Mustard Seed Research Articles

Analysis of the Treatment of Synthetic Bathing Waters and Their Effects on Seedlings

Abstract Synthetically produced bathing waters and their effect on seedlings were analysed in our research. The artificially produced bath waters were treated in different ways. Primarily, simple filtration was performed through a layer of silica sand. During the tests, the obtained greywater was investigated before and after the treatment with the help of various water quality parameters. Irrigation was set as the goal of recycling, and germination experiments were performed on mustard seeds. In these experiments, the synthetically generated treated and untreated bath water was used as irrigation water. Considering the results obtained during the germination, it can be said that the treatment is necessary in any case. Based on the results, it was shown that the filtration was not sufficient, so coagulation was used as an additional treatment method, for which we determined the optimal amount of treatment agent as a starting step.

Influence of Bio-fertilizer and Organic Seed Treatment on Growth and Yield Attributing Traits of Mustard (Brassica nigra L.) Variety (Pusa -21)

The Field experiment was conducted in a Randomized block Design (RBD) with three replications during Rabi, 2020-2021 at Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The genetically pure seeds of Mustard variety Pusa-21 were used for the study. The mustard seeds primed with botanicals and chemicals( Vermiwash, Panchagavya, Azatobactor, NaCl , KNO3, Neem leaf, Parthenium leaf and FYM) were subjected to study in field experiment of growth and yield parameters were recorded. Objectives of the topic are to evaluate the Influence of bio fertilizer and organic seed treatment on growth, yield and yield attributing traits of mustard crop and to find out the suitable pre-sowing seed treatment for mustard crop. Analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum of squares due to seed priming treatments. The highest germination percent (88.89),plant height (132.53 cm), number of branches(12.60 per plant), yield attributing parameters in mustard as number of silique per plant (292.87), number of seeds per silique (18.73), seed yield per plant (17.73 gm/plant), seed yield per plot (214.33 gm/ plot), biological yield per plot (443.15/ plot), seed yield per hectare (2143.33 kg/ ha), biological yield per hectare (5140 kg/ ha) and harvest index (41.69) showing better result when treated with treatment vermiwash 5 % for 12 hours. Remaining treatments i.e, treatment with panchgavya 5 % & 3 %, azotobactor 3 % & 2 %, NaCl 0.5 % & 0.1 %, KNO3 0.5 % & 0.1 %, neem leaf extract, parthenium leaf extract for and fym 2 % for 12 hours recorded the second most effective treatments and observed significantly superior. It concluded that T8 (vermiwash 5% solution) found superior in all the growth and yield parameters.

Development of a moisture-activated antimicrobial film containing ground mustard seeds and its application on meat in active packaging system

An antimicrobial cellulose acetate film containing finely ground mustard seeds was developed. The effect of the film properties on the allyl isothiocyanates (AITC) formation and release into the headspace was investigated. Less porous structure and larger thickness caused slower moisture absorption and consequently a slower AITC formation and release rate. For its application in food, the film was tested on whether the concentration of AITC was sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth in ground beef with different fat contents. The AITC concentration for the low-fat ground beef was lower in the product and higher in the headspace compared to medium fat ground beef. The shelf life was extended by 3.7 and 0.6 days for low fat and medium fat ground beef respectively. Besides a novel way to control the compounds’ release to the packaging system, this study also shows the importance of the food composition for tailoring the effective active packaging. (150 words).

Preventive Effects of Sinigrin Against the Memory Deterioration in the Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Male Wistar Rats: Possible Modulation of NLRP3 Pathway.

Mainly found in brussels sprouts, broccoli, and black mustard seeds, sinigrin (2-propenyl glucosinolate) has enjoyed some attention currently for its effects on health and disease prevention. The present research design is aimed at investigating the effects of sinigrin on inflammation, oxidative stress (OS) and memory. Randomly, six groups of male Wistar rats were categorized into the control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were treated with sinigrin (10 and 20mg/kg, orally). The control positive group was given the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) treatment and the control negative one was given normal saline. All groups were kindled by the sub-threshold dose (35mg/kg, i.p.) of PTZ for 12 times in one month. When the kindling procedure was done, the seizure behaviors and the behavioral function were evaluated. For cognitive parameters, the shuttle box test was employed. When the experiment was terminated, the rats were euthanized and their blood serum as well as brain samples were isolated for respective measuring of OS and gene expression parameters. The treatment with sinigrin significantly delayed the appearance of the seizure symptoms in comparison to that of the PTZ group. It also significantly increased the memory parameters like retention latency and the total time having been spent in the light compartment in the epileptic rats. In addition, sinigrin increased the superoxide dismutase and catalase levels. Treatment with sinigrin suppressed the Il1b and Nlrp3 gene expression at hippocampal level. In sum, sinigrin prevents inflammation, OS and memory impairment against the PTZ-kindling epilepsy in rats.

COMPOSITION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR CULTIVATION OF BRASSICA JUNCEA CZERN

cultivation of plant food objects, in particular, Brassica juncea czern (mustard seeds of the talisman variety). In addition, the issue of recycling of the most concentrated fermentation liquid, which is a waste after separation at the stage of growing a pure yeast culture, is solved. The growth-stimulating activity of "Humir-1", created on the basis of hydrated fullerenes (HyFn), (C60(H2O)n) and humates, as well "Humir-2" in which the mixture of hydrated fullerenes and humates was added to the supernatant of the fermentation fluid, in which a pure culture of yeast (strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was grown. Concentrated aqueous solutions of hydrated C60HyFn which are molecular colloidal systems of spherical fractal clusters, the structural unit of which is a strong, highly hydrophilic supramolecular complex consisting of a C60 fullerene molecule enclosed in the first hydrated shell containing 24 water molecules were used as a basis in “Humir” preparations. Humates, which is also part of the developed composition, in addition to stimulating growth, has a positive effect on the plant's immunity, helping to adapt to the environment and increase protection against its negative manifestations. The supernatant of the fermentation mixture, in which pure culture yeast was grown, is rich of vitamins, micro and macro elements, yeast residues, and also contains the dry matter of yeast rich in biologically active substances. The influence of the developed compositions on the efficiency of brassica juncea czern cultivation was studied in laboratory and field conditions on the basis of an experimental farm of the Dokuchaev Institute of Agriculture in Kharkiv region. As a result of research, it has been proved that the developed drug "Humir-2", in addition to increasing the yield of brassica juncea czern, increases photosynthetic activity, increases germination and germination energy. As a result, plants have a powerful developed root system and a significantly increased assimilation area of the Leaf.

Effect of Seed Treatment with Chemicals and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield Attributing Traits of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Variety: Pusa Bold

The Experiment was conducted in the field of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) during Rabi season 2020-2021, in order to standardize the suitable pre- sowing seed treatment for Mustard. Different pre- sowing seed treatments with control (Unhardened) were evaluated viz., T0– Control,T1- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.1%,T2- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.3%,T3- Mg(No3)2 @ 0.5%,T4- Ca(No3)2 @ 0.1%,T5- KNO3 @ 0.5%,T6- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.1%,T7- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.3%,T8- Mg(So4)2 @ 0.5%,T9- GA3 @ 25ppm,T10- GA3 @ 50ppm,T11- GA3 @ 75ppm,T12- PEG6000 @ 25ppm. It was found that the all pre-sowing seed treatments showed significance difference with control. Seed treatment with KNO3 @ 0.5% found to be highest in field emergence and yield attributes of Mustard and it was followed by GA3 @ 25ppm and Mg(No3)2 @ 0.1%. Pre- sowing seed treatment with KNO3 @ 0.5% and GA3 @ 25 ppm showed maximum increase yield of mustard seeds and found to be lowest in control seeds. Pre-sowing seed treatments of the mustard seeds in which KNO3 @ 0.5% gave best result to enhanced germinability, seed vigour, seed yield and yielding attributes. These conclusions are based on the results of six months investigation and therefore further investigation is needed to arrive at valid recommendations.

The increase of egg productivity of laying hens when using non-traditional feed and biologically active additives

In poultry farming, feed remains the most expensive part and farmers are constantly trying to optimize diets, both in terms of price and nutrition, so that the poultry can realize its genetic potential. Such feeding diets should maintain the highest productivity of poultry in a normal state of health; contribute to improving the quality of products and reducing the cost of its production. The purpose of the work was the theoretical and experimental justification of the use of new varieties of sorghum, chickpeas, mustard seed processing products, as well as targeted formulations of biologically active additives (premixes, PVMC, NutoVit additive) based on local feed sources, increasing the nutritional value of compound feed, reducing their cost, increasing egg productivity and obtaining complete food and incubation chicken eggs. The nutritional value of a new variety of chickpeas Privo 1, sorghum Kamyshinskoe 75 with different levels of their input into compound feed instead of sunflower presscake and corn grain for young birds and laying hens, respectively, has been studied in the paper. The effectiveness of using different levels of mustard seed processing products – feed concentrate from vegetable raw materials Sarepta and mustard protein-containing feed concentrate Gorlinka in feeding of laying hens instead of the traditionally used sunflower seed presscake and meal. The influence of the premix and the protein-vitamin concentrate Gorlinka based on the products of processing mustard seeds and the additive NutoVit in the composition of compound feed for chickens of the parent and industrial herd has been determined. The use of non-traditional feed and biologically active additives in the diets of young birds and laying hens has a positive effect on the growth and development of young animals, egg productivity of laying hens and egg quality, as well as increases the efficiency of production.

Biochemical responses to natural and accelerated ageing on seed quality in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] is an important oilseed crop of many tropical and subtropicalcountries of the world. The present study was carried out at research farm of Department of Seed Scienceand Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during winter (rabi) season 2017–18 and 2018–19.The objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of natural and accelerated aging on biochemical constitutes in 3 Indian mustard varieties, viz. RH-30, RH-9304 and RH-0406 with three seed lots (fresh seed, 1-year old seed, 2-year-old seed). Naturally aged seed lots of variety RH-30 was found to meet out Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standard after 1-year under ambient condition. Tetrazolium test indicated that the viability of Indian mustard seeds decreased after increasing the ageing duration. Maximum seed viability recorded in the variety RH-30 and minimum was recorded in variety RH-0406. Activities of all the enzymes, viz. superoxide dismutase, dehydrogenase and peroxidase significantly decreased with natural ageing; RH-30 was found to be a good storer variety. The maximum performance for standard germination and enzymes activity was observed in fresh seed lots. Results showed that among different Indian mustard varieties, RH-30 and RH-9304 were found best responsive with minimal seed deterioration effects, and better germination and seedling establishment potential.

Biologically Active Compounds in Mustard Seeds: A Toxicological Perspective.

Mustard plants have been widely cultivated and used as spice, medicine and as source of edible oils. Currently, the use of the seeds of the mustard species Sinapis alba (white mustard or yellow mustard), Brassica juncea (brown mustard) and Brassica nigra (black mustard) in the food and beverage industry is immensely growing due to their nutritional and functional properties. The seeds serve as a source for a wide range of biologically active components including isothiocyanates that are responsible for the specific flavor of mustard, and tend to reveal conflicting results regarding possible health effects. Other potentially undesirable or toxic compounds, such as bisphenol F, erucic acid or allergens, may also occur in the seeds and in mustard products intended for human consumption. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive information about potentially harmful compounds in mustard seeds and to evaluate potential health risks as an increasing use of mustard seeds is expected in the upcoming years.

Implications of the Many Versions of the Early Printings of Kaishien gaden, the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual

Abstract Kaishien gaden was a widely read and influential pair of Japanese books based on the famous Chinese painting manual, Jieziyuan huazhuan. They are among the earliest examples of Japanese color printing. Close examination of many almost identical copies of Series A (1748) and Series B (1753) offers insight into the publishing practices of four different sets of publishers. Even with exemplars printed by the same publisher, there was much variation in the use of seals and color palettes, leading to many different states of each book. Assuming that each print run would be identical in not only the pages printed from the blocks, but also in the use of seals and colors, it can be estimated that there were roughly fifty to eighty print runs of each of these books over their 65–70 year initial history.

Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for acetamiprid in various crops.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicants Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH and Sipcam Italia S.p.A. submitted requests to the competent national authority in the Netherlands and in Italy, respectively, to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance acetamiprid in various crops. The data submitted in support of these requests were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for plums, aubergines, peppers, cucumbers, courgettes, other cucurbits with edible peel, poppy seeds, mustard seeds, pomegranates and honey. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of acetamiprid in the commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of acetamiprid according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

Modulation of growth, photosynthetic efficiency, leaf biochemistry, cell viability and yield of Indian mustard by the application of trehalose

Trehalose (Tre) is a nonreducing glucose disaccharide. It modulates diverse physio-biochemical processes in crop plants. A randomized pot experiment was designed to investigate whether the leaf-applied Tre could improve the growth, photosynthesis, leaf biochemistry, cell viability and yield of Indian mustard. Uniform surface sterilized seeds of mustard were sown in earthen pots. The plants were sprayed with four graded doses of Tre, viz. 0, 10, 20 or 30 mM using a hand sprayer twice at 50 and 70 days after sowing (DAS). The crop performance was assessed in terms of morpho-physiological, biochemical, microscopical and histochemical parameters at 80 DAS and yield attributes at harvest (120 DAS). The spray concentration of 10 mM Tre proved efficacious for all parameters studied, i.e. growth traits, relative water content, gas exchange parameters, enzyme activities, leaf glycine betaine and proline content, stomatal size and width, carbohydrate and mineral content, root cell viability and yield parameters. Moreover, foliar feeding of 10 mM Tre also reduced the generation of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in mustard leaves, which were further confirmed with the fluorescence microscopy and histochemical localization examinations. The spray concentrations higher than 10 mM Tre were either equally or less effective. The foliar spray of 10 mM Tre increased shoot dry mass by 15.81%, chlorophyll content by 17.64%, photosynthetic rate by 17.04%, carbohydrate content by 22.40% and seed yield by 21.85% over the water-sprayed control. The data revealed the overall superiority of 10 mM Tre for improving the performance of Indian mustard.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK BIO -SLURRY TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF TANAMAN SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.)

<p>This study aims to determine the effect of bio-slurry fertilizer application on the vegetative growth of green mustard plant (<em>Brassica juncea l.</em>)</p><p>The research was conducted at Jalan Karya Kasih, Gang sawah, Medan Johor Sub-district, Medan at least ± 30 m above sea level. The research was conducted from June 2020 to July 2020.</p><p>The materials used in this study were green mustard seeds, top soil taken from the from Medan Johor sub-district, Medan City, Manure in the form of cow dung and goat manure which were used as basic ingredients for bio-Sllury and M-Bio fertilizers as pro- biotok for making Bio-Sllury compost and 10 kg polybags.</p><p>There are lots of tools such as Hands prayer s, hoes, machetes, chainsaws, title boards, plot boards and treatment boards, speed and stationery</p><p>This study used a factorial randomized design consisting of 2 factors and 3 replications, namely: Factor I. Bio-Slurry fertilizer from cow dung (L), consisting of three levels, namely; L0 = Without Application of Cow Manure = 0 ton/ha or 0 g/Polybag ; L1 = 10 tons/ha or 40 g/Polybag; L2 = 20 ton/ha or 80 g/Polybag . Factor II. Bio-Slurry Fertilizer from Goat Manure (K) which consists of three levels, namely; K0 = Without Goat Manure = 0 ton/ha or 0 g/Polybag ; K1 = 10 tons/ha or 40 g/Polybag; K2 = 20 ton/ha or 80 g/Polybag . Thus there are 9 treatment combinations. 3 replicates and 27 polybag.</p><p>The implementation of the research includes: soil preparation, planting seeds, fertilization and harvesting while plant maintenance includes: insertion, giving water, weeding and controlling pests and disease.</p><p>Observation variables include: plant height (cm), number of leaves (strands), and wet weight (g). Furthermore, if the results of the research test show a significant difference from the treatment being tried, it can be continued with the Honest Average Difference (DMRT) test method.</p>

Air frying pretreatment and the recovery of lipophilic sinapates from the oil fraction of mustard samples.

Roasting of mustard seeds prior to oil extraction is a well-documented unit operation essential to produce canolol and other lipophilic sinapates. This study investigated the effectiveness of air frying as a seed roasting treatment operation for enhancing the recovery of lipophilic sinapates from various mustard samples and fractions/products. Air frying of seeds, powder, cake, bran, and flour from different mustard varieties was carried out at temperature-time combinations of 160, 170, and 180°C for 5, 10, 15, and 20min, respectively. Oil was extracted using the Soxtec method. Lipophilic sinapates were extracted from the oil using equal volumes of hexane to methanol 70% (v/v) and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the oils were also evaluated. The results showed a time-temperature dependency for the recovery of major oil-soluble sinapates in all mustard samples and fractions. The optimum air frying condition 180°C for 15min produced the maximum yield of canolol as well as other unidentified oil-soluble sinapates (retention time (RT)-7.7, RT-11.50, RT-14.95, and RT-16.24min). The oil from lower grade yellow mustard seeds (LGYMS) roasted at 180°C for 20 mins specifically had the highest TPC (3402.22± 58.79mg GAE/g oil), while LGYMS oils generally showed better antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation) but were lower in metal ion chelating capacity. This information would be beneficial to the oil industry because air frying generated valuable canolol and other antioxidant lipophilic sinapates from mustard varieties and their fractions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: A major limitation in the application of natural extracts in vegetable oils is the poor lipophilic nature of phenolic compounds. This study employed a new thermal treatment (air frying) in the recovery of canolol and other lipophilic antioxidants. Such treatments can enrich mustard-based ingredients with canolol and other lipophilic antioxidants for domestic and industrial applications.

Seed longevity and vigour studies in different types of Indian mustard

An experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi (2017-18) to study the possible reason for reduced seed vigour in Indian quality mustard genotypes during storage for the first time. Freshly harvested seeds, one year, two year aged seeds and controlled deteriorated seeds of freshly harvested seeds of conventional and quality Indian mustard were used for the study. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical (O2 .-) were estimated along with enzymatic antioxidants such as catalase and peroxidase and redox couples ratio (ASC/DHA and GSH/GSSG) in all the nine genotypes of different age group and correlated with germination percentage, mean germination time and seed vigour indices. The experiment revealed that during storage, the amount of ROS accumulation goes on increasing and both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants goes on decreasing. In comparison to conventional genotypes, quality genotypes were found to contain significantly lower level of antioxidants and significantly higher level of ROS content during the storage period. Germination percentage as well as seed vigour indices were negatively correlated with ROS and positively correlated with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. This experiment revealed that reduced vigour in quality genotypes could be due to faster deterioration during the storage due to increased production of ROS.

Development of Accelerated Soaking Method for Mustard using Microwave Assisted Heating

Mustard seeds are generally undergone the soaking process before use in any food application. But soaking mustard in water takes lots of time and energy. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to study the soaking characteristics of mustard seed in different soaking conditions. The mustard seed was soaking in ambient water, hot water, and microwave heating applications. The initial moisture content of the mustard seed was found to be 12.64 % db. The moisture gain was found to be 55.46 % db in ambient water soaking after 360 min. In the hot water soaking, the moisture gain was estimated to be 68.33 % db, 80.40 % db, and 86.18 % db at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, respectively. The moisture gains in microwave-assisted soaking at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 W/g power densities level were found to be 67.77 % db, 67.80 % db, 103.28 % db, 115.08 % db, 131.51 % db, respectively after 10 min. The Peleg model was found to be suitable for describing the soaking characteristics of mustard seed at all soaking conditions with higher R2 values. Among all the soaking methods, microwave-assisted soaking showed the best soaking characteristics of mustard with less time consumption and with more amount of moisture gain. Therefore, microwave-assisted soaking of mustard seed may be recommended for soaking of mustard which is less time-consuming and energy-saving process.

Potential In Vitro Inhibition of Selected Plant Extracts against SARS-CoV-2 Chymotripsin-Like Protease (3CLPro) Activity.

Antiviral treatments inhibiting Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication may represent a strategy complementary to vaccination to fight the ongoing Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Molecules or extracts inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 chymotripsin-like protease (3CLPro) could contribute to reducing or suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication. Using a targeted approach, we identified 17 plant products that are included in current and traditional cuisines as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity. Methanolic extracts were evaluated in vitro for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 3CLPro activity using a quenched fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. Extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes, mustard (Brassica nigra) seeds, and wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides subsp. erucoides) at 500 µg mL−1 displayed significant inhibition of the 3CLPro activity, resulting in residual protease activities of 0.0%, 9.4%, and 14.9%, respectively. Using different extract concentrations, an IC50 value of 15.74 µg mL−1 was calculated for turmeric extract. Commercial curcumin inhibited the 3CLPro activity, but did not fully account for the inhibitory effect of turmeric rhizomes extracts, suggesting that other components of the turmeric extract must also play a main role in inhibiting the 3CLPro activity. Sinigrin, a major glucosinolate present in mustard seeds and wall rocket, did not have relevant 3CLPro inhibitory activity; however, its hydrolysis product allyl isothiocyanate had an IC50 value of 41.43 µg mL−1. The current study identifies plant extracts and molecules that can be of interest in the search for treatments against COVID-19, acting as a basis for future chemical, in vivo, and clinical trials.

Protein profiling of rice (Khas) and mustard (Jhumi) seeds before and after infected by seed borne mycoflora

Rice and Mustard are the most important cereal and oilseed crops produced almost all over the world. Both Rice and Mustard contains several nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamin and etc. There are several seed borne mycoflora that infect rice and mustard seeds and effects it’s worstly, impact on its purity and quality. Here we have detected several protein bands with suspected proteins. It has been observed that concentrations of proteins are decrease day by day. This is because several seed borne mycoflora has infects the oilseeds and cereal crops and used its nutrients for their own metabolism. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of pathogenic microorganism on seeds in the aspects of its protein content.

Biofumigation With Pellets of Defatted Seed Meal of Brassica carinata: Factors Affecting Performance Against Phytophthora nicotianae in Pepper Crops

Phytophthora nicotianaeis the pathogen that causes root and crown rot disease in open field paprika pepper crops of Extremadura (central-western Spain). A field experiment was established during spring, a period compatible with the pepper crop cycle in this region, to evaluate the effects of biofumigation with pellets ofBrassica carinatadefatted seed meal, at the rate recommended by the manufacturer (3 tons ha−1), on the survival and infectivity ofP. nicotianaechlamydospores inoculum. Furthermore, three biofumigant rates (3, 6, and 20 tons ha−1) were assayed in laboratory experiments with natural soil inoculated with chlamydospores. In the field trial, the incorporation of pellets at 3 tons ha−1did not produce remarkable changes in soil enzyme activity or soil properties. In both the field and laboratory tests, survival and infectivity in the biofumigated treatment at 3 tons ha−1did not differ from those in the untreated control. On the contrary, the same rate added to autoclaved soil completely suppressed the inoculum, suggesting that the soil microbiota degradesB. carinatapellets before being effective againstP. nicotianae. Increasing the recommended rate to 6 tons ha−1decreased inoculum survival in the laboratory test and 20 tons ha−1completely inhibited the inoculum, although the economic value of such a high rate application is a factor to be assessed. In phytotoxicity tests on radish and white mustard seeds with several concentrations (100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 0%) ofB. carinatapellets solution, no phytotoxic effect was observed with the two lowest concentrations, and no symptoms of phytotoxicity were found in the bioassays of pepper plants.

Impact of Mesoporous Nano-Silica (SiO₂) on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat, Pea and Mustard Seed.

Wide range of nanomaterial applications is helpful to promote sustainable agriculture to the point of nanolevel. With regard to this, biocompatible silica nanoparticles have been used as a nanopriming agent for enhancing seed germination in rabi crops like wheat, pea and mustard. The current study was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four replications. One part of nanosilica (8 g/L) and three parts of Gibberellic acid (GA₃) loaded nano-silica (100 ppm, 125 ppm and 150 ppm) were used for the experimental purpose. The result showed positive significant effect of nanopriming with nano-silica and GA3 loaded nano-silica on seed germination percentage, shoot and root length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight and vigour index-I and II at P ≤ 0.05. A comparative study on germination percentage for three of the cereal crops was done and calculated further. It was found to be higher as 91% in wheat, 91% in pea and 75% in mustard. This effect of nanopriming directly help in elevating the activity of α-amylase enzyme, resulting in higher concentration of soluble sugar content needed for supporting seed germination and growth of seedling. In this paper, the nanopriming-induced seed germination is proposed, including the creation of nanopores for enhanced water uptake, rebooting ROS/antioxidant systems in seeds, generation of hydroxyl radicals for cell wall loosening, and nano-catalyst to fasten starch hydrolysis.