Mutual Misunderstanding Research Articles

Israel-South Korea relations: the first six decades

ABSTRACT This article examines relations between the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the State of Israel from the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1962 to 2020. It analyses the internal and external factors influencing their foreign and security policies as well as mutual misunderstandings and the attendant problems, notably the failure to sign a free trade agreement till 2020. Despite these difficulties, and the geostrategic complexity of the Middle East, especially the Persian Gulf, that influences Seoul’s interests in the region and its relations with Israel, the bilateral relationship will further improve once the free trade agreement is ratified by both states.

Legal and Functional Determinants of Cooperation Between Polish and Ukrainian Local Governments Since 1990

The social, economic, and political changes which occurred in both Poland and in Ukraine after 1989, led to the formation of mutual relations at various levels and in various spheres of public, social, and economic life. Subsequent administrative reforms introduced from the beginning of the 1990s had an impact on the development of the decentralization and democratization of the public sector. In Poland, these processes took place much more effectively than in Ukraine. Despite this, from the very beginning of the changes, the newly created communes, and after 1998, the poviats and voivodships, undertook cooperation with self-governing partners in Ukraine. In the last three decades, local and regional communities in Ukraine have become an important partner for Polish local and regional governments. Polish-Ukrainian self-government cooperation is implemented in many forms, based on various models and with different results. It also faces many barriers on legal, institutional, and psychological levels. The main obstacle is undoubtedly Ukraine's lack of membership in the European Union, as well as sometimes mutual misunderstanding and non-acceptance of historical experiences. The main goal of the study is to analyze the currently functioning forms of cooperation between local governments from Poland and Ukraine. The main thesis of this article is based on the assumption that despite the many opportunities existing for partnership and cooperation, local governments from Poland and Ukraine establish bilateral and multilateral cooperation too seldom. This is related to many barriers that hinder the development and initiation of cooperation, and affect its quality and expected outcomes. To verify the assumed thesis, institutional and legal methods, document analysis, factor analysis, and comparative methods were used.

Conditions and prospects for cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian local governments

The fact that Poland and Ukraine share a border, the convergence of the political goals of the peoples of both countries, and the constant efforts towards the development of democracy and decentralisation of public life determine the need to intensify cooperation in various areas of the functioning of society and the economy. An important sphere of cooperation is the public sector, in particular at the level of local government. The local government cooperation of both countries was already visible at the beginning of the social and political transformations after 1990. The development of this cooperation, with varying results, took place in the 1990s and, to an even greater extent, after Poland’s accession to the European Union. In the last three decades, local and regional communities in Ukraine have become an important partner for Polish local governments, both at the local and regional levels. The local government cooperation that has been implemented is based on the diversification and multidimensionality of forms and models. Some result from legal regulations, while others are based on mutual experiences, previous contacts, and sympathies of public authorities. The aim of the study is to analyse and present the conditions and forms of Polish-Ukrainian local government cooperation. The aim is also to show the barriers to cooperation and to define proposed solutions to improve partner contacts of territorial units. The local government cooperation of the two countries is undoubtedly hindered by the fact that Ukraine is not a member of the EU, and often by mutual misunderstanding and non-acceptance of historical experiences. On the other hand, common goals at different levels of social, public, and economic life are a significant factor motivating parties to increase cooperation and achieve a synergistic effect thanks to it.

Development and User Experiences of a Biopsychosocial Interprofessional Online Course on Persistent Somatic Symptoms.

Background: Communication between healthcare providers and patients with persistent somatic symptoms (PSS) is frequently hampered by mutual misunderstanding and dissatisfaction.Methods: We developed an online, interprofessional course to teach healthcare providers the knowledge, skills, and attitude they need to diagnose and treat PSS in a patient-centered manner based on the biopsychosocial model. The course consisted of six modules of 45–60 min. Each module contained different types of assignments, based on six cases: videos, discussion boards, reading assignments, polls, and quizzes. For this study, we included (1) medical residents, following the course as part of their residency training, and (2) healthcare providers (general practitioners, medical specialists, physiotherapists, nurses, and psychologists), following the course as continuing vocational training. Throughout the course, participants were asked to fill out online surveys, enquiring about their learning gains and satisfaction with the course.Results: The biopsychosocial approach was integrated across the modules and teached health care workers about recent insights on biological, psychological and social aspects of PSS. In total, 801 participants with a wide variety in clinical experience started the course; the largest groups of professionals were general practitioners (N = 400), physiotherapists (N = 124) and mental healthcare workers (N = 53). At the start of the course, 22% of the participants rated their level of knowledge on PSS as adequate. At the end of the course, 359 participants completed the evaluation questionnaires. Of this group, 81% rated their level of knowledge on PSS as adequate and 86% felt that following the course increased their competencies in communicating with patients with PSS (N = 359). On a scale from 1 to 10, participants gave the course a mean grade of 7.8 points. Accordingly, 85% stated that they would recommend the course to a colleague.Conclusion: Our course developed in a co-design process involving multiple stakeholders can be implemented, is being used, and is positively evaluated by professionals across a variety of health care settings.

Communicative Taboos in Modern Business Etiquette

The article examines the features of communicative taboos in business etiquette. The taboo system has protected core values for centuries and has been an unwritten social code. Taboo reflects the foundations of morality, spiritual culture, features of thinking and worldview of individuals and ethnocultural communities. The spheres and nature of taboos are a reflection of the times and cultures of the people and are clearly manifested in the process of intercultural communication. Violation of the most severe taboos can lead to termination of contact. The study found that in the process of intercultural communication, given the similarity of most taboo topics, the degree of categoricalness of their use is different, or the circumstances under which certain topics can be raised are different. In order to comply with the verbal rules of business etiquette valid in one's own or in other cultures and ethnic groups and at the same time ideologically express the necessary meaning, promoting friendly intercultural communication, it is necessary to use a number of ways not to break taboos related to language units. etc. In the case of nonverbal taboos, mutual misunderstanding and non-perception in the process of nonverbal communication usually occurs because a somatic object is used to nonverbally express a certain meaning or perform a certain movement, which cannot be used from the point of view of another culture.

Гражданский сектор государственного управления: новые формы самоорганизации и участия населения в условиях цифровизации публичного пространства

As digital technologies develop, a new form of relations between the state and the public is developing as well. Additional opportunities for the expression of public interests and the establishment of values preferred by the society arise, new mechanisms of political mobilization develop, new forms of public organization and self-organization emerge, the social media gain more power, and local and general public narrative develop on a number of online platforms. With the digitization of the public space, the state is forced to change its communication strategies and improve the dialogue between the government and the society based on deliberative democracy principles. After analysing the architecture of public communication emerging in new conditions the paper concludes that Russia is making certain efforts to adapt for the new digitized reality. However, current state priorities are shifting towards e-government and the digital economy. On the one hand, it seems justified, as it allows to bring the public services to a completely new level, reduce corruption risks, and simplify state management of economic processes. On the other hand, the lack of due attention to the issues of openness of public administration and involvement of citizens in making public decisions results in accumulation of contradictions in the public area of public administration, as well as increasing mutual misunderstanding and distrust between the state bodies and the civil society, which may entail bursts of social discontent and protests.

«Russian mission in Persia» and the problem of mutual (mis)understanding in Russian-British relations in the late 19 – early 20 century

The paper attempts to interpret the problem of Russian-British relations in Qajar Iran as a problem of mutual misunderstanding. It is postulated that the development of Russian-British relations in the 19th century (as well as their interpretation) took place in a situation of confrontation, which directly influenced the prospects for their improvement after the conclusion of the 1907 agreement. The both parties own languages of discussion and interpretation of Russian-British relations in Persia, developed over the decades of the Great Game, hindered the building of a productive constructive dialogue, driving political actors into the trap of already formed meanings and ideologemes. Thus, the concept of the Russian mission in Persia, which was significant for the Russian socio-political discourse, presupposed the legitimacy and justification of the widest Russian intervention in (Northern) Iran, the use of a wide variety of means of conducting its own policy. However, in the British society such approaches and interpretations did not find understanding, the language developed for discussing the Persian issue and Russian policy was invective in relation to Russia and did not allow adopting the meanings, organic for the latter. The understanding of this problem by the key actors did not lead to a fundamental change in the situation.

PROPOSED COPING SUGGESTIONS AND STRATEGIES TO SOLVE THE TRUST DEFICIT FOR THE INDIANS AND CHINESE MEDIA IN THE POSTCOVID-19 ERA

The rise of India and China is a major historical developmental trend that has led to peaceful India-China media cooperation. From a long-term strategic point of view, the Indian and Chinese media platforms should seek common ground while overcoming differences and increasing mutual trust. The governments of India and China should grasp the dominant power of public opinion in traditional media, new media and self-media platforms. We must increase the number of each other's reporting stations and media branches to promote the "opposite column" in the content of the mainstream media. Meanwhile both sides should strengthen the training of reporters and journalist, thus improve the existing India-China media cooperation systems and gradually cut mutual misunderstandings by building friendly provinces, sister cities, and cultural and tourism exchange projects to jointly serve the two countries' national strategy for the smooth realization of a peaceful rise.

Тоска по правде как одна из смысловых сторон концепта ПРАВДА, вербализованного лексемами правда, truth и verdad (на материале русских, английских и испанских пословиц и поговорок)

This paper is written within the framework of cognitive linguistics and is part of a series of articles devoted to the cognitive attribute of justice in the context of studying the concepts PRAVDA, TRUTH and VERDAD in Russian, English and Spanish linguistic cultures. Based on proverbs and sayings containing the lexemes pravda in Russian, truth in English and verdad in Spanish, the authors had in earlier works considered the cognitive features of the idea of truth as justice and singled out the following groups of logemes (term by P.V. Chesnokov): 1) the need for truth/justice in the life of society; 2) the power of truth/justice; 3) disbelief in truth/justice. The purpose of this paper was to further reveal and describe new semantic aspects of the aforementioned concepts reflecting the idea of justice. As a result, the authors distinguished another common semantic group of logemes, defined as longing for the truth/justice. The authors note that paroemias containing the idea of longing for the truth form the final group of logemes of the cognitive attribute of justice. The semantic-cognitive analysis of paroemias revealed that only in Russian proverbs life without the truth is presented as unbearable, forcing a person to fight for the truth, sacrificing his/her life. English proverbs recognize the inaccessibility of the truth, pitiful and helpless truth, doomed to suffer from the human evil. In Spanish paroemias, one can trace the suffering of both the person and the truth itself from mutual misunderstanding. In all the linguistic cultures under consideration, the hope for justice does not die but, currently, its expectation is less painful for English-speaking nations than for the Russians and Spaniards. The results of this study can be useful for linguists and translators dealing with theoretical and practical issues of cognitive linguistics and, in particular, issues of intercultural communication in Russian, English and Spanish.

Why Don’t You Get It?

Abstract This essay explores the relationship between language and mutual (mis)understanding in Candra Aditya’s short film Dewi pulang. The film follows Dewi, a young Javanese woman, as she travels from Jakarta to her natal home in Central Java to attend her father’s funeral. The tension between Dewi’s multiple and often conflicting obligations is marked by the use of language—from the colloquial Indonesian she speaks with her friends in Jakarta to a brief exchange with her English-speaking boss on the telephone and the various forms of Javanese employed ‘at home’. Drawing on examples in both Indonesian and Javanese, it is argued that the film’s use of language may be understood as a form of social commentary, reflecting critically on the complex and at times incongruous desires, expectations, and aversions at play in the lives of a growing number of young Indonesians.

Discovery or ownership? A new light on an Austrian controversy over entrepreneurship

Abstract This article delivers an original analysis of an Austrian controversy between Rothbard and Kirzner about the relationship between entrepreneurship and capital ownership: in real-world markets, must the entrepreneur be a capitalist or not? The two authors were opposed to each other on that issue. Here, we will take a new look at existing literature by proposing a review of the key terms used in the debate. The thesis we defend here is that Rothbard and Kirzner were suffering from a mutual conceptual misunderstanding. Thus, taking an original view aims to steer the debate to a positive outcome and to reconsider the Austrian relationship between entrepreneurship, ownership and exploitation of capital.

Non-Muslim Pakistanis’ Loyalties and their Services for Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan

Loyalty and reliability have always been the aim of high ranked societies, striving for better living. Loyalty and reliability are like a flower that blooms out of pleasant and friendly atmosphere, found online people with similar mind-sets, wanting to achieve prosperous goals. Envy, hatred and jealousy don’t give loyalty a chance to flourish instead, they remove it immediately. This passion only grows and propagates in the atmosphere of love, kindness and great heartedness, while it withers away and ends slowly in the hostile environment. Every citizen in Pakistan is a servant and well-wisher of Pakistan. The loyalty of Muslim community is appreciable at its place, but non-Muslim citizens are also heading forward in serving Pakistan. It is only through this unity that the conditions of stress and misconceptions can be eliminated among one another. In this article, in the historical context of Pakistan, it is sought to clarify that non-Muslims of Pakistan, like the Muslim citizens of Pakistan, are loyal and faithful to Pakistan and love the soil of their homeland, so that their haters get involved in the color of love, and the fortunes of mutual misunderstandings can be eliminated and the honorable citizens of Pakistan can promote peace and prosperity for Pakistan.

Управление монетизацией в ресторанном бизнесе

Introduction. The traditional model of restaurant business demonstrates an asymmetry between the structure of the complex service provided by restaurants and the structure of the customer payments, as restaurants normally charge only the price of meals while providing customers with a place for eating and offering them waiter services. This asymmetry creates mutual misunderstanding between restaurants and customers and undermines the performance of restaurants. Therefore, it creates a demand for a new model of monetization of restaurant service that would take into account the complex nature of these services. 
 Study objects and methods. The paper reviews the existing practice of restaurant business. It focuses on the case study of the True Cost restaurant chain (Moscow, Russia), which is a typical example of the “true cost” model. Models of monetization are structured on the basis of strategic matrices method.
 Results and discussion. The author described the non-economic and economic tools that can be used to capture the value created by the complex restaurant service and built a hierarchical model of monetization system. The “true cost” monetization model sets up separate prices for meals and dining room. The economic nature of this model presupposes a direct link between elements of customers’ payments, elements of the complex service provided by restaurants, and elements of cost – fixed and variable. The author defined advantages and disadvantages of the “true cost” model and assessed the possibility of using it in other sectors of service industry. The paper also introduces a structured system of monetization models in restaurant business.
 Conclusion. The tradition monetization model blurs the nature of the restaurant services and reduces the financial results. Restaurants should implement monetization models that valorize all elements of the complex service. This goal can be chieved by pricing different elements of the complex service separately.

O middle ground

Na região dos Grandes Lagos da América do Norte de meados do século XVII a meados do XVIII, nativos algonquinos e agentes coloniais franceses interagiram em meio ao complexo processo de contato colonial. As condições de existência naquele espaço impeliam algonquinos e franceses a um apoio recíproco para se atingir objetivos específicos. Isso ocorria de tal modo que eles produziram concepções comuns de adequados modos de agir, isto é, aquilo que denominamos de middle ground. A necessidade inevitável de comunicação nos termos do outro gerou um processo de oportunos e criativos mal-entendidos mútuos, os quais produziam novos conteúdos culturais que, ao se tornarem convenções entre as partes envolvidas, se transformavam num novo referencial que orientou as ações dos sujeitos históricos. A abordagem teórica desse conceito é discutida nesse texto por meio da análise das relações cotidianas nas quais algonquinos e franceses produziram essa zona de inteligibilidade mútua. As congruências culturais, que deram forma ao middle ground, eram respostas a problemas e controvérsias que giravam em torno de questões como sexo, violência e comércio. A análise das medidas tomadas nesses campos relacionais expõe que os conteúdos híbridos surgiam de reiteradas tentativas de se encontrar conexões entre os referenciais normativos franceses e costumes algonquinos. As respostas produzidas nessas situações não se configuravam como noções exclusivamente francesas ou algonquinas, mas como improvisações e criações emergidas em pontos onde as culturas se cruzavam e promoviam uma zona cultural intermediária em que as expectativas de cada lado poderiam encontrar um grau aceitável de satisfação.

The French in Egypt in 1798—1801: Failed Dialogue of Civilizations

The article is devoted to the problem of cross-cultural interaction between the French and the Arabs during the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte 1798—1801. Using a comparative analysis of a wide range of French sources and Arab chronicles, the author comes to the conclusion that Bonaparte's attempt at an inter-civilizational dialogue with the Muslim population of Egypt ended in complete failure. Based on the stereotypical ideas about the Orient, common in the French literature of the Enlightenment, Napoleon tried to play in Egypt the same role that, according to the French philosophers, the Prophet Muhammad allegedly played in his time, namely, to take advantage of the “credulity” and “superstition” of the local population to subordinate it to his power. However, the Egyptians were very skeptical concerning Bonaparte's claims about the French army's commitment to Islam and his attempts to present himself as the Mahdi, the prophet of the last times. The daily practices of the occupiers, which openly contradicted the culture of Islam, completely alienated the Muslims from the French, which resulted not only in their mutual misunderstanding, but also in real hatred for each other.

Речь родная и «не-родная»: развенчание мифа о легкости языкового бытия

The author attempts to analyze the phenomenon of language considered from the point of view of current philosophy that presents the lat- ter as the key object of its research. According to modern philosophers it is not enough to define language as a method of building up speech. Construing language as an instrument of shaping worldview by a human being is no less limited. Discrepancy in construing one and the same language by different partners of communication, mutual misunderstanding of each other in the process of speech interaction, inevitable mistakes elicited by both imperfection and complexity of the language – this is a non-exhaustive list of challenges that philosophy of language faces nowadays. In her aspiration to glimpse the interplay of language essence, the author undertakes an attempt to construe one of the most ambiguous definitions of language given by M. Heidegger in his “Being and Time”. While defining the language as “the house of Being”, Heidegger presents the latter as a method of expressing the essence of something that exists (Being). This definition confirms true Being and as a consequence – ambiguity of language that presupposes non-intentional cloaking of the meaning that requires its obligatory detection by means of interpreting and giving evidence to either super complex mechanism of language or to its extreme imperfection.

Problems of using evaluation categories in the construction of certain elements of crimes: necessity or excess?

As a result of the study of the evaluation categories, serious disputes and mutual misunderstandings of scientists on this issue were revealed. Doctrinal interpretations of evaluative categories are united in recognizing their variability, not concretization, generality. The norms of the criminal law operate with a huge number of evaluation categories and concepts, which together give rise to various technologies of law enforcement. In this paper, an attempt is made to consider the essence and meaning of evaluation categories, and their combined impact on the construction of the corpus delicti.

Communication Scenarios of Misunderstanding

Introduction. The proposed paper discusses communication situations of mutual misunderstanding up to mutual rejection of each other by the parties. The research assumption is that misunderstanding in human communication is not necessarily accompanied by its overcoming. “Miscommunication communication” forms a communicative space that reveals the diversity of practices of personal self-realization, intergroup and intercultural interaction, while retaining the perception of the other side as incomprehensible.Methodology and sources. The methodological framework for analysis is a social constructionalist approach to the study of social reality, offering a conceptualization of the practical and observable actions of individuals or, in other words, “what people do when they act”. According to pragmatically oriented methodology, we cannot make an exhaustive conclusion about the internal reasons that motivate people to act in one way or another, but we can consider linguistic and non-linguistic actions that are perceived and interpreted by them as having a certain meaning and, therefore, trigger a certain response. The meanings that communicators give to a message are not pre-defined, but are created, produced, and constructed in a communicative interaction through contextspecific discursive procedures and practices, while also triggering specific socially recognizable types of contexts.Results and discussion. The variant of classification of various types of cognitive and communicative experience acquired by people in situations of misunderstanding is offered. Empirical data are the records of interviews, conversations, and comments that are at our possession. The basis for distinguishing between communicative scenarios of misunderstanding is the values in the range of “expanding one's own experience” ↔ “isolation from others' experience”. The structure of description of the selected situations includes: communicative status of the participant; verbal formulas that determine the choice of vector by the participants of the communication; characteristics of cognitive and communicative experience generated by a situation of misunderstanding; examples and illustrations containing replicas, comments, description of life situations of collision with misunderstanding, corresponding to a specific communicative scenario.Conclusion. Situations of misunderstanding are developed in scenarios that provide their participants with the resources to cope with the threat of risk to their personal or group (cultural) identity. The range of cognitive and communicative practices ranges from recognizing the value of cultural (social) diversity for social and personal development to discriminating against others, including violence and the exclusion of the incomprehensible from interaction. Discussion of the issue of “understanding misunderstanding” makes it possible to fit misunderstanding into the social fabric of human behavior practices as a vital resource for any social community.

ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE PERIOD THE PRESIDENCY OF DONALD TRUMP (2017-2020)

The European Union has met Donald Trump's presidency in a crisis, caused by Britain's exit, quarrels over migration policy and prospects for European integration. Trump has abandoned a project to create a transatlantic free trade area. He demanded a one-sided trade advantage for the United States. The rejection of the liberal project of multilateral foreign policy contributed to the deepening of contradictions between the EU and the US in the field of trade, environment, the regime of international disarmament treaties, the algorithm for resolving regional conflicts. The Trump era in US foreign policy was a time of abandoning liberal globalism. But it is impossible to realize this task in one cadence. The question is whether it is possible for Democrats to fully restore liberal globalism in equal cooperation with the European Union.Trump has abandoned the project of a transatlantic free trade area between the United States and the European Union. This shocked the European elites. Differences in approaches to world trade contributed to the coolness. The European Union is promoting a liberal approach. Trump insisted on the priority of the patronage of American interests. As a result, the tradition of relationships has suffered. Until 2017, the United States bought European goods and paid the most to the NATO budget. Trump demanded trade parity and more European funding for NATO. European elites perceived Trump's approach to migration issues as unacceptable. Trump's policy on international conflicts has become another reason for mutual misunderstanding. Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and helped establish diplomatic relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates. This has become a challenge for the European Union's Middle East policy.

Az 1868-as nemzetiségi törvény és a magyar–horvát kiegyezés

The Act XXX of 1868 regulated the public law situation of Croats and Hungarians in a uniquely subdualist way within the Monarchy, and the status quo provided an appropriate basis and guarantees for further development. Another significant step in the settlement of ethnic relations within the Monarchy was Act XLIV of 1868, a law that had an organic relationship with the Compromise Act. Both the Compromise Act and the Nationality Act were defined by the public law conception represented by Ferenc Deák, the essence of which is to focus on the terminology of the unified “political nation” for the Hungarian side, and the position and rights of other national minorities were regulated in relation to it. In Deák’s understanding, the concept of the political nation was linked to the idea of the nation-state, which, as a result of domestic political changes after 1875, became increasingly nationalist and upset relations with individual nationalities, including Croats. In the long run, this process led to mutual misunderstandings between the peoples within the Habsburg Monarchy and to an explosion of ethnic and political relations as a result of several unfortunate political factors.