Mycelial Biomass Production Research Articles

Effect of forest fire prevention treatments on bacterial communities associated with productive Boletus edulis sites.

Summary Cistus ladanifer scrublands, traditionally considered as unproductive, have nonetheless been observed to produce large quantities of king bolete (Boletus edulis) fruitbodies. These pyrophytic scrublands are prone to wildfires, which severely affect fungi, hence the need for fire prevention in producing C. ladanifer scrublands. In addition, B. edulis productions have severely decreased in the last years. A deeper understanding of the B. edulis life cycle and of biotic and abiotic factors influencing sporocarp formation is needed to implement management practices that facilitate B. edulis production. For example, some bacteria likely are involved in sporocarp production, representing a key part in the triple symbiosis (plant–fungus–bacteria). In this study, we used soil DNA metabarcoding in C. ladanifer scrublands to (i) assess the effect of site history and fire prevention treatment on bacterial richness and community composition; (ii) test if there was any correlation between various taxonomic groups of bacteria and mycelial biomass and sporocarp production of B. edulis; and to (iii) identify indicator bacteria associated with the most productive B. edulis sites. Our results show that site history drives bacterial richness and community composition, while fire prevention treatments have a weaker, but still detectable effect, particularly in the senescent plots. Sporocarp production correlated positively with genera in Verrucomicrobia. Several genera, e.g. Azospirillum and Gemmatimonas, were identified as indicators of the most productive sites, suggesting a potential biological role in B. edulis fructification. This study provides a better understanding of the triple symbiosis (plant–fungus–bacteria) involved in C. ladanifer–B. edulis systems.

Growth and Tolerance of Pleurotus ostreatus at Different Selenium Forms

Selenium is an important element in physiological and metabolic processes. Due to low Se concentration in most of the soils, strategies as enrichment and biofortification have been used to increase its incorporation in food. The fungus has capacity to absorb, accumulate and transform Se inorganic into organic compounds. However, the concentration and chemical forms of Se used for enrichment can affect the mycelial growth and mushrooms production. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the capacity of Pleurotus ostreatus in absorb, accumulate and tolerate growing concentrations of different Se chemical forms. In the disc of agar with mycelium was added 20 mL of PDA medium and Se concentration (0-200 mg L-1) in the forms of sodium selenite, sodium selenate or selenomethionine (SeMet). The greatest inhibition of mycelial growth and biomass production were observed in highest Se concentration. Regardless of the Se level, SeMet and sodium selenite were more harmful to the P. ostreatus growth than sodium selenate. However, the highest Se accumulation in the mycelium was observed in culture medium with sodium selenite. Thus, Se supplementation in the forms of sodium selenite was more indicated to enrichment of P. ostreatus mushrooms than sodium selenate and SeMet.

Synergistic effects of surfactant-assisted biodegradation of wheat straw and production of polysaccharides by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation

Current work proposes an innovative wheat straw biomass utilization strategy that connects efficient lignocellulose biodegradation with exo-polysaccharide (EPS) production in I. obliquus under submerged fermentation. The addition of Tween 80 increased the activities of ligninolytic enzymes MnP, LiP and Lac by 1200%, 125% and 39.9%, respectively. When wheat straw lignin recalcitrance was substantially reduced with the aid of Tween 80, I. obliquus was capable of utilizing the substrates and in turn accumulated EPS. The degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin reached 46.1%, 46.4% and 44.1% on Day 9 of growth, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum mycelial biomass and EPS production increased by 23.3% and 142.9%, respectively. The EPS had higher contents of sugar, protein, uronic acid, and mannose ratio, and higher antioxidant activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) and hydroxyl radicals.

Mycelium of Terfezia claveryi as inoculum source to produce desert truffle mycorrhizal plants.

Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first desert truffle species to be cultivated, the mycorrhizal plants being successfully produced by using both desert truffle spores and mycelia. However, it is more advisable to use mycelium than spores whenever possible and profitable. Given the low yields of mycelia obtained using traditional culture methods of this truffle, the medium composition was modified in an attempt to determine its nutritional requirements. For this, an assay involving response surface methodology was performed using Box-Behnken design to find the optimal parameters for the high production of mycelial biomass. The best results were obtained with glucose as carbon source, buffering the pH at 5 during culture, adding a pool of vitamins, and adjusting the optimal concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources of the MMN medium. Biomass production increased from 0.3 to 3gL-1 dry weight and productivity increased from 10.7 to 95.8mgL-1day-1 dry weight. The produced mycelium was able to colonize Helianthemum roots efficiently, providing more than 50% ectomycorrhizal colonization.

Sıvı Kültürde Lepista Nuda Tarafından Miselyal Biyokütle ve Ekzopolisakkarit Üretimi İçin Karbon ve Azot Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, sıvı kültürde ekzopolisakkarit üretimi için yenilebilir bir mantar olan Lepista nuda kullanılmıştır. Başlangıç karbon ve azot kaynaklarının L. nuda IT suşu tarafından ekzopolisakkarit ve biyokütle üretimi üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. En fazla ekzopolisakkarit üretimi 50 g/L glukoz ve 5 g/L maya ekstraktı kullanıldığında elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, küçük ölçekte optimize edilmiş koşullar altında 2,1 g/L ekzopolisakkarit ve 12,3 g/L biyokütle üretimi sağlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, L. nuda'nın sıvı kültürde ekzopolisakkarit üretimini gösteren ilk çalışmadır.

Mycelial Growth and Fruit Body Nutritional Composition of Pleurotus Species Grown on Different Lignocellulosic Waste-based Media

Pleurotus species are edible mushrooms that possess the ability to degrade lignocellulose and are cultivated on lignocellulosic substrates to produce fruiting bodies that are appreciated for their nutritional and culinary values. Radial growth rate (ur), mycelial biomass, and intracellular glycogen and protein contents were evaluated in the colonies of two strains of P. ostreatus (strains 26 and 50) and one strain of P. pulmonarius (strain 35) grown on barley straw extract agar, corn stover extract agar (CSEA), wheat straw extract agar, and glucose-yeast extract agar (GYEA). The nutritional composition of the Pleurotus fruit bodies cultivated on barley straw, corn stover, and wheat straw were also determined. Of all of the strains, P. ostreatus 50 showed the highest ur on the CSEA and GYEA, and P. ostreatus 26 showed the greatest mycelial biomass production on the lignocellulosic waste-based agar media (LWAM). All of the Pleurotus strains showed the greatest and lowest glycogen contents on the CSEA and GYEA, respectively. These results showed that the LWAM are more suitable for mycelial growth than a glucose-based agar medium, and that Pleurotus fruit bodies cultivated on corn stover had the highest nutritional value compared with fruit bodies grown on the wheat and barley substrates.

Autolytic hydrolases affect sexual and asexual development of Aspergillus nidulans.

Radial growth, asexual sporulation, and cleistothecia formation as well as extracellular chitinase and proteinase formation of Aspergillus nidulans were monitored in surface cultures in order to study the physiological role of extracellular hydrolase production in carbon-stressed cultures. We set up carbon-stressed and carbon-overfed experimental conditions by varying the starting glucose concentration within the range of 2.5 and 40g/L. Glucose starvation induced radial growth and hydrolase production and enhanced the maturation of cleistothecia; meanwhile, glucose-rich conditions enhanced mycelial biomass, conidia, and cleistothecia production. Double deletion of chiB and engA (encoding an extracellular endochitinase and a β-1,3-endoglucanase, respectively) decreased conidia production under carbon-stressed conditions, suggesting that these autolytic hydrolases can support conidia formation by releasing nutrients from the cell wall polysaccharides of dead hyphae. Double deletion of prtA and pepJ (both genes encode extracellular proteases) reduced the number of cleistothecia even under carbon-rich conditions except in the presence of casamino acids, which supports the view that sexual development and amino acid metabolism are tightly connected to each other in this fungus.

Antioxidant Activity of Water Extract from Fermented Mycelia of Cordyceps sobolifera (Ascomycetes) in Caenorhabditis elegans.

This research aimed to evaluate the potential of Cordyceps sobolifera in mycelial biomass production via liquid culture and to assay the safety and determine the antioxidative and antiaging activities of Caenorhabditis elegans. A C. sobolifera isolate was cultured using the one-factor-at-a-time method to illustrate its carbon and nitrogen requirements. To assess safety, we determined the lethality, locomotion behavior, and reproduction of C. elegans cultured on a mycelial water extract (MWE) containing nematode growth medium (NGM). To investigate antiaging activity, C. elegans treated with MWE was incubated on NGM plates. The lethality was recorded throughout the whole life cycle. To identify antioxidant activity, C. elegans treated with MWE was exposed to paraquat, causing superoxide conditions. The results showed that C. sobolifera was favored by glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. MWE was considered to be safe, as no abnormal behaviors were observed in C. elegans. Compared with nematodes pretreated with no MWE but with water instead, MWE at 1.0 mg/mL significantly prolonged the mean lifespan of C. elegans by 24%. We observed an obvious dose-effect relation between concentration and mean lifespan. The effective antioxidant activity was recorded at the high concentration of MWE. These findings demonstrate the potential antiaging and antioxidant properties of C. sobolifera as functional food and dietary supplement.

Statistical optimization of culture conditions for enhanced mycelial biomass production using Ganoderma lucidum

Statistical optimization of culture conditions for enhanced mycelial biomass production using Ganoderma lucidum

Growth Rate and Selenium Bioaccumulation in Pleurotus species Cultivated on Signal Grass, Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster

Supplementation of edible fungi with essential mineral during cultivation has been an interesting approach to proffer solution to mineral deficiency. Effect of selenium Se concentrations 0, 50.0, 100.0 mg mL-1 as sodium selenite on mycelial growth and biomass production of Pleurotus spp. was assessed. The biological efficiency and uptake of Se was determined after the cultivation of Pleurotus mushrooms on Urochloa decumbens signal grass with 50.0 g kg-1 of Se. The fungal growth rate and biomass production were reduced after addition of Se and their value ranged from 1.0 mm d-1 to 3.6 mm d-1 and 5.63 g to 30.5 g respectively. Higher biological efficiency (115.23%) was obtained for P. ostreatus P93 and was significantly different P<0.05 from other tested Pleurotus spp. Cultivated P. pulmonarius aborbed more Se 135.5 µg g-1 followed by Pleurotus cornucopiae 120.34 µg g-1 but no Se was detected in the control mushrooms grown on subatrate without Se. Therefore, signal grass can be used as substrate for cultivation of edible fungi Pleurotus species enriched with Se. The produced mushrooms can serve as a natural source of mineral supplement for human beings to curb the symptoms of selenium deficiency.

A new bioreactor design for culturing basidiomycetes: Mycelial biomass production in submerged cultures of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

Oxygen transfer in submerged cultures of basidiomycetes is a key factor for efficient fungal growth. However, conventional stirred tank and airlift reactors are not utterly suitable for basidiomycetes culturing because they promote high shear stress to the mycelial hyphae and favor rapid agglomeration of mycelial pellets, compromising the diffusion of oxygen to the inner side of mycelium. We describe an original reactor design that overcome some of the limitations of conventional bioreactors used in submerged cultures of basidiomycetes. The strategy was to use a mechanism that permits simultaneous axis rotation and air injection, being the agitation promoted by an L-shaped tube. Adherence of mycelium and shear stress is avoided once only rounded surfaces exist inside the bioreactor. Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was selected as a model basidiomycete. The most productive system employed sucrose/corn steep liquor as the culture medium and pulsed addition of sucrose during the culturing. This approach provided efficient mycelial growth (maximum of 14.1g·L–1), and avoided pH increase and pellet agglomeration throughout the fungal cultivation for 7days, resulting in a biomass productivity of 1.72g·L–1·day–1. Microscopic evaluation of chlamydospores accumulation in the grown mycelium confirmed that minimal fungal stress occurred in the cultures performed in the new designed bioreactor, contrasting with cultures carried out in conventional stirred tank bioreactors.

Nutrient and Physiological Requirements for Biomass Production of Pestalotiopsis sp. UMAS P14 and Pseudopestalotiopsis sp. UMAS P2005/2592

Fungi are important decomposers in our ecosystem and are useful in metabolite production, bio-degradation and bio-sorption of different substrates and wastes through their mycelial biomass. Fungal species are known to have different preferences for their growth requirements. Two fungal species Pestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis useful in many biotechnological applications were studied. Nutrient and physiological requirements for mycelial biomass production such as carbon and nitrogen, pH, light and temperature were investigated. Both fungal isolates were grown in liquid basal medium supplemented separately with various carbon and nitrogen source and incubated under different light, pH and temperature conditions for 15 days. In general, Pestalotiopsis sp. and Pseudopestalotiopsis sp. showed significant preferences for monosaccharide and disaccharide carbon source as compared to sugar alcohols and polysaccharides, whereas ammonium tartrate was more preferred as a nitrogen source compared to ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and other ammonium salts. These two fungal species were able to grow and produce good mycelial biomass (223.33 mg for Pseudopestalotiopsis and 136.67 mg for Pestalotiopsis) at temperature range of 15°C to 30°C and (290.00 mg for Pseudopestalotiopsis and 256.67 mg for Pestalotiopsis) on media pH of slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. However, they showed no significant preferences between constant light, total darkness and alternate light conditions. The results from this study will be very useful for the mycelial biomass production of Pestalotiopsis sp. and Pseudopestalotiopsis sp. for their biotechnological applications.

Improved endoglucanase production and mycelial biomass of some ericoid fungi

Fungal species associated with ericaceous plant roots produce a number of enzymes and other bio-active metabolites in order to enhance survival of their host plants in natural environments. This study focussed on endoglucanase production from root associated ericoid mycorrhizal and dark septate endophytic fungal isolates. Out of the five fungal isolates screened, Leohumicola sp. (ChemRU330/PPRI 13195) had the highest relative enzyme activity and was tested along with isolates belonging to Hyloscyphaceae (EdRU083/PPRI 17284) and Leotiomycetes (EdRU002/PPRI 17261) for endoglucanase production under different pH and nutritional conditions that included: carbon sources, nitrogen sources and metal ions, at an optimum temperature of 28 °C. An optimal of pH 5.0 produced enzyme activity of 3.99, 2.18 and 4.31 (U/mg protein) for isolates EdRU083, EdRU002 and Leohumicola sp. respectively. Increased enzyme activities and improved mycelial biomass production were obtained in the presence of supplements such as potassium, sodium, glucose, maltose, cellobiose, tryptone and peptone. While NaFe-EDTA and Co2+ inhibited enzyme activity. The potential role of these fungi as a source of novel enzymes is an ongoing objective of this study.

Effects of aeration, agitation and pH on the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharide from the filamentous fungus Ganoderma lucidum1

Debido a la creciente demanda de alimentos funcionales y suplementos dietarios, la producción de hongos ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos años, razón por la cual el estudio de las condiciones operacionales que afectan el cultivo biotecnológico de estos hongos se ha convertido en el objeto de estudio de muchos investigadores. Con esta investigación se busca evaluar el efecto que tiene el pH, la agitación y la aireación sobre la producción de biomasa y polisacáridos de un hongo filamentoso en fermentaciones realizadas en biorreactor de 5L. Los resultados permitieron establecer que una estrategia de pH escalonado que incluye dos etapas una con control a un pH fijo y una segunda etapa sin control, combinada con estrés hidrodinámico, que implica alta agitación y alta aireación, favorece la producción de biomasa y polisacáridos, alcanzando incrementos de hasta 100% comparados con los obtenido con las condiciones de referencia.

Agaricus subrufescens: substratum nitrogen concentration and mycelial extraction method on antitumor activity

Antitumor activity of Agaricus subrufescens has been shown on vegetative mycelium and basidiocarp. However, few studies have assessed the effect of A. subrufescens cultivation conditions and extraction methods on antitumor activity. This study evaluated the effect of nitrogen concentration on the cultivation medium of A. subrufescens and the extraction method of mycelial antineoplastic actives against sarcoma 180 cells implanted in mice. Two nitrogen sources (isolated soybean protein and NaNO3) and 10 nitrogen concentrations (0.25 to 8.0 g/L) were used. Dried mycelium extract was obtained by hot water infusion (1:10 mass:volume; 90 °C) or by aqueous mixture (1:10 mass:volume, ambient temperature) in ultrapure water. The doses were administered daily by gavage to mice implanted with sarcoma 180 cells. Isolated soy protein is more efficient to mycelial biomass production than NaNO3. The mycelial biomass production increases when the cultivation medium is added with high nitrogen concentrations as well as the splenic index and the antitumor activity of the moistened mycelial powder. Hot water extract is more effective than the moistened mycelial powder to reduce tumor. The antitumor activity of hot water mycelial extract is similar to the one of basidiocarps, presenting lower metabolic demand on the spleen, keeping blood parameters normal and promoting animal wellness.

Antifungal and Zearalenone Inhibitory Activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus Isolated from Dairy Products on Fusarium graminearum.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the bio-control efficacy of Pediococcus pentosaceus isolated from traditional fermented dairy products originated from India, against the growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium graminearum. The cell-free supernatants of P. pentosaceus (PPCS) were prepared and chemical profiling was carried out by GC-MS and MALDI-TOF analysis. Chemical profiling of PPCS evidenced that, the presence of phenolic antioxidants, which are responsible for the antifungal activity. Another hand, MALDI-TOF analysis also indicated the presence of antimicrobial peptides. To know the antioxidant potential of PPCS, DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out and IC50 value was determined as 32 ± 1.89 μL/mL. The antifungal activity of P. pentosaceus was determined by dual culture overlay technique and zone of inhibition was recorded as 47 ± 2.81%, and antifungal activity of PPCS on F. graminearum was determined by micro-well dilution and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPCS was determined as 66 ± 2.18 μL/mL in the present study. Also a clear variation in the micromorphology of mycelia treated with MIC value of PPCS compared to untreated control was documented. Further, the mechanism of growth inhibition was revealed by ergosterol analysis and determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PPCS treated samples. The effects of PPCS on mycelial biomass and ZEA production were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the suppression of ZEA production was studied by reverse transcriptase qPCR analysis of ZEA metabolic pathway genes (PKS4 and PKS13), and results showed that there is a dose dependent down-regulation of target gene expression in PPCS treated samples. The results of the present study were collectively proved that, the antifungal and ZEA inhibitory activity of PPCS against F. graminearum and it may find a potential application in agriculture and food industry as a natural bio-controlling agent.

Mycelial Growth, Biomass Production and Iron Uptake by Mushrooms of Pleurotus species Cultivated on Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster

Mushrooms absorb minerals and are able to accumulate them as functional organic compounds during growth.<strong> </strong>Iron is one of the elements required for various metabolic processes<strong> </strong>but low intake has resulted to some nutritional deficiencies.<strong> </strong>This study investigated<strong> </strong>the effect of different iron concentrations in the culture media on mycelial growth, biomass production, hyphae diameter and distance between septa of six species of <em>Pleurotus,</em> namely <em>Pleurotus</em> <em>ostreatus;</em> <em>Pleurotus</em> <em>cornucopiae</em>; <em>Pleurotus</em> <em>djamor</em>; <em>Pleurotus</em> <em>pulmonarius</em>, and <em>Pleurotus</em> <em>djamor</em> v. <em>roseus</em>. These macrofungi were further grown on substrate based <em>Urochloa</em> <em>decumbens</em> with addition of Fe (0, 500 and 1000 mg Kg<sup>-1</sup>). The mycelial growth rate and biomass produced by <em>Pleurotus </em>species<em> </em>decreased (P<0.05)<em> </em>as iron concentration increased from (0 - 100) mg L<sup>-1</sup>. This shows an inhibitory interaction between the fungi and iron at higher concentration. The hyphae diameter and distance between septa of the examined fungi were respectively ranged from 45 µm to 80 µm and 40 µm to 119 µm at iron concentration of (0 -100) mg L<sup>-1</sup>. The estimated iron uptake in cultivated <em>Pleurotus</em> species ranged from 37.8 µg g<sup>-1</sup> to 96.6 µg g<sup>-1</sup> when 500 mg Kg<sup>-1</sup> and 1000 mg Kg<sup>-1</sup> of Fe was added to the substrate. The cultivation of edible macrofungi enriched with iron could improve the socio economic status and play a nutritional role in decreasing anemia.

Comparison among four triazole fungicides on growth and development of sheath blight of rice pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG1-1A

The sheath blight of rice pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG1-1A has long been known as a major crisis in global rice production. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of four triazole fungicides at different doses on the growth and development of R. solani Kühn AG1-1A. Obtained results demonstrated inhibitory effects of all four fungicides on mycelial growth, sclerotia formation and biomass production of R. solani Kühn AG1-1A with significant variation among the treatment doses as well as fungicide molecules (p ≤ 0.05). At the respective EC50 doses all four fungicides inhibited cell wall degrading enzymes viz. invertase, cellulase, polygalacturonase and pectin lyase, of the sheath blight pathogen. The extent of inhibition of the enzymes significantly varied among the fungicides. It is important to note that in spite of having common mode of action, all four triazole fungicides demonstrated significant variation in their fungicidal efficacy on R. solani Kühn AG1-1A.

Production and turnover of ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelial biomass and necromass under elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization.

Extramatrical mycelia (EMM) of ectomycorrhizal fungi are important in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in forests, but poor knowledge about EMM biomass and necromass turnovers makes the quantification of their role problematic. We studied the impacts of elevated CO2 and N fertilization on EMM production and turnover in a Pinus taeda forest. EMM C was determined by the analysis of ergosterol (biomass), chitin (total bio- and necromass) and total organic C (TOC) of sand-filled mycelium in-growth bags. The production and turnover of EMM bio- and necromass and total C were estimated by modelling. N fertilization reduced the standing EMM biomass C to 57% and its production to 51% of the control (from 238 to 122kgCha(-1) yr(-1) ), whereas elevated CO2 had no detectable effects. Biomass turnover was high (˜13yr(-1) ) and unchanged by the treatments. Necromass turnover was slow and was reduced from 1.5yr(-1) in the control to 0.65yr(-1) in the N-fertilized treatment. However, TOC data did not support an N effect on necromass turnover. An estimated EMM production ranging from 2.5 to 6% of net primary production stresses the importance of its inclusion in C models. A slow EMM necromass turnover indicates an importance in building up forest humus.

Production of mycelial biomass by the Amazonian edible mushroom Pleurotus albidus.

Edible mushroom species are considered as an adequate source of food in a healthy diet due to high content of protein, fiber, vitamins, and a variety of minerals. The representatives of Pleurotus genus are characterized by distinct gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal properties among the edible mushrooms commercialized worldwide. In the present study, the growth of mycelial biomass of Pleurotus albidus cultivated in submerged fermentation was evaluated. Saccharose, fructose, and maltose were the three main carbon sources for mycelial biomass formation with corresponding yields of 7.28 g L−1, 7.07 g L−1, and 6.99 g L−1. Inorganic nitrogen sources did not stimulate growth and the optimal yield was significantly higher with yeast extract (7.98 g L−1). The factorial design used to evaluate the influence of saccharose and yeast extract concentration, agitation speed, and initial pH indicated that all variables significantly influenced the production of biomass, especially the concentration of saccharose. The greater amount of saccharose resulted in the production of significantly more biomass. The highest mycelial biomass production (9.81 g L−1) was reached in the medium formulated with 30.0 g L−1 saccharose, 2.5 g L−1 yeast extract, pH 7.0, and a speed of agitation at 180 rpm. Furthermore, P. albidus manifested different aspects of morphology and physiology under the growth conditions employed. Media composition affected mycelial biomass production indicating that the diversification of carbon sources promoted its improvement and can be used as food or supplement.