Mustard Seed Research Articles

Packaging Design Using Mustard Seeds as a Natural Antimicrobial: A Study on Inhibition of Pseudomonas fragi in Liquid Medium.

Pseudomonas fragi is the dominant spoilage organism in various foods, especially in spoiled milk, fish, and meats. Its growth can be inhibited by releasing allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) from ground mustard seeds in food packages. This paper aims to investigate the antimicrobial potential of ground mustard seeds against P. fragi growth and the effectiveness of released AITC concentration from mustard seeds on microbial inhibition of the spoilage bacteria growing in the liquid medium. The AITC concentration in the headspace and the liquid medium was measured and the growth of P. fragi in the liquid medium was monitored. Depending on the concentration of AITC, not only growth was inhibited but a reduction of the total count of P. fragi was even observed. The inactivation rate (k) of P. fragi was estimated using first-order inactivation kinetics and the minimum gaseous-released AITC to inactivate P. fragi was determined. Higher AITC concentration in the headspace and liquid medium was observed when using a higher amount of ground mustard seeds and a lower food to headspace ratio. Increasing the amount of ground mustard seeds (>100 mg per 10 mL liquid medium) led to full inactivation of P. fragi in 48 hours. By using an inhibition sigmoid Emax model, the minimum gaseous-released AITC for inactivation of P. fragi in 48 hours was observed around 15 µg/L headspace. These results indicate that inhibition of the spoilage bacteria and extending the shelf life using ground mustard seeds is only possible by applying a careful design of the packaging system.

First electrochemical immunosensor for the rapid detection of mustard seeds in plant food extracts

This paper describes the first biosensor reported to date for the determination of mustard seed traces. The biosensor consists of an amperometric immunosensing platform able to sensitively and selectively determine Sin a 1 content, the major allergen of yellow mustard and the most abundant protein of these seeds. The immunosensing platform exploits the coupling of magnetic microbeads (MBs) modified with sandwich-type immune complexes, comprising polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, selective to the target protein for its capturing and detection, respectively. In addition, a HRP-conjugated secondary antibody was used for enzymatic labelling of the monoclonal antibody, and amperometric transduction was made at screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) using the hydroquinone (HQ)/H2O2 system. The electrochemical immunosensor allows the simple and fast detection (a single 1-h incubation step) of Sin a 1 with a limit of detection of 0.82 ng mL−1 (20.5 pg of protein in 25 μL of sample) with high selectivity against structurally similar non-target allergenic proteins (such as Pin p 1 from pine nut). The developed immunoplatform was successfully used for the analysis of peanut, rapeseed, cashew, pine nut and yellow mustard extracts, giving only positive response for the yellow mustard extract with a Sin a 1 content, in full agreement with that provided by conventional ELISA methodology.

The effect of the triethanolamine: glycerol deep eutectic solvent on the yield, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and physicochemical properties of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed oil

This study reports the yields, physicochemical properties, fatty acid compositions, and antioxidant activities of black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) seed oils extracted by cold pressing and the solvent extraction using different solvents (n–hexane, trichloroethylene, and a mixture of trichloroethylene and the triethanolamine:glycerol deep eutectic solvent (TEOA:G DES) with no or after pretreatment with the TEOA:G DES. Density (0.9791 ± 0.0003–0.9851 ± 0.0003 g/cm3), viscosity (121.15 ± 1.62–123.32 ± 0.10 mPa⋅s), boiling point (179–185 ± 1 °C), refractive index (1.4692 ± 0.0006–1.4758 ± 0.0011), acid (2.08 ± 0.19–3.22 ± 0.15 mg KOH/g), iodine (99.2 ± 1.6–105.4 ± 1.5 g I2/100 g), peroxide (1.68 ± 0.01–1.82 ± 0.03 mmol O2/kg), and saponification values (165.1 ± 2.7–169.4 ± 2.3 mg KOH/g), fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of the extracted oil were determined in order to evaluate its potential use as a foodstuff, a pharmaceutical or a feedstock for biodiesel production. Although the maceration of black mustard seeds with sole trichloroethylene yielded the highest oil yield of 31.10 ± 0.42 g/100 g, it required almost twice the volume of trichloroethylene compared to the volume applied in the macerations after the pre–treatment with the TEOA:G DES and with the mixture of trichloroethylene/TEOA:G DES. The oil extracted by the extraction in the presence of TEOA:G DES has similar physicochemical properties but better antioxidant activity than the oil extracted by cold pressing.

Chemical Composition and Hazardous Effects of Leachate from the Active Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Surrounded by Farmlands

Landfill leachates are potentially harmful to the environment and to human health. The objective of this study was to characterize leachates in order to analyze whether a relationship exists between the stored waste and the composition of leachates, and to detect possible leakages of pollutants into the environment. To achieve these objectives, field data, Global Positioning System data and physico-chemical data were used. Biological tests are becoming increasingly popular in determining leachate toxicity; therefore, two toxicity tests were performed with the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Leachates were sampled from the leachate pond. Groundwater quality was monitored by using drill holes. The research and analysis carried out are important to determine their potential impact on agricultural areas located near the landfill. Demonstrably increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of heavy metals were detected only in the leachate pond which closes the landfill body, where it links up with the landfill insulation layer. Water sampled from drill holes reaching into groundwater was not contaminated. The results showed that the leachates did not leak outside the landfill. Nevertheless, they were found to be phytotoxic. Both toxicity tests showed that the increasing amount of leachates resulted in the increasing growth inhibition of the tested plants. The proper handling of leachates should have been ensured.

Use of mangrove leaves (Rhizophora mucronath) extract as a biofertilizer for seed germination

The aqueous fresh leaf extract of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. is used for germination of Triticum aestivum (Wheat) and Brassica juncea (Mustard) seeds. The seeds treated with the aqueous extract showed high percentage of germination as well as longer root and shoot length as compared to control and other commercially used biofertilizer like Sargassum treated seeds.

Optimization of the enzymatic pre-treatment process for mustard oilseeds using response surface methodology

In order to investigate the effect of an enzymatic pre-treatment process for the extraction of oil from black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) using viscozyme, the reaction parameters such as temperature, buffer-to-seed ratio and enzyme concentration were considered as determinant factors in the central composite design. Optimization was carried out according to the four-variable five-level central composite design of experiments. The effects of enzyme concentration (5–12%), temperature (40–55 °C), pH (5.0–6.0), and reaction time (1–7 h) on the free oil liberated were studied. Residual oil was collected by subjecting the treated meal to soxhlet extraction for 4 h. An enzyme dose of 7.5% (w/w), pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 5 h with constant shaking at 450 rpm were found to be opti­mal conditions. Centrifuging the mixture at 7000 rpm for 30 min separated the oil with a recovery of 71–73.1%.

Selective and eco-friendly recovery of glucosinolates from mustard seeds (Brassica juncea) using process optimization and innovative pretreatment (high voltage electrical discharges)

Glucosinolates (β-thioglucoside-N-hydroxysulfates) are rich-sulfur secondary metabolites presented in a large variety of plants mainly in Cruciferous. They may be hydrolyzed by an endogene enzyme called myrosinase to liberate numerous sub-products such as isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles. Glucosinolates possess biological activity, which reinforce their potential applications as natural biofumigant agents to replace chemical pesticides. However, the presence of these compounds in the meal after oil extraction blocks its use as animal feed. The objective of this investigation was to develop an eco-friendly process to recover glucosinolates from mustard seed meal rich in sinigrin and gluconapin conventionally extracted using methanol at high temperature. The object is to obtain simultaneously an active extract rich in GSL as biopesticide and a detoxified meal rich in proteins suitable for animal feeding.For this purpose, mustard seeds were first defatted using a laboratory hydraulic press. The pressing was occurred at 100 bars and 80°C for 80min allowing the recovery of 84% of intracellular oil. The obtained defatted meal is rich in proteins (35.8–40.8%), sinigrin (128.8–139.5μmol/g DM) and gluconapin (14.8–18.4μmol/g DM). The objective was to maximize the extraction of glucosinolates and to minimize the extraction of proteins using only “green solvents” (ethanol and water) to preserve the nutritional quality of meal as animal feed. Preliminar optimization was performed using grinding as standard pretreatment and followed by liquid/solid extraction; it allowed to recover 88% of sinigrin and 73.7% of gluconapin after 8min using a solution of 40% ethanol at 40°C in 10-fold excess (w/w). Only 19.6% and 20.3% respectively of sinigrin and gluconapin were recovered with the same conditions on untreated meal. Influence of high-voltage electrical discharges (HVED) on the selective extraction of glucosinolates was then investigated. The application of HVED at 40kV for 5ms permitted to recover 97% of sinigrin and 75% of gluconapin without further diffusion operation. Temperature increase during HVED operation did not exceed 12°C. Glucosinolates extraction selectivity was better with HVED in compare to grinding+diffusion operation with lower proteins extraction (2.3% vs. 6.8%). The residual meal conserved high proteins content (40.3%) and very low glucosinolates concentration (6.8μmol/g DM), thus suitable for animal feeding.

Effect of “low doses” of multiwall carbon nanotubes when interacting with white mustard seeds and sprouts

The paper considers the influence of the sizes of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the effect of "low doses" (LD) by changing the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of seeds and sprouts of white mustard. In the first series of experiments, 20 nm nanoparticles were studied. The second series considered 40-60 nm nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.01 to 1,000 g per ton of seeds. For CNT, the effect of "low doses" with particle sizes of 40-60 nm had its own characteristics. The germination energy and viability were inhibited or did not exceed the control at all concentrations studied with the exception of a concentration of 0.01 g / t when the root length increased by 18.5%. But the analysis of the mass of 7-day-old white mustard sprouts showed that the mass of the experimental sprouts exceeded the control in all cases. The change in the mass of 7-day-old mustard roots was “dome-shaped” and the maximum fell on a CNT dose of 5.0 g / t (+ 42.3% above the control). Carbon nanoparticles up to 20 nm in size showed higher activity in almost all parameters. Energy was higher than the control up to 10 g / t. Concentrations from 100 to 1,000 g / t had a depressing effect on this parameter. Biochemical studies confirmed the results of morpho-physiological studies.

English

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is the major limiting factor in tomato production in many regions of the world, including Ethiopia. Hence, there is a need for development of root-knot nematode management methods that are cheap and environmentally friendly. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with an objective to evaluate the integrated effect of botanicals and intercropping against M. incognita on tomato. The experiment was laid out in a 2×3×3 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. About 30 ml of lantana leaf extract (at 5% v/v concentration) was applied one week before transplanting of convert to days tomato cv Moneymaker seedlings into 20 cm diameter size pot containing 2 kg sterilized soil. Seeds of mustard and garlic were sown directly into the plastic pots on either side of the tomato seedlings. M. incognita was inoculated at the rate of 1000 and 2000 second-stage juveniles (J2) per pot one week after transplanting. A control without any nematode treatment was also maintained. The results revealed that combination of lantana leaf extract and tomato-mustard intercropping at both nematode inoculum levels proved to be the most effective treatment that reduced the soil and root population of the nematode. Application of lantana leaf extract alone and in combination at both inoculation levels showed superiority on tomato growth characteristics. Hence, this ecofriendly approach could be incorporated into integrated nematode management in tomato. However, further research is needed to evaluate their efficacies under field conditions. Key words: Egg-mass, gall, garlic, juvenile, Lantana camara, mustard, management. &nbsp

Mustard Seed (Brassica nigra) Extract Exhibits Antiproliferative Effect against Human Lung Cancer Cells through Differential Regulation of Apoptosis, Cell Cycle, Migration, and Invasion.

Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and development of novel lung cancer preventive and therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Brassica nigra (black mustard) seeds are commonly consumed in several Asian and African countries. Mustard seeds previously exhibited significant anticancer activities against several cancer types. In the present study, we have investigated various cellular and molecular mechanisms of anticancer effects of an ethanolic extract of B. nigra seeds against A549 and H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. B. nigra extract showed a substantial growth-inhibitory effect as it reduced the viability and clonogenic survival of A549 and H1299 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. B. nigra extract induced cellular apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion as evidenced from increased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, treatment of both A549 and H1299 cells with B. nigra extract alone or in combination with camptothecin induced DNA double-strand breaks as evidenced by upregulation of γH2A histone family member X, Fanconi anemia group D2 protein, Fanconi anemia group J protein, ataxia-telangiectesia mutated and Rad3-related protein. Based on cell cycle analysis, B. nigra extract significantly arrested A549 and H1299 cells at S and G2/M phases. Additionally, B. nigra extract suppressed the migratory and invasive properties of both cell lines, downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and Snail and upregulated the expression of E-cadherin at mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that B. nigra seed extract may have an important anticancer potential against human lung cancer which could be mediated through simultaneous and differential regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage, cell cycle, migration, and invasion.

Effect of Bio-Fertilization and Foliar Spraying in the Mustard Seed Content Brassica Alba L. from Some Fatty Acids

Effect of Bio-Fertilization and Foliar Spraying in the Mustard Seed Content Brassica Alba L. from Some Fatty Acids

Public Health Approach of Ayurveda and Yoga for COVID-19 Prophylaxis.

Public Health Approach of Ayurveda and Yoga for COVID-19 Prophylaxis.

Phytotoxicity of coal fly ash on plant growth and heavy metal uptake by plant in an acid soil

Considering the content of various elements in coal fly ash (CFA), it has the potential to be used as an additional source of nutrients in the soil. However, the use of CFA for agriculture is still debated because CFA contains several metal elements. The purpose of this study was to study the CFA phytotoxicity to seed germination and metal uptake by plants on acid soil. The first experiment was the study of the effect of extracts of various CFA and soil mixtures (5% - 45% CFA) on the germination of mustard seeds. The second study was a CFA phytotoxicity test for plant growth and metal uptake by the mustard plant. Results of the first experiment showed that the application of CFA had no significant effect on mustard seed germination, but had a significant effect on radicle length. CFA application increased the uptake of Pb and Cu by plant along with the increase in the proportion of CFA in the CFA + soil mixture. The contents of Cu and Pb in the mustard plant due to CFA application up to 30% were still below the threshold levels of Cu (36 ppm) and Pb (2 ppm).

2S albumins and nsLTP are involved in anaphylaxis to pizza sauce: IgE recognition before and after allergen processing

Although pizza is one of the most popular foods in the world, allergic responses after ingesting pizza are relatively uncommon. However, precisely identifying the allergens responsible for these allergic reactions is challenging because of the high and diverse number of ingredients used in pizza preparation. In this report, we aim to identify the allergens responsible for systemic allergic reactions following ingestion of pizza in two patients. Using a skin prick by prick test (SPPT) and in vitro techniques, with natural and recombinant purified allergens from tomato and mustard seeds, we identified 2S albumin and non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTP) as the proteins involved. However, IgE responses to the four nsLTPs differed before and after denaturation and reduction, thus suggesting additional complexity around nsLTP in food processing.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Use of Biopreparations as Seed Dressings

In laboratory tests, the effectiveness of water plant extracts obtained from 20 species of herbal plants on the degree of contamination of white mustard seeds (Sinapis alba L.) by fungal and bacterial pathogens was evaluated. The analysis showed that the contamination of the tested seed material was statistically significantly influenced by the plant species from which the biopreparations were obtained. However, there were no significant differences in the method of preparation of extracts for the examined traits. The tested natural preparations had a different effect on limiting the superficial growth of bacteria and fungi on seeds. However, infusion and macerate obtained from the bark of Salix alba L. were the most effective in limiting the contamination with both bacterial and fungal pathogens. The number of seeds infected with fungi after the application of these preparations was 24.25% on average, whereas in the case of bacterial colonization of the tested material, the value of this indicator was 1.00% on average.

Making a Canonical Work: a Cultural History of the Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting, 1679-1949

Abstract As the most widely-used painting manual in China, the Mustard Seed Garden Manual of Painting (Jieziyuan huazhuan 芥子園畫傳, hereafter Mustard Seed) has long been considered to have been a handbook for beginners. This article problematizes this relatively fixed notion by examining different editions of the manual and argues that the pedagogical function that most people take for granted is an anachronistic construction. In fact, the woodblock-printed Mustard Seed was regarded as an illegitimate painting manual in the mainstream art scene after its publication because it used woodblock printing to convey painting techniques. The canonization of the manual started in the late Qing (1862-1911), as a result of the availability of affordable lithographic editions. It soon became a primer for many would-be painters and gradually entered art schools in the Republican period (1912-1949), changing the traditional pedagogies of painting education. While highlighting the multivalent social functions of Mustard Seed, this paper will also show how changes in printing technique are connected to Mustard Seed’s canonization.

Nilai Pendidikan Aqidah Luqman al-Ḥakim

Luqman is a name enshrined in Islam in the Holy Qur'an. His life journey is always wise and above the truth and never leaves him. The story is not only enshrined in the Holy Qur’an, but also enshrined as the name one of the surat’s in the Holy Qur'an. His storie’s have many important education values and very benefits for life. This research is a qualitative study, which uses non-statistical analysis, the data search with the right interpretation to make a systematic description. The Qualitative research is a research that aimed to describe and analyze the phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, people's thoughts individual or group. Some descriptions are used to find some principles and explanations that lead to make conclusions. The value of Luqman's aqeedah educations are includes: the obligation to honor of Allah and the prohibition of doing syirik, believing the day of vengeance (the last day) where Allah will repay all of his servants' good or bad actions even though mustard seeds must feel that Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala always supervises and know the movements of every human beings, and should not make underestimate the good or bad that is done, however small.

Вплив добрив на мікрофлору ґрунту і ризофлори гірчиці

Goal. To determine the influence of fertilizers on the species composition of the microflora of the soil under mustard. Methods. The sowing of mustard seeds was carried out in a cardboard container with an area of 142 cm2, which was filled with typical chernozem. Monitoring of indicators of soil was carried out twice: before sowing (indigenous microflora), and at the end of vegetation of mustard. Analysis of microflora of typical chernozem was performed by growing colonies of soil microorganisms on solid nutrient media by the method of cultivation. Results. After the cultivation of mustard in the variant without fertilization, the number of colonies was reduced to 75, in the variant with the native form of NPK — up to 88, in the variant with nanostructured forms of NPK — up to 79. They fixed a decrease in the number of bacteria colonies from 53 (dilution — 10–4) to 12 (dilution — 10–6) on GRM medium in the test sample of the soil before planting. The cultivation of mustard without fertilizer resulted in a reduction of colonies of bacteria to 20; 7; and 3 at dilution 10–4; 10–5; 10–6 accordingly. With fertilizers, the number of colonies after incubation was higher than without their use. The same trend was noted in the number of microorganisms. After incubation without fertilizer and nanostructured forms of NPK, the number of colonies of bacteria was decreased in 6 times at the dilution of 10–2, and incubation without the native form of NPK — in 5.4 times. Conclusions. The positive influence of nanostructured forms of NPK on the microflora of the soil is determined. They promote the preservation of beneficial microorganisms that form biocenosis of microorganisms in the root and near-root zones of plants, suppress pathogenic microflora, increase soil fertility as compared to the native form of fertilizers.

Phytotoxicity of sewage sludge from selected wastewater treatment plants - new opportunities in sewage sludge treatment

Purpose The research was focused on evaluating phytotoxicity of sewage sludge from two selected wastewater treatment plants in Czech Republic. Methods Laboratory experiments were carried out with samples of sewage sludge, which were focused on the evaluation of their phytotoxicity by using the PhytotoxkitTM testing set. Specifically, the inhibitory/stimulating effect was established on the growth of roots from the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The chosen proportions of sewage sludge were 10%, 30% and 50%. The test was conducted in three repetitions. Additionally, the research also included a comparison of the effect of compost addition to the sewage sludge and its potentially increased stimulating effect on the growth of roots from the seeds of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Ratios of compost were 5%, 15%, 25% and 50%. The test was conducted in three repetitions. Results Stimulating effect on the growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was demonstrated only in samples with the sludge proportion of 10%. The results also show that the addition of compost reduced phytotoxicity of sewage sludge in all three tested ratios (5%, 15%, 25% and 50%). Conclusion It was found out that the addition of compost resulted in the decreased phytotoxicity of all tested sewage sludge samples, and hence in their suppressed inhibitory effect.

Effect of Warm Water Footbaths With Added Ginger or Mustard Powder on Psychosocial Parameters in Patients With an Oncological Disease

Effect of Warm Water Footbaths With Added Ginger or Mustard Powder on Psychosocial Parameters in Patients With an Oncological Disease