Concentrations Of Na Research Articles

Recovery of Li from waste Li-containing Al electrolytes with high F and Na contents by using a CaO roasting–water leaching process

With the increasing demand for Li, the recovery of Li from solid waste, such as Li-containing Al electrolytes, is receiving growing attention. However, Li-containing Al electrolytes often contain large amounts of F, leading to environmental pollution. Herein, a new method for preparing water-soluble Li salt from waste Li-containing Al electrolytes with high F and Na contents is proposed based on CaO roasting and water leaching. The effects of different roasting and leaching conditions on the Li leaching efficiency and reaction pathway were systematically investigated. Under the optimum processing conditions, the Li leaching efficiency reached 98%, while those of Na and F were 98.41% and 0.24%, respectively. Phase evolution analysis showed that the addition of CaO promoted the conversion of LiF and Na2LiAlF6 to Li2O, whereas F entered the slag phase as CaF2, which could be reused as a raw material for steel refinement. Overall, this study proposes an efficient and environmentally friendly method for the treatment and resource utilization of waste Al electrolytes with high F and Na contents.

Electrodeposition of Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Ni-Co Alloys of Controlled Composition from Protic Ionic Liquid and Their Use for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

In recent years, a growing interest has been paid in developing new and more efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting [1]. This study focuses on the synthesis of amorphous and nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys through a one-step electrodeposition technique in pure ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), a protic ionic liquid. The use of ionic liquid prevents from the formation of oxide film during the electrodeposition of the metal [2]. However, only few studies involve protic ionic liquids and the use of EAN, in particular, the electrodeposition of Ni/Co-based materials is still scarce. In this work, the physicochemical properties of EAN with different concentrations of Ni2+ and Co2+ salts were investigated, along with the electrochemical behavior of these metal cations in the protic ionic liquid in an aerated atmosphere. Moreover, the redox reversibility of electrochemical systems involving Ni and Co ions were examined by cyclic voltammetry, revealing the formation of an oxide film or side-reactions in the presence of air during electrodeposition, showing the need to prepare these materials in an oxygen-free environment. The deposits have then been characterized by TEM (Figure 1). Nanocrystalline Ni-Co alloys with different atomic ratios were obtained depending on the deposition potential and ion concentrations. We showed that when a higher cathodic potential is applied (-1.3 V/Ag/Ag+), the amorphous Ni51.9Co48.1 alloy could be electrodeposited, instead of nanocrystalline alloys. The XRD and SEM analyses exhibited different morphologies and atomic structures of the synthesized alloys.The electrocatalytic properties of the synthesized materials were investigated towards the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results showed that the addition of Co in Ni-based alloys could enhance the HER, and notably, amorphous Ni-Co alloys exhibited lower overpotential, indicating better reaction abilities and faster reaction rates. The deposited Ni-Co alloys on Cu board also demonstrated good stability during the recycle measurement. This study provides a new pathway for preparing nanocrystalline and amorphous Ni-Co alloys with different ratios using protic ionic liquid, which can have practical applications and good performances in electrocatalysis such as water splitting.[1] M. Zhao, K. Abe, S.-I. Yamaura, Y. Yamamoto, N. Asao, Chem. Mater. 2014(26) 1056-1061.[2] M. Asnavande, C. Zhao, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 1056-1061. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017 5 (1) 85-89. Figure 1

Sodium doping and control during the preparation of α-hemihydrate gypsum in NaCl solution

Transformation of phosphogypsum (PG) into α-hemihydrate gypsum (α-HH) in sodium salt solution is disturbed by the doping of Na+, which causes the frost of Na+ doped α-HH. In this study, the content evolution of Na+ impurities into α-HH was clarified during the hydrothermal process at 95 ℃, the frost phenomenon of hardened gypsum containing Na+ impurities was observed and controlled. The results show that increasing the initial NaCl concentration from 5 % to 25 % can promote the phase conversion of PG into α-HH within 30 min, but this will increase the Na2O content in the product from 0.08 % to 4.37 %, which is due to the formation of the undesirable phase Na2SO4·5CaSO4·3H2O. The content of Na+ impurities entering α-HH presents a non-linear increase with the NaCl solution concentration and reaction time, which can be well described by Boltzmann function. An obvious frost phenomenon of the hardened plaster of Na+ doped α-HH can be observed after curing 3 d, and the frost is identified as Na2SO4. This work further demonstrates the feasibility that the addition of CaCl2 in NaCl solution is an effective approach to control the doping of Na+ into α-HH, the Na2O content decreases to 0.97 % in the mixed solution of 17.5 % NaCl and 10 % CaCl2, this helps to eliminate the frost phenomenon and improve the mechanical strength of α-HH.

Chemical characteristics, formation mechanisms, and geological evolution processes of high-salinity coal reservoir water in the Binchang area of the southern Ordos Basin, China

The chemical characteristics of coal reservoir water are important for studying the formation and enrichment of biogenic coalbed methane (BCM). Based on geological and sampling test data, this paper studied the geochemical characteristics and formation mechanisms of high-salinity coal reservoir water (CRW) in the Jurassic Yan'an Formation of the Binchang area in the southern Ordos Basin. The results show that the TDS contents of the CRW in the Binchang area are between 7577.38 and 15,138.61 mg/L (av. 13,268.95 mg/L), which is high-salinity brackish water. The ion types of CRW are mainly Na+, Cl− and HCO3−, and the correlations between TDS and Na+ and Cl− are close to 1. The Piper trilinear diagram indicates that the evolution direction of the CRW is deep concentrated brine, and the hydrochemical type is the NaCl type. The 127I concentrations of CRW are between 285 and 484 μg/L, which are much higher than the values of 55.88 μg/L for seawater. The results of 129I dating show that the minimum age of the CRW in the study area is between 6.7 Ma and 39.97 Ma, which is much younger than the actual geological age of the Yan'an Formation. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope results show that the CRW in the study area experiences an apparent oxygen drift, indicating that the coal reservoir of the Yan'an Formation has good sealing and a long retention time for the CRW. The hydrodynamic factors show that the hydrodynamic conditions of the coal reservoir are weak, and the primary ions in the CRW originated from the dissolution of salt rocks. The main ion differentiation indices show that high-salinity coal seam water is mainly formed by evaporation, and the ion exchange between CRW and the surrounding rock and the alternating adsorption of cations in water are very weak. Evaporation and diagenesis lead to an increase in the contents of Na+, Cl− and I+ in coalbed water, which in turn leads to an increase in the total dissolved solids contents of CRW and its evolution toward concentrated brine. The genesis and evolution of the CRW in the study area are affected by the combination of the relationships among the paleoclimate, aquifers and aquifuges, and tectonic evolution processes. The CRW in the study area has experienced five evolution stages, i.e., sedimentary water and diagenetic water, high-salinity infiltration water, primary mixed water, paleoatmospheric precipitation recharge water, and secondary mixed water. The above understanding can provide a basis for studying the formation period and accumulation mechanism of BCM and provide a hydrogeological basis for water resource utilisation and pollution prevention and the control of high-salinity water.

A comprehensive evaluation of the contamination scenario and water quality in the gas fields of north-east region, Bangladesh

Gas fields generate a significant volume of produced water, disposed in the vicinity of gas fields in Bangladesh after processing. It may have a variety of effects on ecology and the environment. This study was conducted to assess the contamination scenario and quality of produced and discharged water from gas fields in northeastern Bangladesh. The physicochemical analyses for this study were performed using standard procedures. Based on the outcomes of the analyzed samples, the current research employs a variety of indexing and statistical approaches to investigate the overall status of the studied water. The physiochemical analysis revealed high electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), salinity, and Na contents in both produced and discharged water. No severe cases have been identified, certain metals, such as Fe, Ni, and Cd, have been detected at levels high enough to impact specific index values in some cases. The results of the weighted contamination index (WCI) indicated mild to considerable pollution in the gas field region. The average score of potential ecological risk (PER) reflects minimal ecological risk. The heavy metal toxicity load (HTML) reveals negligible metal pollution in the studied water. The agricultural risk indices displayed increased sodium concentrations and EC, resulting in salinity and sodium risks. The magnesium absorption ratio is within the allowable range. In addition, the average heavy metal pollution index (HMPI) value demonstrates that the produced and discharged water is unsuitable for drinking. The entropy-based water quality index (EWQI) is below the threshold limit (<100) for all samples, indicating satisfactory water quality. This study is an early effort to evaluate the quality of wastewater produced and discharged from gas fields in Bangladesh. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for future researchers and regulators in effectively managing and mitigating pollution from wastewater.

Effects of composite soil conditioner on soil properties and corn yield in a saline–alkali soil

AbstractBiochar is widely used in agricultural production because of its ability to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and promote crop growth. In this study, a combination of different biochar and lake sediments were used to improve saline soils. The four raw materials, including corn stalk and chicken manure liquefaction product (SMLP), rice husk charcoal (RHC) and two types of sediment (S‐1 and S‐2), which was used to improve the saline–alkali soil, respectively. The most significantly effective applied on the soil was when the composite soil conditioner (CSC) prepared by mixing SMLP, RHC, S‐1 and S‐2 at 5:20:6000:500 t·100 ha−1. The results of soil experiments using the above blending levels showed that the spike weight, plant height and root length of corn increased by 12.49%, 47.17% and 22.10%, respectively, and the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil decreased by 4.83% and 24.02%, respectively. The contents of soil nutrients, soil organic matter (SOM), water content (WC) and soluble cations (K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) all presented an increasing trend, and the contents of Na+ and soluble anions (Cl−, CO32−, HCO3− and SO42−) of soil showed a downward trend. Accordingly, the composite soil conditioner with biochar and dredged sediment achieves a synergistic improvement in soil physical structure and an increase in nutrient content, which is beneficial for promoting the growth characteristics and yield of corn.

In-situ measurement of alkali metal concentrations and temperatures during the incineration of municipal solid waste and sludge

The release of alkali metals in municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration caused corrosion of thermal equipment and slagging in incinerator. By using a spectrometer and multispectral camera, the concentrations of Na and K, flame temperatures and emissivities in an industrial incinerator with different proportions of food waste, sludge, waste paper and waste fabric were measured in this study. The flame temperatures on the left wall decreased from 1479.5 K to 1366.2 K as the height increased from 13.4 m to 16.9 m. Flame temperatures near the left side of the incinerator were 8.9 % higher than those near the right side, which were caused by the ununiform distribution of MSW. The concentrations of Na and K increased by 67.16 % and 86.9 % with the primary air flow increased by 3969.35 t/h. The average concentrations of Na and K at 16.9 m of the left wall decreased by 25.87 % and 37.53 % with the decreasing of food waste and increasing of sludge. The Na and K contents in fixed carbon were greater than those in volatile matter and ash in fuels. Compared with waste paper and waste fabric, the blending of sludge with food waste was more effective on reducing the release of Na and K. When the proportion of food waste: sludge was set as 8:2, the lowest releases of Na 20.75 ppm and K 5.30 ppm existed in the incineration of food waste and sludge. The concentrations of Na and K decreased by 17.3 % and 46.9 % with the increasing of waste paper, the waste paper was a better alternative to sludge when mixed with MSW.

Metallomic analysis of brain tissues distinguishes between cases of dementia with Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease dementia.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) can be difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) at different stages of its progression due to some overlaps in the clinical and neuropathological presentation of these conditions compared with DLB. Metallomic changes have already been observed in the AD and PDD brain-including widespread decreases in Cu levels and more localised alterations in Na, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Se. This study aimed to determine whether these metallomic changes appear in the DLB brain, and how the metallomic profile of the DLB brain appears in comparison to the AD and PDD brain. Brain tissues from ten regions of 20 DLB cases and 19 controls were obtained. The concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Se were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Case-control differences were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results were compared with those previously obtained from AD and PDD brain tissue, and principal component analysis (PCA) plots were created to determine whether cerebral metallomic profiles could distinguish DLB from AD or PDD metallomic profiles. Na was increased and Cu decreased in four and five DLB brain regions, respectively. More localised alterations in Mn, Ca, Fe, and Se were also identified. Despite similarities in Cu changes between all three diseases, PCA plots showed that DLB cases could be readily distinguished from AD cases using data from the middle temporal gyrus, primary visual cortex, and cingulate gyrus, whereas DLB and PDD cases could be clearly separated using data from the primary visual cortex alone. Despite shared alterations in Cu levels, the post-mortem DLB brain shows very few other similarities with the metallomic profile of the AD or PDD brain. These findings suggest that while Cu deficiencies appear common to all three conditions, metal alterations otherwise differ between DLB and PDD/AD. These findings can contribute to our understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of these three diseases; if these changes can be observed in the living human brain, they may also contribute to the differential diagnosis of DLB from AD and/or PDD.

Mitigating salinity stress and improving cotton productivity through integrative use of gypsum and compost amendments with exogenous proline

Abiotic constraints, such as salinity, significantly damage crop yields worldwide. Cotton, though moderately salt-tolerant, suffers from reduced growth and yield under saline-sodic soil conditions. Effective integrated mitigation strategies are crucial to address this challenge. Our study, conducted in Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan, investigated six treatments using an integrated strategy such as gypsum, compost and exogenous proline combining effect in improving cotton productivity under salinity stress. We assessed plant growth, agronomic traits, physio-chemical parameters, cotton yield, and soil characteristics. Our experimental results showed that the combined application of amendments such as T5: gypsum + proline and T6: compost + proline gave better results as compared to individual treatments (T2, T3 & T4) over the control (T1). A significant improvement was observed in plant length and dry weights of shoot and root by 64 %, 81 % and 47 %, respectively under the effect of T5, also increased cotton yield up to 2 folds (888 kg) over control (324 kg ha−1). Likewise, significant improvement in the plant physio-chemical parameters was recorded such as high activities of antioxidant enzymes and the maximum accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 60–71 %, as well as reduction in the oxidative burst by 55–65 % after the integrated treatments (T5 & T6) as compared to salt-stressed plants (control). Likewise, contents of nutrients are improved in plants viz., N: 70; P: 61 %; K: 33 % and Mg: 86 % under the positive effect of gypsum + proline over control. Results of soil analysis showed that the soil was moderately saline-sodic. Furthermore, soil analysis revealed that there was a significant improvement in NPK, S and Mg content in the soil after treated salt-stressed soil with gypsum and compost (T2, T3, T5 and T6) while a significant reduction was observed in Ca (17 %) and Na content (28 %), as well as EC (dSm−1) was decreased by 38 % and SAR (mmol/L)1/2 by 27 % under the effect of gypsum + proline over the control treatment. The outcomes of the current study reveal that the reclamation potential of gypsum and compost applied individually or together with exogenous proline improved plant growth, yield and plant defense system under salinity stress.

Exogenous Eugenol Alleviates Salt Stress in Tobacco Seedlings by Regulating the Antioxidant System and Hormone Signaling.

Salt stress seriously affects crop growth, leading to a decline in crop quality and yield. Application of exogenous substances to improve the salt tolerance of crops and promote their growth under salt stress has become a widespread and effective means. Eugenol is a small molecule of plant origin with medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. In this study, tobacco seedlings were placed in Hoagland's solution containing NaCl in the presence or absence of eugenol, and physiological indices related to stress tolerance were measured along with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress. It promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%. It also activated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the tobacco seedlings, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively. The content of glutathione (GSH) was increased by 29.49%, and the content of superoxide anion (O2-) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%, respectively. Promoted osmoregulation, the content of Na+ decreased by 34.34, K+ increased by 41.25%, and starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively. It coordinated hormone signaling in seedlings; the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively. The transcriptome data indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. The results of this study revealed the novel role of eugenol in regulating plant resistance and provided a reference for the use of exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress.

Water Quality Characteristics and Water-Rock Interaction Mechanisms of Coal Mine Underground Reservoirs.

Constructing underground reservoirs in coal mines can effectively improve the recycling of mine water. Water-rock interactions within underground reservoirs have been demonstrated to improve water quality; however, the mechanisms underlying these water-rock interactions remain unclear, hindering the widespread applications of underground reservoirs. Thus, this study focused on the underground reservoir of the Shendong Daliuta coal mine. Through on-site sampling tests and single-mineral leaching experiments, combined with X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy, the water quality characteristics of the inlet and outlet water samples from the coal mine underground reservoir were analyzed. Moreover, the physical and chemical properties of the collapsed rocks in the reservoir were investigated, with the aim of clarifying the mechanism underlying the water-rock interactions in coal mine underground reservoirs. The results revealed a significant self-purification effect of the coal mine underground reservoir. Compared with the inlet water sample, the outlet water sample featured substantially reduced amounts of solid-suspended substances, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity, with the average removal rates of Fe and Mn approaching 98.73 and 92.12%, respectively. Along the flow direction of the inlet and outlet water of the coal mine underground reservoir, the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- presented an increasing trend, whereas the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 - presented a decreasing trend. The concentration of K+ changed insignificantly, while the concentration of SO4 2- fluctuated unstably. The collapsed rocks in the Daliuta coal mine underground reservoir primarily comprised mudstone and sandstone with mineral components including quartz, orthoclase, albite, illite, kaolinite, glauconite, calcite, and pyrite. Among these, kaolinite exhibited the strongest adsorption capacity for Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ present in the mine water, while glauconite demonstrated the strongest dissolution capacity for Mg2+. Illite presented the strongest dissolution capacity for K+, while albite presented the strongest dissolution capacity for Na+. The water-rock interactions within the coal mine underground reservoir primarily included dissolution and adsorption processes, wherein mudstone and fine sandstone both played dominant roles in the adsorption of Ca2+, as well as in the dissolution of K+, Na+, and Mg2+. In particular, mudstone exhibited a stronger adsorption capacity than fine sandstone, whereas fine sandstone presented a stronger dissolution capacity than mudstone. Thus, our results offer theoretical guidance for understanding water quality purification mechanisms in coal mine underground reservoirs.

Double-edged effects of aluminosilicates formation on denitrification and desalination during the leaching process of secondary aluminum dross (SAD)

As the proportion of recycled aluminum increased, the production of secondary aluminum dross (SAD) increased dramatically, putting enormous pressure on the enterprises and environment. The utilization rate of SAD was less than 30 % due to problems such as high discharge of acidic/alkaline wastewater or restrictions on the salt content of raw materials. In a previous study, authors achieved self-driven hydrolysis of SAD by water leaching. However, the removal of Na and K was incomplete, which was also found in alkaline leaching processes and was more serious. To further identify the causes, the transformation behaviors of Al, Si, N, F, Cl, Na, and K in SAD during the water leaching process were investigated in this study. In addition, the double-edged effects of aluminosilicates formation on denitrification and desalination during the leaching process of SAD were also revealed. The results showed that the generation of Al(OH)3 inclusions during the hydrolysis of AlN inhibited the deep denitrification, while NH3 provided an alkaline driving force for the dissolution of Al(OH)3 and Si/SiO2. Dissociated Al(OH)4- and H3SiO4- reacted with Na+/K+ to form aluminosilicates, which promoted denitrification but inhibited desalination. Eventually, after 480 min of water leaching (L/S = 1.5, T = 80 °C), the denitrification was 86.39 %, the removal rate of Cl was 99.61 %, and the contents of Na and K in leaching residues were 0.39 wt% and 0.24 wt%, respectively. The leaching residues with an Al content of 37.41 wt% showed no leaching toxicity, which reached Grade I bauxite grade.

Exploring the elemental variations in commercial non-glutinous brown and white rice from Malaysia by chemometrics

The concentrations of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in a selection of commercial non-glutinous rice sampled from Malaysia were determined using microwave assisted digestion with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and the data obtained were evaluated using chemometric techniques. Both principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two distinct clusters where the brown rice is associated with higher elemental content compared to the white rice; and Mg level was identified as a key discriminatory factor according to linear discriminant analysis outcomes. The concentrations of macroelements used to exhibit a consistent sequence: K &gt; Mg &gt; Ca &gt; Na; whereas no regular trend was observed on the microelements. The results suggested that the elemental variations in the rice samples were largely attributed to the grain treatment processes while the impacts of the other underlying factors are more apparent on microelemental concentrations. From the nutritional assessment, brown rice appeared to be a noteworthy dietary source of Mg, Mn, and Zn, however, the contributions of Na and Ca to daily needs are negligible.

Multivariate statistical analysis of bioavailability of heavy metals and mineral characterization in selected species of coastal flora

This study presents a thorough investigation into the concentration of heavy metals and mineral composition within four distinct coastal flora species: Cyperus conglomeratus, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sericostem pauciflorum, and Salvadora persica. Employing rigorous statistical methodologies such as Pearson coefficient correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and interclass correlation (ICC), we aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of heavy metals, minerals, and relevant physical characteristics. The analysis focused on essential elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl–), all of which are known to play pivotal roles in the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Through PCA, we discerned distinctive patterns within PC1 to PC4, collectively explaining an impressive 99.65% of the variance observed in heavy metal composition across the studied flora species. These results underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on the mineral composition of coastal flora, offering critical insights into the ecological processes shaping these vital ecosystems. Furthermore, significant correlations among mineral contents in H. mucronatum; K+ with content of Na+ (r = 0.989) and Mg2+ (r = 0.984); as revealed by ICC analyses, contributed to a nuanced understanding of variations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH levels, and ash content among the diverse coastal flora species. By shedding light on heavy metal and mineral dynamics in coastal flora, this study not only advances our scientific understanding but also provides a foundation for the development of targeted environmental monitoring and management strategies aimed at promoting the ecological sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.

Spectroscopic Investigation of Tomato Seed Germination Stimulated by Trichoderma spp.

Seed germination is a complex process that can be negatively affected by numerous stresses. Trichoderma spp. are known as effective biocontrol agents as well as plant growth and germination stimulators. However, understanding of the early interactions between seeds and Trichoderma spp. remains limited. In the present paper, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to reveal the nature of tomato seed germination as stimulated by Trichoderma. A rapid response of tomato seeds to Trichoderma spp. was observed within 48 h on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) substrate, preceding any physical contact. Raman analysis indicated that both Trichoderma species stimulated phenolic compound synthesis by triggering plant-specific responses in seed radicles. The impact of T. harzianum and T. brevicompactum on two tomato cultivars resulted in alterations to the middle lamella pectin, cellulose, and xyloglucan in the primary cell wall. The Raman spectra indicated increased xylan content in NA with T9 treatment as well as increased hemicelluloses in GZ with T4 treatment. Moreover, T4 treatment resulted in elevated conjugated aldehydes in lignin in GZ, whereas the trend was reversed in NA. Additionally, FTIR analysis revealed significant changes in total protein levels in Trichoderma spp.-treated tomato seed radicles, with simultaneous decreases in pectin and/or xyloglucan. Our results indicate that two complementary spectroscopic methods, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, can give valuable information on rapid changes in the plant cell wall structure of tomato radicles during germination stimulated by Trichoderma spp.

Effects of sulfate on survival, osmoregulation and immune inflammation of mud crab(Scylla paramamosain) under low salt conditions

Sulfate is an important chemical component in seawater, which has a profound influence on the survival, growth, physiology and biochemistry of aquaculture species. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of sulfate concentration on survival, osmotic regulation, oxidative stress and immune inflammation of mud crab(Scylla paramamosain). The results showed that the 72-h semi-lethal concentration of the crab was 3.373 g/L (1.353–8.589 g/L). After 28 days of cultivation, the contents of Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+-K+ ATPase (NKA) in the gill tissue of the S1 group (0 g/L Na2SO4) were significantly higher than those in the other three groups, and the sulfate content increased and the SOD activity decreased.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were affected by sulfate content, and the content levels in the S3 group (1 g/L Na2SO4) were significantly lower than those in the other three groups. The activities of ACP and AKP first increased and then decreased with the increase of sulfate content in prepare solution, and the activities of ACP and AKP in the S3 group (1 g/L Na2SO4) were significantly higher than those in the other three groups. The absence of sulfate or high concentration of sulfate will affect the survival rate of mud crabs, and have a stressful effect on the osmotic regulation of mud crabs, inhibit oxidative stress ability, and promote inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of sulfate-type saline-alkali water aquaculture of mud crab by studying the effect of sulfate on the mud crab under low salt conditions, and to provide theoretical basis and technical guidance for the promotion of saline-alkali water aquaculture.

Biofortification of wheat in salt-affected soil through seed priming and soil application of zinc

ContextGiven the global significance of wheat production and consumption, it is imperative to achieve high yields of nutritious wheat grains. However, the inadequate availability of zinc (Zn) in salt-affected soils can aggravate salt stress, decrease wheat grain yield, and grain Zn concentration. This study compared the effectiveness of soil Zn application and seed Zn priming in increasing Zn biofortification and grain yield of Zn-biofortified wheat grown in alkaline-calcareous soil affected by salts. MethodsEighteen pots were filled with alkaline-calcareous soil containing elevated levels of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium (Na). The pots were subjected to soil Zn application (0 or 8 mg kg−1) and seed priming (control/non-, hydro-, or Zn-primed seeds) treatments, applied to a Zn-biofortified wheat (cv. Zincol-2016). Plant samples were collected at the heading and maturity stages to measure parameters related to plant growth and grain quality. FindingsSoil Zn application increased grain and straw yields across seed priming treatments by a maximum of 23 %, and seed Zn priming increased grain and straw yields across soil Zn rates by a maximum of 21 %. This yield response was accompanied by significant increases in grain potassium and Zn concentrations at maturity, as well as non-significant to significant increases in photosynthetic parameters (stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate) in flag leaves during heading. Additionally, compared to control, the combined treatment of soil Zn application and seed Zn priming decreased grain Na concentration by 14 %. Compared to control, both soil Zn application and seed Zn priming significantly increased grain Zn concentration. With the combined application treatment, the grain Zn concentration reached 27 mg kg−1, but it remained significantly below the desired level of >37 mg kg−1. Seed Zn priming decreased the phytate-to-Zn molar ratio in grains, while the treatments that received soil Zn application exhibited the lowest values of this ratio, potentially increasing Zn bioavailability to humans. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that soil Zn application is more effective in enhancing grain yield and Zn concentration, while seed Zn priming remains crucial in low-Zn and high-salt soils. Future research should optimize Zn application strategies for Zn-biofortified wheat cultivated in salt-affected fields.

Estimation of Total Proteins and Minerals Content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in Some Local Dairy Farms in Kosti, Sudan

Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a significant bacterial infectious zoonotic disease not only poses a threat to animal health but also presents economic challenges and public health concerns due to its potential transmission to humans. Humans can contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Anaplasma marginale which can cause adult mortality, abortion, weight loss, and a reduction in performance. This paper described the results obtained from the effects of brucellosis and anaplasmosis on serum proteins and the level of the macro elements (Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium). These minerals play an essential role in animal metabolism. Out of fourteen Bovine serum samples, five samples were found to be positive for Brucella (35.72%) and four samples were found to be positive for Anaplasma (28.57%), the remaining samples were negative. Total protein (Tb) and (Alb) levels were significantly increased (P&lt;0.01) in both brucellosis and anaplasmosis cattle compared with controls. On the other hand Globulin (Glob) was significantly decreased (P&lt;0.01) in brucellosis cattle compared to the controls, also the present study showed that, concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg minerals were significantly increased in case of Brucellosis compared to the controls and significantly low (P&lt;0.05) in potassium level, while animals infected with anaplasmosis showed an increased level of Na and K and decreased level in Mg. In summary, comprehension of laboratory medicine parameters is crucial for monitoring animal health and diagnosing diseases like brucellosis and anaplasmosis. These parameters are essential for implementing effective control measures and ensuring livestock well-being. The objective of this study was to estimate the total proteins and minerals content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in ...

Study on Hydrothermal Arsenic Fixation in H3AsO4-FeSO4-Na2SO4-H2O System

In this study, hydrothermal metallurgy technology was used to convert arsenic in the solution into a stable, dense, and granular arsenic-fixing mineral, scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O), that is conducive to storage. The effect of Na+ on the precipitation rate of arsenic and iron, the phase composition, and the transformation of arsenic residue during the mineralization and arsenic precipitation of hydrothermal scorodite in the H3AsO4-FeSO4-Na2SO4-H2O system were studied. The results show that Fe3+ co-precipitates with As5+ to form scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O). In the later stage of the reaction, Fe3+ and Na+ combine to precipitate in the form of sodium jarosite [NaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6]. Under the conditions of an initial Na+ concentration of 10 g/L, an arsenic concentration of 10 g/L, a molar ratio of iron to arsenic of 1.5, a pH of 1, a reaction temperature of 160 °C, a stirring speed of 500 r/min, a reaction time of 3 h, and an oxygen partial pressure of 0.6 MPa, the precipitation rates of arsenic and iron were 98.2% and 93.2%, respectively. The phase composition of the arsenic residue is mainly composed of large-grained polyhedral crystal scorodite, and a small amount of irregular, small-grained crystal sodium jarosite is dispersed in it. By controlling the initial molar ratio of iron to arsenic, the concentration of Na+, and prolonging the reaction time, the formation of the sodium jarosite phase can be inhibited, and the transformation of the sodium jarosite phase into the scorodite phase can be promoted, so as to realize the efficient precipitation of arsenic, reduce the amount of arsenic residue, ensure the stability of arsenic residue, and avoid potential environmental pollution risks.

Thermochemical and structural study of sodium, iron, and niobium phosphate NASICON solid solutions

Solid solutions NaxFe0.5+0.5xNb1.5-0.5x(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1; x = 2) of NASICON structure (sp.gr. R3-c) and NbOPO4 were prepared via solid-state reaction and characterized by electron microprobe analysis, powder X-ray and neutron diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. The decrease of the a- and b-unit cell parameter prevails over the increase in c-parameters, resulting in nonlinear decrease of the unit cell volume with Na content. Enthalpies of drop solution in molten sodium molybdate solvent at 700 °C were measured by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and were used to derive the enthalpies of formation. Strongly negative enthalpies of formation from elements and from constituent oxides indicate high thermodynamic stability. The mixing enthalpies of solid solutions show negative deviation from the ideality. Negative mixing enthalpies and negative mixing volumes indicate short-range ordering of cations in the structure.