Mutagenic Effect Of Sodium Azide Research Articles

Evaluating the Lethal Dose (LD50) and Mutagenic Effects of Sodium Azide on Germination and Quality Traits in Two Varieties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Study’s Excerpt Lethal dose (LD50) of sodium azide for two distinct tomato varieties, Beefsteak and San Marzano was quantified. The optimal mutagen doses that can be leveraged for enhancing quality traits in tomatoes is determined. Sodium azide has potential to improve crop resistance and productivity in tomato breeding programs. Full Abstract Sodium azide is a chemical mutagen that has been used to produce resistance in various susceptible crops to improve their yield and quality traits against harmful pathogens. The lethal dose and mutagenic effects of sodium azide on the germination percentage of two varieties of tomatoes (Beefsteak and San Marzano) were investigated with the aim of optimizing a suitable mutagen concentration with variability that could be exploited in the improvement of quality traits in Tomato plants. This study was carried out in the Green House at the Department of Biotechnology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State (AE-FUNAI). The two varieties of tomato seeds were collected locally as fresh seeds from the taxonomic department and were treated with sodium azide at different concentrations of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% w/v. The seed was sown and monitored for 30 days with everyday documentation of germination percentage, survival percentage, and lethal dose. Statistical analysis using significant difference (LSD) at 95% probability level was employed to analyze the effects. The results obtained from this study show that there is a steady decrease in germination and survival percentage with increased concentration of sodium azide in both varieties of tomatoes when compared with the control. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined upon germination and survival of the tomato varieties. The highest LD50 was calculated by linear regression to be 0.950 for the beefsteak variety, which was significantly higher than 0.794 for the san marzano variety at 50% germination was recorded under treatment 0.6% NaN3. These concentrations are therefore considered as the LD50 values. Sodium azide via mutation at low concentrations improves some important quality traits of tomatoes.

Identification of Mutants in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) induced through Sodium Azide

The present investigation was carried out to determine the mutagenic effect of Sodium Azide on morphological traits of Kadiri-6, Gujarat Gold, Haritha Andhra and Kadiri Amaravati (Arachis hypogaea L.) in M2 generation. Pre-soaked seeds were treated with different concentrations w/v (0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.40) of sodium azide for 17 hrs at room temperature. The experiment was carried out with four doses of mutagen (sodium azide) for four different varieties along with their respective controls in the Randomized block design with three replications. The observation of growth parameters of both M1 & M2 mutants of Kadiri-6, Gujarat gold, Haritha Andhra and Kadiri Amaravati showed a significant variation in different traits such as germination percentage, survival percentage, seedling height, days to maturity, days to flowering, number of sterile plants, plant height at maturity, number of pods per plant, sound mature kernels and kernel yield per plant. Most of the traits decreased with an increase in the concentration dosage of sodium azide. The result of the study shows that sodium azide majorly affected the above-mentioned traits, it has significant influence on all the traits under study.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on in vitro mutagenesis, polymorphism and genomic instability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Breeding studies are commonly conducted to develop new cultivars with high yield levels and improved quality traits. Chemically-induced mutations are used to create genetic variations in wheat genomes. Various physical and chemical mutagens are used to increase frequency of mutations and facilitate the selection processes. Sodium azide (SA) is largely employed to induce mutations of the genes regulating essential traits. Such mutations may also elucidate gene functions of the mutant phenotypes. Present experiments were conducted to investigate potential use of conventional chemical mutagenesis technique through SA for mature embryo culture in wheat. Sodium azide mutagenesis was experimented with 4 treatment durations (1, 2, 3 and 4h) and 5 treatment concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4mM). Mature embryos were subjected to experimental treatments to detect optimum doses of mutagenesis and to estimate polymorphism and genomic instability. Primarily, 50% reduction in number of regenerated plants as compared to the control (LD50) was adopted as the optimum dose. Based on LD50 criterion, the optimum value was achieved at 1h duration of 4mM SA concentration. Afterwards, inter-primer binding site markers were applied to investigate polymorphism and genomic instability in the regenerated plants. Present findings revealed that efficiency of chemical mutagenesis could be improved through the use of molecular technology and such mutations may assist plant breeders in developing high-yield cultivars.

Induction of Genetic Variability in Pusa Jwala and Pusa Sadabahar (Capsicum annuum L.) through Mutation via Sodium Azide and Hydroxyl Amine

The present study was carried out to determine the mutagenic effect of Sodium Azide and hydroxyl amine on the morphological features of Pusa Jwala and Pusa Sadabahar (Capsicum annuum L.) in M2 generation. Seed were pre-soaked in distilled water for 6hrs and later treated with different concentration w/v (0.1, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) of sodium azide and hydroxyl amine mutagens for 6hrs. The experiment was planted Randomized block design, replicated three times. Observation on growth parameters of M2 mutants of Pusa Jwala and Pusa Sadabahar shown significant variation on the plant height, germination, primary secondary branches, length of fruit, test weight of seed, number of fruits per plant, days to first flower mortality and survival. Most of the parameters decreased with increase in concentration of sodium azide. The result of study shown that sodium azide significantly affects plant height, germination and days to first flowering. Sodium Azide is more effective as compared to the Hydroxyl Amine in inducing genetic variability. Keywords: Chilli, Mutant, Sodium Azide, Hydroxyl Amine, Pusa Jwala, Pusa Sadabahar, Variability

Effect of sodium azide on Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc.) as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page)

This study investigated the mutagenic effects of Sodium Azide (NaN3) on the agromorphological and protein content of eight Bambara groundnut genotypes. The seeds of six genotypes; TVSu-86, TVSu-91, TVSu-186, TVSu-235, TVSu-242, TVSu-350 were collected fromthe International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and two landraces from Abia State and Enugu State North East, Nigeria local markets. The seeds were treated with five concentrations: 0.00%(control), 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.07% of NaN3 after pre-soakingfor 6hrs in distilled water and sown in pots arranged in a Complete Randomized Design with three replicates. There was reduction in germination percentage and growth characters as concentrations of NaN3 increases. Early flowering was recorded at 37 days mutated with 0.07% of NaN3 compared to control which flowered late at 42 days. NaN3 (0.07%) caused lethal effect on Abia and Enugu landraces. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in yield traits among mutants and control. Mutant seeds significantly (P<0.05) increased protein content (19.12%) at 0.05% of NaN3 compared to control (18.5%). The number of seeds (0.99), seed yield (0.89) and pod yield (0.96) strongly correlated with seeds per pod (0.85). The SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of polypeptide bands in mutants compared to control. TVSu-235 and TVSu-350 genotypes had higher tolerance and yield traits to 0.01% concentration of NaN3, thuscould be further improved in subsequent breeding.
 Keywords: Bambara groundnut, Sodium azide, SDS-PAGE, polypeptide bands.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on some qualitative traits of maize (Zea mays)

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on some qualitative traits of maize (Zea mays)

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on the survival and morphological characters of tomato varieties

Sodium Azide (SA)-induced mutagenic variability was studied on four tomato varieties namely Roma vf, Roma savannah, Tropimech and Tima. The SA concentrations used were 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7%, with 0.0% as control to determine the percentage emergence and growth parameters of the tomato varieties. The plant seeds were pretreated with the various concentrations of the mutagen before planting. The seedlings were raised in the nursery and transplanted after 30 days of planting into the field in polythene bags filled with 70g of a mixture of soil and farm yard manure. The experiment was carried out in randomised complete block design with three replicates. Increase in SA concentration caused a remarkable decrease in the percentage emergence and all other growth parameters evaluated. The effect of the interaction between variety and SA concentration revealed that the interaction was not significantly different from the control at P≤0.05 on the number of leaves, number of branches and leaf length, but the difference was significant for plant height. Formation of two stems was observed at 0.3% Sodium Azide for Roma vf. variety. The 0.1% and 0.3% concentrations of Sodium Azide seem to be promising treatments under the experimental conditions and thus could be used to induce variations for tomato crop improvement. Tima and Roma savannah performed better and were resistant to the mutagen than other varieties, hence they can be recommended as good varieties for further breeding purposes; also Sodium Azide could be a good mutagen for the improvement of tomato plants.
 Keywords: Tomato, growth characters, mutagenic, Sodium Azide, morphological variability.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide on pineapple micropropagant growth and biochemical profile within temporary immersion bioreactors

Sodium azide (NaN3) is widely used to induce mutagenesis within in vitro plant systems. However, since this mutagenesis is undirected, its unintended effects demand characterization. This study investigated the mutagenic effects of sodium azide (0-0.45 mM) on selected growth (shoot multiplication rate and shoot cluster fresh weight) and biochemical (aldehydes, chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenolics) parameters in pineapple micropropagants within temporary immersion bioreactors (TIBs). The content of soluble phenolics in the culture medium was also evaluated. Irrespective of the concentration NaN3 decreased shoot multiplication rate (by 87% relative to the control at 0.45 mM) and fresh weight (by 66% relative to the control at 0.45 mM). Levels of chlorophyll a and b, and soluble phenolics in the culture medium were also negatively correlated with NaN3 concentration. Interestingly, NaN3 application increased shoot carotenoid and soluble phenolic levels but had no significant effect on a range of established plant stress biomarkers: cell wall-linked phenolic levels, malondialdehyde and other aldehydes. Given that 0.19 mM NaN3 decreased shoot multiplication rate by 50% and resulted in propagants that displayed no morphologically abnormalities, increased levels of photoprotective pigments (relative to the control) and no significant increase in lipid peroxidation products, the mutagen can be used at this concentration to induce pineapple mutagenesis in TIB based studies aimed at producing agriculturally-useful mutants.

Mutagenic effect of sodium azide (NaN3) on M2 generation of Brassica napus L. (variety Dunkled)

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of different doses (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%) of sodium azide (SA) on M2 generationof Brassica napus (variety Dunkled) on some qualitative, quantitative and biochemical parameters. The result showed that days to germination, days to flowering and days to siliqua maturation were delayed (9.4, 98 and 153 days respectively) in higher treatment as compared to control (5.4, 96 and 147 days respectively). Higher concentration of SA (0.8%) decreased germination percentage (88.56%), plant height (97.95 cm), stem diameter (3.49 cm), number of branches/plant (3.49), number of leaves/plant (10), number of siliqua/plant (64.68), number of seed/siliqua (20.09) and 1000 seeds weight (3.91g) as compared to control. An increase was noticed for siliqua length (5.42 cm) in higher concentration of SA (0.8%) as compared to control (5.24 cm). Proximate analysis showed a significant decrease in oil, oleic acid and glucosinolates contents percentage (42.6%, 54.9%, and 58.5 μmol/g respectively) in higher concentration of SA (0.8%) as compared to control (44.7%, 58.1% and 71.3 μmol/g respectively) while a significant increase was noticed in proteins, moisture, linoleic acid and erucic acid percentage (28.4%, 5.9%, 9% and 37.3% respectively) in higher concentration of SA (0.8%) as compared to control (26.8%, 5.5%, 8.4% and 35.2% respectively. Keywords: Sodium Azide (SA); Brassica napus; morphological and biochemical parameters http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60018

Mutational approach for enhancement of artemisinin in Artemisia annua

The potential mutagenic effect of sodium azide (NaN3) was studied on seeds and callus of Artemisia annua for enhancement of artimisinin. The treated and untreated seeds were germinated with half MS liquid medium and the leaves (two-weeks-old) were employed to raise callus on full strength of medium containing �-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and kinetin (each 0.5 mg/L). The mutant calluses were obtained from normal callus and foliage leaves of germinated treated seeds with 1 - 5 mM, NaN3. Artimisinin content was estimated in all mutant calluses with High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and all showed increased level of this compound as compared to those normal calluses. The mutant calluses obtained from foliage leaves of germinated seeds had low content of this compound as compared to those calluses which developed from normal callus with NaN3 treatment. In all mutant calluses obtained from normal calluses and foliage leaves of treated seeds, the maximum artimisinin was found in T3 and T8, and occurred at 3 mM, NaN3 as compared to normal ones. Thus, sodium azide is a potent mutagen for enhancement of artemisinin and can be used as an alternative for its in vitro production.

Antimutagenic effect of phenolic acids.

In the present study, the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA 100 was used in the plate-incorporation test to examine the antimutagenic potential of caffeic, ferulic and cichoric acids extracted from plant species of genera Echinacea (L) Moench, as well as of another phenolic acids, on 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylic acid (5NFAA) and sodium azide mutagenicity. All tested compounds possess antimutagenic activity. In the case of 5NFAA, the antimutagenic potency of tested compounds was in the order of gallic acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid > syringic acid > vanillic acid. The mutagenic effect of sodium azide was inhibited by tested phenolic acids by about 20-35 %. The most effective compound, gallic acid inhibits this effect by 82 % in the concentration of 500 mug/plate. The only exception from favourable properties of tested phenolic acids is cichoric acid, which in the contrary significantly increased the mutagenic effect of 5NFAA.

Hyperthermia and other factors increasing sensitivity of Euglena to mutagens and carcinogens.

The effects of different factors (temperature, light, enzymic activation) on the ability of selected mutagens and carcinogens to induce hereditary bleaching of Euglena gracilis were investigated. In the resting medium, the elevation of incubation temperature from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C increased significantly the effect of all compounds tested on the frequency of bleached mutants of E. gracilis. The effect of light is not so unambiguous. While nitrosoguanidine (NG) exhibited practically the same bleaching activity both in the light and dark, the mutagenic effect of sodium azide (SA), nitrovin (NV), nitrosoethylurea (NEU), and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) was decreased in light. On the other hand, the light increased the bleaching activity of 5-nitro-2-furylacrylic acid (NFAA) significantly. The activation mixture S9 increased bleaching effect of NFAA and BP, whereas other mutagens were partially (NG and SA) or completely (NV and NEU) inactivated.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide in Drosophila melanogaster

The mutagenic effects of sodium azide (NaN 3) were studied at low pH in male Drosophila melanogaster using the sex-linked recessive-lethal test. No significant increase in the mutation frequency was observed after abdominal injection of azide solutions buffered at either pH 3.8 or 4.6. However, a weak mutagenic effect was noticed in the flies fed for 3 days on 0.1 mM azide (pH 4.6) solution.

Mutagenic effects of sodium azide and gamma irradiation in Pisum

Sodium azide was an effective mutagen in Pisum when used at a concentration of 10 −3 M and at pH 3. Effects on dry, sound seeds of ‘Juneau’ so treated for 3 or 4 hr and for 3 hr in the presence of oxygen were compared with responses to 5, 10 and 20 kR of γ-rays for evaluating relative effectiveness in producing mutants. Leaf aberrations were observed on γ-irradiated plants but not on azide-treated plants, an indication that azide did not cause chromosome damage. At the treatment levels used, sodium azide was as effective in total yield of mutants but produced fewer stunted and variously deformed plants than γ-rays.

Chemical alterations induced in DNA and DNA components by the mutagenic agent azide

Sodium azide in an acidic environment is a potent mutagen, the mutagenic action of which is not associated with chromosome aberrations. During incubation of deoxyribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleosides or DNA in the presence of hydrogen azide, the conjugated acid of the sodium azide, a three-fold or higher increase in the liberation of adenine and guanine was observed over that in the presence of HCl of the same acidity. Liberation of cytosine or thymine was not recorded. These results could explain, at least partially, the mutagenic effect of sodium azide on the basis of a base substitution mechanism.