KCl salts diluted with NaCl was evaluated in terms of mass gain due to water absorption, degree of deliquescence (including first appearances of standing water), and evidence of corrosion to stainless steel containers in a humid air environment (40°C, 20% relative humidity). In this humid air environment, pure eutectic LiCl-KCl exhibited a 50 mass % increase due to water absorption and showed evidence of standing water after 24 h. Waste salt diluted with NaCl required loadings of 89 mass % NaCl in order to prevent deliquescence and exhibited a 3 mass % increase due to water absorption. After periodic observation for 48 h, standing water was observed near all ingots with the exception of the 89 mass % NaCl samples. Dilution with 89% NaCl was also found to reduce evidence of corrosion when stored in stainless steel crucibles. While dilution with NaCl greatly decreases steady-state hydration, the storage volume is increased ~10× through this procedure.

Inactivation of Escherichia coli in Ice through DC electric field application and freezing

This study presents the effect of direct current (DC) electric field application on ice sterilization. The sample used was Escherichia coli (JM103) in a 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution. The experimental sample was placed in a cuvette with parallel electrode plates (distance between electrodes: 1 mm) and then cooled at −30 °C or −80 °C for 40 min. After freezing, a 100 V DC voltage was applied to the sample in the freezer with a temperature of −30 °C or −80 °C. Consequently, the survival ratio of E. coli in all samples after freezing was lower than that before freezing due to the freezing injury. In conclusion, we found the bactericidal effect of the DC electric fields in the frozen 0.01 mol/L NaCl samples. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Presentation of a New Deicer with the Least Moisture and Fatigue Failures in Asphalt Mixtures

One of the most frequently applied materials in cold weather is deicer, which is utilized to maintain winter roads. The effect of various deicers on moisture sensitivity has been explored by researchers in the asphalt industry; however, their effect on thermodynamic parameters and fatigue behavior of asphalt has rarely been studied. In this study, the effect of NaCl, potassium acetate, and calcium magnesium acetate deicers on fatigue and moisture performances of asphalt was explored using nano hydrated lime. Two prediction models of fatigue life ratio (NfR) and tensile strength ratio (TSR) were presented using genetic programming and group method of data handling to obtain optimal nano hydrated lime content. Finally, according to the results of deicer-forming minerals, two new optimal deicers were obtained, and their effect on TSR and NfR was compared with the three above-mentioned deicers. Results showed that TSR and NfR of calcium magnesium acetate saturated samples were higher than those of NaCl and potassium acetate saturated samples. Moreover, by modifying the properties of bitumen with nano hydrated lime, adhesion free energy, cohesion free energy, and debonding energy amounts increased, which indicates an increase in locking between aggregates and bitumen. By determining the minerals that make up deicers using the energy-dispersive X-ray test, two new deicer compounds were made that had better performance over NaCl and potassium acetate. By optimizing additive percentage in genetic programming method (due to higher accuracy), 1.05% nano hydrated lime was proposed as the best optimal amount for the new optimal deicer to simultaneously increase TSR and NfR.

Unraveling salt responsive metabolites and metabolic pathways using non-targeted metabolomics approach and elucidation of salt tolerance mechanisms in the xero-halophyte Haloxylon salicornicum

Haloxylon salicornicum is a xero-halophyte growing in saline and arid regions of the world. Metabolite profiling was carried out in shoot of both control and salinity treated (400 mM NaCl) samples by GC-QTOF–MS and HPLC-DAD analysis to decipher the salinity tolerance mechanism in this xero-halophyte. The present study investigates the alteration in metabolite profile of H. salicornicum that support the salinity tolerance of the plant. The metabolomic analysis of H. salicornicum shoot identified 56 metabolites, of which 47 metabolites were significantly changed in response to salinity. These metabolites were mainly included in the category of amino acids, organic acids, amines, sugar alcohols, sugars, fatty acids, alkaloids, and phytohormones. In response to salinity, most of the amino acids were down-regulated except alanine, phenylalanine, lysine, and tyramine, which were up-regulated in H. salicornicum. In contrast to amino acids, most sugars and organic acids were up-regulated in response to salinity. Correlation and pathway enrichment analysis identified important biological pathways playing significant roles in conferring salt tolerance of H. salicornicum. These biological pathways include amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, cysteine, methionine, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, etc. The data presented here suggest that the modulations of various metabolic pathways facilitate H. salicornicum to survive and grow optimally even under high salinity condition. This study offers comprehensive information on metabolic adaptations and overall salt tolerance mechanisms in H. salicornicum. The information gained through this study will provide guidance to plant breeders and molecular biologists to develop salinity tolerant crop varieties.

Salt Intake from Traditional Breads: A Public Health Challenge for Decreasing Non-communicable Diseases in Iran

Background: In recent decades, a decrease of sodium chloride (NaCl) salt in diets such as breads has raised public attention for control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in developed and developing countries. Bread is an important food in public diets in Iran as well as many other countries. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess salt (NaCl) content of the Iranian traditional breads and to estimate daily salt intake through consumption of these foodstuffs. The study was carried out in five major cities of Iran in 2016. Methods: In total, 237 traditional bread samples (including Sangak, Taftoon, Lavash and Barbari) were collected and the sample NaCl content was assessed using published methods by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Values were compared to Iranian standard limit values. Results: Salt content of the traditional breads ranged from 0.03 g to 2.99 g per 100 g of dry weight (D.W.). Overall, 49.2% of the traditional bread samples in Tehran and 47.2% of the traditional bread samples in other cities exceeded the standard limit. Since 93.8% of Sangak breads from Tehran met the salt limit criteria of national standards, this traditional bread includes a more favorable nutritional status compared to that other breads do. Conclusion: Awareness of salt level in breads and monitoring salt use in bakeries can help update food policies and improve public lifestyle. A decrease in the ratio of salt is recommended as the major nutritional intervention for the prevention and control of NCDs.

Effect of high intensity ultrasound on gelation properties of silver carp surimi with different salt contents

Surimi from silver carp with different salt contents (0–5%) was obtained treated by high intensity ultrasound (HIU, 100 kHz 91 W·cm−2). The gelation properties of samples were evaluated by puncture properties, microstructures, water-holding capacity, dynamic rheological properties and intermolecular interactions. As the salt content increased from 0 to 5%, gel properties of surimi without HIU significantly improved. For samples with low-salt (0–2% NaCl) content, HIU induced obvious enhancement in breaking force and deformation. HIU promoted the protein aggregation linked by SS bonds, hydrophobic interactions and non-disulfide covalent bonds in surimi gels with low-salt content. Moreover, microstructures of HIU surimi gels with low-salt content were more compact than those of the corresponding control samples. HIU also improved the gelation properties of surimi with 3% NaCl to an extent. However, for high-salt (4–5% NaCl) samples, HIU decreased the breaking force and deformation of surimi gels due to the degradation of proteins suggested by increased TCA-soluble peptides. In conclusion, HIU effectively improved the gelation properties of surimi with low-salt content (0–2% NaCl), but was harmful for high-salt (4–5% NaCl) surimi. This might provide the theoretical basis for the production of low-salt surimi gels.

ANALISIS SENSOR KAPASITIF PELAT SEJAJAR PADA APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI DETEKSI ZAT SATU FASA DAN MULTI FASA

This study uses a pipe/tube-shaped plate capacitive sensor to measure single-phase and multiphase substances to analyze linearity, frequency range, and sensitivity testing. The distance and area of the sensor electrode plate are held constant that and can be viewed from the dielectric material and experimental material. The material or dielectric medium in parallel plate capacitors is a phase consisting of air, aquades, and vegetable oils. Whereas multiphase substances are a combination of air volume, aquades, and vegetable oil. The best linearity analysis results are 0.9467 for aquades + 0.1% NaCl samples and the worst 0.564 for tap-water in layer 1 and the best linearity value is 0.966 for aquades + 0.1% NaCl samples and the most poor 0.5658 is on tap-water at layer 2. The optimal frequency range is at intervals of 500 kHz to 12.5 MHz and the smallest sensitivity test is 500 kHz and the greatest sensitivity is at 12.5 MHz.

Impact of a 25% Salt Reduction on the Microbial Load, Texture, and Sensory Attributes of a Traditional Dry-Cured Sausage.

Catalão is a Portuguese dry-cured traditional sausage, highly appreciated for its distinctive sensory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 25% salt reduction on Catalão manufactured with either purebred Alentejano (Al) or crossbred Iberian × Duroc (IDr) pork meat, on its physicochemical and microbiological stability, texture parameters, and sensory attributes. No significant effect of salt reduction or genotype was observed for pH, aW, and microbiological parameters. PUFA content was significantly higher for Al Catalão, particularly due to the content in linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. IDr 3% NaCl samples had the highest mean n6/n3 PUFA ratio, and the highest mean values for the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, showing that both genotype and salt content influence these nutritional indices. Texture profile of Catalão was significantly influenced by salt content and genotype. Al samples were less adhesive, cohesive, and easier to chew. Low-salt Catalão was harder, more adhesive, and less cohesive, with lower resilience and higher chewiness values. Regarding sensory attributes, salt content influenced the product aroma, with reduced-salt sausages being evaluated as significantly less aromatic. Overall, a 25% salt reduction did not have a significant impact on the quality, stability, and sensory evaluation of Catalão.

Suppression of self-absorption effect in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy by employing a Penning-like energy transfer process in helium ambient gas.

A unique approach for achieving total suppression of the self-absorption effect in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated employing a previously published technique of laser-induced plasma spectroscopy utilizing a helium (He) metastable excited state (LIPS-He*).This achievement was attained by the use of the He metastable excited state (He*) and a Penning-like energy transfer mechanism for the delayed excitation of the ablated analyte atoms. KCl and NaCl samples showed the disappearance of the self-absorption emission lines of K I 766.4 nm, K I 769.9 nm, Na I 588.9 nm, and Na I 589.5 nm, and the FWHM values of K I 766.4 and Na I 588.9 nm were found to be 0.8 nm and 0.15 nm, respectively, by LIPS-He* as compared to 4.8 nm and 1.4 nm, respectively, by single-laser operation. A standard Al sample also showed the total disappearance of the self-absorption emission lines Al I 394.4 nm and Al I 396.1 nm. The FWHM of Al I 396.1 nm was 0.12 nm when LIPS-He* was employed compared to 0.44 nm when a single laser was used. A remarkable linear calibration line with zero intercepts was also obtained for high-concentration Al samples (87.0%, 93.0% and 99.8%). Thus, it is established that the self-absorption effect can be completely neglected when excitation through He* is employed in LIBS.

Mathematical modeling of enrichment of estrogens in water samples using reverse osmosis device

Abstract Estrogens that constitute some of the potent endocrine disruptors are present in the water environment in very low concentrations (below ng/L) requiring sample enrichment to increase its concentration prior to an analytical determination. Currently, solid-phase extraction is the most commonly used enrichment method, but reverse osmosis (RO) may provide a promising alternative with the advantage of maintaining whole water sample including hydrophilic constituents such as humic substances. Subsequent in vitro assessment of such complex samples can provide more realistic information on their estrogenicity. Therefore, a novel experimental enrichment device employing the RO process using a flat-sheet membrane was developed for sample enrichment. In the current study, we aim to develop a mathematical model describing the RO enrichment process using the novel device. The mathematical model was created in MATLAB-Simulink software and validated with experimental results. NaCl at 0.2 and 2 g/L and tap water spiked with 17 α -ethynylestradiol (EE2) at concentrations of 10 and 50 ng/L were used as model compounds. A mean relative error between the model and experimental results were 1.5 and 0.9 % for NaCl samples, and 17.3 and 14.4 % for E2, respectively. These results suggest the usefulness of the model for describing the RO system and suitability of the RO device for the enrichment of estrogens prior to instrumental or in vitro analysis.