N-3 Fatty Acids Research Articles

Fatty acids profile, cholesterol level and quality of table eggs from hens fed with the addition of linseed and soybean oil

The study objective was to assess the impact of soybean (SO) and linseed oil (LO) added to feed mixture for laying hens upon the quality characteristics of table eggs, their fatty acid (FA) profile and cholesterol level. The material consisted of eggs from hens fed with a mixture without oil and with the addition of LO or SO in a dose of 2.5%. Eggs were subjected to quality assessment. FA profile and cholesterol content in yolks were determined. The results indicate no negative changes in eggs’ quality caused by supplementation. An increase was observed in the n3 FA content in egg yolk in experimental groups, as well as all PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) proportions. No negative impact of these oils on the level of cholesterol was noted. As a consequence, the analysed feed additives can be safely applied as an appropriate material in poultry nutrition to enrich eggs with PUFA.

Split Comb Teeth Seal of High Speed Shaft of Wind Power Gearbox

This paper analyzed the reasons for the oil leakage of the high-speed shaft of the wind power gearbox, regarding the common radial labyrinth seal and axial labyrinth seal oil leakage problems, the corresponding structural optimization was carried out. Furthermore, a new split-type comb-tooth seal device suitable for the high-speed shaft of the wind power gearbox was proposed, and a fluid analysis of the seal gap was performed. Finally, this optimization was applied to practice, the results showed a significant performance improvement, thus, the sealing effectiveness of the device after optimization was verified.

The Effect of Grazing Dairy Cattle with Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on Milk Minerals, CLA, and Fatty Acid Levels

Grazing Alfalfa in the nutrition of ruminant animals has been increasing day by day. In this study, it was aimed to compare milk mineral and fatty acid levels of cows fed with Total Ration Mix (TMR) and cows fed with fresh alfalfa and commercial concentrate feed (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 crude protein). 24 Holstein cows were divided into two groups. The first group (TMR Group) was fed with TMR. TMR content involves barley, commercial concentrate feed (2.7 Mcal/kg %21 crude protein), corn silage, straw, and dry alfalfa. The second group (Aflalfa Group) was mainly fed with artificial alfalfa pasture as well as barley and commercial concentrate feed. The element and fatty acid levels of alfalfa plant samples from artificial alfalfa pasture and milk samples were determined by using Induced Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) and Gas Chromatography (GC) devices. TMR Group's milk calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) levels were found to be lower than cow's milk in Alfalfa Group. It was observed that while the caprylic acid (8:0) and myristic acid (14:0) levels of the Alfalfa Group were lower than the TMR Group; myristoleic acid (14:1), cis-11-eicosenoic acid (20:1n9c), gamma-linolenic acid (18:3n6), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n6), cis-5, 8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n3), KLAc9t11 and KLAt10c12 fatty acid levels were high (p <0.05). Alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3) 14.482%, linoleic acid (18:2n6c) 4.528%, palmitic acid (16:0) 9.551% and stearic acid (18:0) 29.788% were found to be major fatty acids in alfalfa plants. The alfalfa plant was determined at levels of Ca 8167 mg/kg, P 951 mg/kg, manganese (Mn) 14.16 mg/kg, Zn 4.25 mg/kg and iron (Fe) 143 mg/kg. In this study, a high rate of 18:3n3 fatty acids were detected in the alfalfa plant content. For further studies, we think that this study may be a pioneer in the research on the effects of 18:3n3 fatty acid on CLA metabolism in rumen biohydrogenation of cows. As a result, alfalfa is considered to have positive effects on element and fatty acid levels.

The effects of aspirin and N-3 fatty acids on telomerase activity in adults with diabetes mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with aging and shortened telomere length. Telomerase replaces lost telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes and is necessary for the replicative immortality of cells. Aspirin and the n3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are commonly used therapies in people with type 2 diabetes for reducing cardiovascular disease events, though their relation to telomerase activity is not well studied. We explored the effects of aspirin, EPA + DHA, and the combined effects of aspirin and EPA + DHA treatment on telomerase activity in 30 adults with diabetes mellitus. EPA and DHA ingestion alone increased telomerase activity then a decrease occurred with the addition of aspirin consumption. Crude (F-stat = 2.09, p = 0.13) and adjusted (F-stat = 2.20, p = 0.14) analyses of this decrease showed signs of a trend. These results suggest that aspirin has an adverse effect on aging in diabetics who have relatively high EPA and DHA ingestion.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.

Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels-providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.

Lupinus angustifolius seed meal supplemented to dairy cow diet improves fatty acid composition in milk and mitigates methane production

Recently, the narrow-leafed, blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) seeds, including the Tango variety, have been used as a potential feed of livestock animals. However, there is still a limited knowledge of possible action of the Tango lupine seed meal (LSM) on ruminal fermentation, enteric methane production, milk yield and composition in dairy cattle. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of LSM supplementation to dairy cows on ruminal enteric methane production, microbial population, ruminal biohydrogenation and fatty acid (FA) proportion in the ruminal fluid and milk. An in vitro trial comprising of control and five experimental groups (supplementation of LSM at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg diet) was conducted to determine an effective dose level for an in vivo experiment. The in vitro trial was followed by an in vivo experiment conducted on 60 high-yielding Polish Holstein Friesian dairy cows assigned into two groups: the control (n = 30) and the experimental LSM group (n = 30; 2 kg LSM/day/cow). Supplementation of LSM decreased methane emission and archaeal abundances in vitro and in vivo and increased ammonia level in vivo. Ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and acetate proportion were reduced by LSM supplementation both in vitro and in vivo. Milk yield and its basic composition were not influenced by the LSM. However, the LSM increased the unsaturated FA content and decreased n6 to n3 FA ratio in milk. Supplementation of LSM upregulated the mRNA expressions of FASN and ELOVL5 genes and downregulated the LPL gene expression in milk somatic cells. The daily cost of LSM diet and the cost of 1 kg of milk production were lower compared with the control. It is concluded that LSM supplementation may improve milk quality without affecting milk yield and has the potential to decrease methane production in dairy cows.

126-OR: Baseline Omega-3 Status Is Associated with Nerve Regeneration following 1 Year of Omega-3 Nutrition Therapy in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy

We have recently demonstrated that omega-3 nutrition therapy is associated with small nerve fiber regeneration in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is unclear if baseline omega-3s relate to the presence of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP) or nerve regeneration. Forty individuals with T1D participated in a 12-month single-arm open label study of seal oil omega-3 (10 mL/d; 750 mg EPA, 560 mg DPA acid, and 1,020 mg DHA). The primary outcome was the 1-year change in corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) measured by in vivo corneal confocal microscopy, with sensory and nerve conduction measures as secondary outcomes. Plasma PUFAs were measured at 0, 4, 8 and 12-months. The 40 participants (53% female) had mean±SD age 48±14 years, body mass index 28.1±5.8 kg/m2, diabetes duration 27±18 years and 23(59%) had DSP. At baseline, participants with DSP had lower DHA concentration compared to those without (1.73±0.89% vs. 2.27±0.70, p=0.049). At 12-months, omega-3 nutrition therapy increased group mean plasma EPA by 185%, DPA by 29%, DHA by 79% (p&amp;lt;0.001) and decreased the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio by 45% (p&amp;lt;0.001). On average, CNFL increased 29±46% over the study, indicating small nerve fiber regeneration. This change was associated with the increase in total omega-3 (r=0.41, p=0.013), DPA (r=0.33, p=0.047) and DHA (r=0.42, p=0.012). There were 26(65%) participants that responded to therapy with a change in CNFL &amp;gt;0% and 9(22%) with a clinically significant loss of CNFL &amp;gt;-6%. At baseline, responders had higher total omega-3 (4.38±1.35% vs. 3.12±0.56%, p=0.010), EPA (0.91±0.47% vs. 0.59±0.23%, p=0.040) and DHA (2.16±0.90% vs. 1.34±0.40%, p=0.009).The change in these variables was not different between responders and non-responders (p&amp;gt;0.05). One year of seal oil omega-3 nutrition therapy increased blood omega-3s, while small nerve fiber regeneration appears to be related to baseline omega-3 status. Disclosure E.J.H. Lewis: Board Member; Spouse/Partner; Nutarniq Corp. Employee; Self; Nutarniq Corp. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Nutarniq Corp. B.A. Perkins: Consultant; Self; Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Insulet Corporation. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk A/S. Other Relationship; Self; Medtronic. L. Lovblom: None. A. Metherel: None. T. Wolever: None. V. Bril: Advisory Panel; Self; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Takeda Canada. Consultant; Self; Akcea Therapeutics, CSL Behring, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Biogen, Grifols, Momenta Pharmaceuticals. Funding Diabetes Canada (OG-2-13-4093-VB)

Orally Administered Fumonisins Affect Porcine Red Cell Membrane Sodium Pump Activity and Lipid Profile Without Apparent Oxidative Damage.

Weaned piglets (n = 3 × 6) were fed 0, 15 and 30 mg/kg diet fumonisin (FB1, FB2 and FB3, i.e., FBs, a sphinganine analogue mycotoxin), from the age of 35 days for 21 days, to assess mycotoxin induced, dose-dependent changes in the red cells’ membrane. Ouabain sensitive Na+/K+ ATPase activity was determined from lysed red cell membranes, membrane fatty acid (FA) profile was analysed, as well as antioxidant and lipid peroxidation endpoints. Final body weight was higher in the 30 mg/kg group (vs. control), even besides identical cumulative feed intake. After 3 weeks, there was a difference between control and the 30 mg/kg group in red cell membrane sodium pump activity; this change was dose-dependent (sig.: 0.036; R2 = 0.58). Membrane FA profile was strongly saturated with non-systematic inter-group differences; pooled data provided negative correlation with sodium pump activity (all individual membrane n6 FAs). Intracellular antioxidants (reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation indicators (conj. dienes, trienes and malondialdehyde) were non-responsive. We suppose a ceramide synthesis inhibitor (FB1) effect exerted onto the cell membrane, proven to be toxin dose-dependent and increasing sodium pump activity, with only indirect FA compositional correlations and lack of lipid peroxidation.

A commercial macroalgae extract in a plant-protein rich diet diminished saturated fatty acids of Oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum fillets

Seaweeds are considered novel feed ingredients, nutraceutical compounds and source of pigments and proteins. They appear to possess bioactive properties, such as hypolipidemic, antioxidant and immune-stimulative actions; furthermore, their proteins are considered just as nutritious as terrestrial vegetables. In the present work, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) was fed for 95 days with three diets: a fishmeal-based positive control diet (C+), a vegetable protein-based negative control diet (C−) and a diet similar to C − where 5% of soybean concentrate was replaced by a commercial blend of seaweeds (T). The monitored parameters were fish performance, physical and marketable characteristics, fillet oxidative status and fatty acid content. The estimated indices of enzyme activities involved in lipid metabolism were calculated. Fish performances were reduced in C − and T fish; C − and T fillet fatty acid (FA) profiles globally showed the same pattern and were distinct from C+, i.e. with a lower content of polyunsaturated FAs and a higher content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated n6 FAs; contrarywise, saturated FAs were significantly lower in T group in comparison to the other two groups (p < .01). The estimated indices of enzyme activity highlighted differences between dietary groups; desaturase activities of C18 and n3 FAs were higher in T in comparison to C− (p < .001). A slight impoverishment of antioxidant activity was found in T compared to C + group. Dietary seaweeds seemed to be capable of influencing fillet FA composition as well as the activity of enzymes related to lipid metabolism. Further studies in this regard are encouraged. Highlights Seaweeds are novel feed ingredients with nutraceutical properties Saturated fatty acids of rainbow trout fillets were lowered by seaweed inclusion in the diet Estimated desaturase activities of C18 and n3 fatty acids were higher in seaweed-fed trout

Extraction of Omega-3 Fatty Acid from Jade Perch (&lt;i&gt;Scortum barcoo&lt;/i&gt;) Using Enzymatic Hydrolysis Technique

Extraction of omega-3 fatty acid from Jade Perch (Scortum barcoo) using enzymatic hydrolysis techniques are expected to be more economically possible techniques due to the uses of the enzyme with the characteristic of environmentally friendly, reusable and less energy required during large-scale production. Design of Experiments (DOE) was used to study the effect of process parameters such as the concentration of alcalase (0.5–1.5%), temperature (50–70 °C) and pH (6.5–8.5) towards the yield of oil. The findings showed 16.55% of oil yield was extracted from the jade perch under an optimum condition at 50 °C, 6.5 pH with 0.5% of enzyme concentration for 2 h incubation time. The fish oil was then undergone enzymatic concentration of omega-3 FA using lipase from Candida rugosa. The acid value and peroxide value of the fish oil was 71.422 mg KOH/g and 0.799 meq/kg, while the acid and peroxide value of the omega-3 concentrated oil was lower to 49.074 mg KOH/g and 0.399 meq/kg. The FTIR spectrum showed the presence of C–H stretch, =C–H stretch and C=O stretch bond justified the existence of lipids as it presents of alkanes, alkene, and carboxylic acids functional group. At the same time, GC-MS analysis showed the fish oil contains higher total PUFA content and omega-3 fatty acid content than omega-3 concentrated oil.

Performance and Meat Quality of Dual-Purpose Cockerels of Dominant Genotype Reared on Pasture.

Simple SummaryOne-day-old laying cockerels are killed after hatching because they do not reach the growth rate of broiler chickens, and their fattening would be economically disadvantageous. A possible variant of the use of these cockerels could be organic or free-range farming, where it is desirable that the animals are fattened for a longer period of time, are more physically active, and graze pasture vegetation. Another possibility is dual-purpose genotype breeding, where hens are used for egg production and cockerels are fattened for meat. In the present study, three genotypes of dual-purpose cockerels Dominant were compared. All three genotypes showed the ability to graze with resulting improvements in meat quality. The Dominant 102 cockerels have the greatest prerequisites for use in extensive fattening, mainly due to higher performance, willingness to graze and vitamin E content, which protects the fat from becoming rancid.The culling of layer cockerels due to economic inefficiency is an ethical problem. Organic or free-range fattening of these cockerels or dual-purpose genotypes breeding is a possible solution to this problem. The aim of the study was to assess the differences in performance and meat quality characteristics in dual-purpose cockerels Dominant of three genotypes (Dominant Sussex D 104, Dominant Brown D 102 and Dominant Tinted D 723, 100 cockerels per genotype) with access to pasture. The cockerels were housed in mobile boxes on the pasture herbage from the 50th to 77th day of age (stocking density: 0.108 m2/bird). The highest body weight on the 77th day of age (p < 0.001) and the nonsignificantly lowest feed conversion was achieved by Dominant Brown D 102 cockerels (1842 g and 2.79, respectively). Non-significantly higher pasture herbage intake on the 70th day of age was recorded in genotype Dominant Brown D 102 (7.41 g dry matter (DM)/bird/day) and Dominant Tinted D 723 (7.52 g DM/bird/day). The pasture herbage contained 56.9 mg/kg DM α-tocopherol, 170.3 mg/kg DM zeaxanthin and 175.0 mg/kg DM lutein and had a favourable n6/n3 ratio (0.26). The boiled meat of cockerels Dominant Tinted D723 showed the highest tenderness based on both the sensory evaluation (p = 0.022) and the value of shear force (p = 0.049). This corresponds with a higher (p < 0.001) cross-sectional area and muscle fibre diameter in these chickens. The highest content of n3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, clupanodonic and docosahexaenoic acids) in breast meat were found in Dominant Sussex D104 chickens (p < 0.001). In contrast, a significantly higher α-tocopherol content (p < 0.001) and higher oxidative stability (p = 0.012) were found in Dominant Brown D102 (4.52 mg/kg and 0.282 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D 723 chickens (4.64 mg/kg and 0.273 mg/kg) in comparison with the Dominant Sussex D104 genotype (3.44 mg/kg and 0.313 mg/kg). The values of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were the lowest (p < 0.001) in meat from Dominant Brown D102 chickens. Moreover, a lower cholesterol content (p < 0.001) was recorded from the genotypes Dominant Brown D102 (396 mg/kg) and Dominant Tinted D723 (306 mg/kg) chickens, contrary to the Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels (441 mg/kg). It can be concluded that cockerels Dominant Brown D102 are a suitable genotype for free-range rearing due to higher performance and higher pasture herbage intake, which positively influences meat quality, whereas the meat of Dominant Sussex D104 cockerels shows higher amounts of n3 fatty acids and lower n6/n3 ratios.

Numerical simulation analysis of cavitation of current limiting orifice plate

In this paper, ANSYS-Fluent software is used to simulate the cavitation phenomenon that may occur in the current limiting orifice plate of the vertical oil inlet pipe with large drop in the underground water sealed oil depot. The influence of different orifice designs on the cavitation are calculated and summarized. The simulation results show that the shape of the orifice is an important factor affecting the cavitation intensity, the chamfering of the orifice can restrain the cavitation. The circular chamfer is better than the 45 ° chamfer to reduce the cavitation intensity, and the cavitation intensity will decrease with the increase of the thickness of the orifice chamfer.

Evaluation of lacustrine mudstone top sealing capacity in the Lenghu-5 area, Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau

Top seal capacity is one of the fundamental geological factors that must be considered during petroleum exploration. Based on thin section, low-pressure N2 adsorption, bulk mineralogy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury injection experiment and pressure data, the sealing capacity, lithofacies, petrophysics, diagenesis, capillary breakthrough pressure, overpressure, and brittleness index characteristics of a lacustrine mudstone top seal from the Lenghu-5 area, Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau was investigated. The bulk rock composition of the top seal was dominated by clay minerals with carbonate cements and has a gross mudstone to sandy mudstone lithofacies. The isotherms from low-pressure nitrogen adsorption tests which presents as reversed S-shaped, belong to type B and the characteristics of hysteresis loops indicating the silt-like pores in the samples. The pores of the mudstone top seals are predominantly mesopores according to the N2 adsorption and mercury injection experiment results. The cumulative mudstone thickness varies from 100 to 1400 m. The overpressured mudstone top seal in the Lenghu-5 area has three potential hydrocarbon preservation implications: overpressure cannot seal oil and gas, overpressure seals oil and gas directly, and overpressure seals oil and gas indirectly. The brittleness index (BI) values calculated by four methods based on the mineralogical composition of the mudstone top seals and the BI is higher at the top and bottom of the studied interval than in the middle mudstone layer. Based on the mud content, pore diameter, thickness, diagenetic stage, capillary breakthrough pressure, overpressure coefficient and brittleness index of the lacustrine mudstone, the top seal in the Lenghu-5 area is classified into four types: type I, II, III and IV, representing good to poor sealing capacities. The method for evaluation of the sealing capacity in this study can not only provide useful guidance for hydrocarbon exploration in Lenghu-5 area, Qaidam Basin, but also can be used in basins around the world by selecting the main influencing factors of sealing capacity in the basin.

Study on the Shifting Quality of the CVT Tractor under Hydraulic System Failure

The failure of a hydraulic system will affect the shifting quality and driving safety of a CVT tractor. In order to reveal the response of the tractor under different hydraulic system failures without destroying the transmission, the following methods are proposed in this paper: firstly, building the simulation model of CVT; secondly, building a test bench to test and verify the transmission model to ensure that the simulation model can accurately predict the response of CVT under different clutch oil pressures; thirdly, obtaining the fault oil pressure data without starting the engine and taking the data of fault oil pressure as the input variable of the simulation model; finally, obtaining the response of the CVT tractor under different hydraulic system failures by simulation. It is found that the damage of the seal ring inside the rotary joint has little effect on shifting quality; oil way block can lead to greater shift impact; when seal ring damage and oil way block occur together, the clutch cannot reach the minimum working pressure; clutch piston jamming and oil leak can cause power interruption of the tractor. The results show that it is feasible to study the response of CVT in fault mode by simulation.

Nutritional Quality, Physical Properties and Lipid Stability of Ready-to-cook Fish Products are Preserved during Frozen Storage and Oven-cooking

ABSTRACTReady-to-cook clean label products were formulated based on two ratios (50:50 and 30:70, R1 and R2) of mechanically separated European sea bass and rainbow trout. R1 and R2, tested as raw and oven-cooked, were stable during 90 days at −18°C in terms of proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition, shear force, pH, color, and lipid oxidizability. Raw and cooked R1 and R2 were rich in protein (13.76 g/100 g) and unsaturated n3 FA. Shear force and b* of raw R2 were higher than R1 (P < .05). Overall, R2 (more trout) better preserved its characteristics and oxidizability than R1.

Influence of Omega-3 Supplementation on Adult Male Rat Adrenal Cortex Exposed to Stress

ABSTRACT Background: Hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal and sympathetic adreno-medullary axes are the systems mainly implicated in preserving body homeostasis during the stress and the adrenal gland is an important organ to both systems. Stress either subacute or chronic is usually linked with adrenal alterations. Omega-3 fatty acid (O3FAs) which is present in dietary fish oil is known to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Also omega-3 fatty acids were mentioned to be considered as anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant agents. Aim of the work: Evaluation of the role of Omega-3 supplementation on adrenal cortical cells during exposure to stress. Materials and Methods: 3 groups of adult male albino rats were used (10 rats each): group 1 (control), group 2 (stressed for 6 weeks) and group 3 (stressed + Omega -3-treated; 300 mg/kg Omega-3 plus once daily 5 days/week for 6 weeks). Then the rats were sacrificed and the adrenal glands were extracted and processed for light, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Results: group II revealed signs of degeneration in adrenal cortical cells; disturbed arrangement, pyknotic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm and destructed organelles. There was reduction in ZF thickness with weak immunoexpression of Bcl-2. Omega-3 induced relative improvement of adrenal cortex in group III. This was evidenced by light, electron microscope and confirmed by morphometric and statistical results. Conclusion: Omega-3 FA supplementation influences sensitivity to stress and has strong anti-stress effects.

Higher omega-3 index after dietary inclusion of omega-3 phospholipids versus omega-3 triglycerides in Alaskan Huskies.

Background and Aim:Numerous studies have found benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely, for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dogs. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of dietary inclusion of equal amounts of omega-3 FAs in phospholipid (PL) from krill meal to triglyceride structure from fish oil to increase the omega-3 FA profile in red blood cells (RBCs) in dogs.Materials and Methods:Ten adult Alaskan Huskies of both genders were supplemented with daily 1.7 g EPA and DHA from krill meal for 6 weeks, while another ten dogs received 1.7 g EPA and DHA from fish oil. FA and omega-3 index measurements of the two groups were taken after 0, 3, and 6 weeks for comparison.Results:It was mainly the EPA levels that increased in the krill meal group (from 1.84% to 4.42%) compared to the fish oil group (from 1.90% to 2.46%) (p<0.001), which drove the group differences in the omega-3 index. This resulted in the krill meal group having a mean omega-3 index increase from 3.9 at baseline to 6.3%, which was significantly greater than the increase from 3.9% to 4.7% observed in the fish oil group (p<0.001). Concomitantly, omega-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, were reduced in RBC membranes and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was significantly more reduced in the krill meal compared to the fish oil group.Conclusion:The results showed that krill meal supplementation was associated with a reduction of omega-6 PUFAs, which compensated for the increased omega-3 index, suggesting that PLs are efficient delivery molecules of omega-3 PUFAs.

Adipose tatty acid composition and gene expression in obesity, and response to chronic marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.

AbstractIntroduction:Obesity is an excess of adipose tissue (AT) and is linked with increased inflammation that enhances risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The BIOCLAIMS study assessed the effect of obesity on AT fatty acid composition and gene expression, and the responses of these to chronic omega-3 FA supplementation.Materials and methods:AT biopsies were collected pre- and post-12 week supplementation with 1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA/day or corn oil. The composition of FA in the total lipid extract of AT from 37 normal-weight and 44 obese subjects was assessed by gas chromatography, whole AT transcriptome from 10 normal-weight and 10 obese subjects was assessed by RNA-Sequencing, and selected gene expression in AT of 27 normal-weight and 38 obese subjects was assessed by qRT-PCR.Results:789 AT genes were differentially expressed (623 upregulated, 175 downregulated) in obesity compared to normal-weight (FC &gt; 2, P &lt; 0.05). Differentially expressed genes included EGFL6, MMP-7 and -9, 5-LOX, WNT3 and WNT10B, DACT2, CNR1, SLC27A2 and PLA2G7, and were associated with immune and inflammatory response, cell proliferation, activation and movement, Wnt signalling, remodelling and expansion, and lipid incorporation and degradation.Chronic supplementation with EPA + DHA increased the concentration of AT EPA, DPA and DHA in normal-weight subjects (P &lt; 0.01), and EPA in obese subjects (P = 0.006). EPA + DHA modulated the expression of 26 genes (14 upregulated, 12 downregulated) in normal-weight subjects and 7 genes (3 upregulated, 5 downregulated) in obese subjects (FC &gt; 2, P &lt; 0.05). Of note, EPA + DHA downregulated IGLV1-44, IGLV1-51, PROK2, and TREM1 in normal weight subjects (P &lt; 0.05), and IGLV1-44, IGLV1-47, DACT2 and IDO1 obese subjects (P &lt; 0.05). Genes of note upregulated by EPA + DHA included KCNH2, GCGR, SLC36A2 and FOXC2 in normal-weight subjects, and MAB21L1, LRRTM4, and COX-2, in obese subjects. Differentially expressed genes were associated with a decrease in complement activation and immunoglobulin secretion, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and positive regulation of remodelling, amino acid and glucose transport, and COX pathway metabolite synthesis.Discussion:These data indicate an altered AT transcription profile and gene expression in obesity suggesting enhanced immune and inflammatory response, tissue expansion and remodelling, and changes to lipid metabolism, as well as dysregulation in response to supplementary EPA + DHA at a gene expression level. EPA + DHA are able to modulate AT gene expression predominantly associated with reducing immune response, but obesity may involve resistance to the effects on tissue remodelling and nutrient transport.

거문도인의 독도 조업 - 김윤삼⋅박운학의 증언을 중심으로 –

The People of Port Hamilton had long built ships on Ulleungdo Island, and had hunted of seals in Dokdo. But they left no record. In 1900, the Joseon government banned the shipbuilding on Ulleungdo island. In addition, by the Japanese woodcutter's reckless deforestation, wood was depleted on Ulleung Island. Then, the history of Port Hamilton people’s going over to the Dokdo has been erased. The history became known to the public through media interviews of two old men of Port Hamilton in 1960’s. They testified they had been Dokdo until 1903, since 1895. This is consistent with the situation of the time before the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. They hunted for seals and gathered seaweed in Dokdo. Seal oil was a high-priced commodity for Port Hamilton people who were engaged in maritime trade. Port Hamilton people said that Dokdo was 'two large island and several small island, and they ‘worked with boat between two large islands'. This statement is consistent with Dokdo’s true appearance and adds credibility of the statement. Ulleungdo was a treasure island, and Dokdo was hereditary fishing grounds to Port Hamilton people. Not only before but after the Ulleungdo Immigration Order, it was the people of Port Hamilton who played a major role in defending the Ulleungdo and Dokdo. Port Hamilton people’s fishing activity after the Ulleungdo Immigration Order could be interpreted as effective control under international law. It was also the Port Hamilton people who fought against the Japanese woodcutter on the vanguard. Frequent clashes with Japanese woodcutters drew attention from the central government, which contributed considerably in promulgating the Korean Empire Ordinance 41 of 1900.

Study on Shear Mechanism of Bolted Jointed Rocks: Experiments and CZM-Based FEM Simulations

Based on the underground jointed rock of the Huangdao water sealed oil depot in China, the shear failure mechanism of bolted jointed rock is studied through laboratory experiments and numerical simulation. Laboratory experiments are performed to explore the shear behavior of bolted jointed rock with different joint roughness. Our results show that using high strength bolts is beneficial to improving the shear strength of the jointed rock, but the high strength of bolts can also lead to the rock fracture, which should be avoided. For this particular project site, experimental results indicate that 15% elongation is the best. In addition, a new numerical simulation method with CZM (cohesive zone model) used for modeling the shearing process of bolted jointed rock is proposed. It can reasonably describe the characteristics of jointed rock as a discontinuous medium, and bolt as a continuous medium, that replicate well the shearing process. The numerical model is then verified by comparing the experiment results, and it can be effectively be applied to the simulation of joint shearing process. Finally, we use this simulation method to explore the shear failure mechanism of bolted joints, and find that the root cause of rock failure is the deformation mismatch between the bolt and the surrounding rock. The tensile stress between them eventually causes the rock to fracture near the bolt hole.