Musical Notation Research Articles

KEBERADAAN APLIKASI BALI SIMBAR DALAM KEMAHIRAN MENULIS AKSARA BALI DI KELAS VIII SMP DWIJENDRA DENPASAR

The development of today's era, which has entered the era of globalization which is very rapid, so that the existence of technology cannot be separated by today's society. These technological tools are also used when learning at school. Therefore, the world of education must be prepared for this technological progress, because it can have a good or bad impact. Likewise, this is used when learning Balinese script. How can technology have a good impact on learning Balinese. One of the influences of globalization on the Balinese language is the emergence of the Bali Simbar Application.
 Answering the three problem formulations the researcher uses constructivism theory, problematic theory and conflict theory. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach through data analysis, namely data collection, reduction, and data conclusion.In this study, findings were obtained regarding the type of Balinese simbar application used at SMP Dwijendra, namely the new Bali simbar type in 2021 using Keyman 8.0. (a) the new form of application includes programs such as automatic pagers, automatic diacritical marks, and musical notation. (b) when learning uses the Bali Simbar application, there are obstacles that are obtained, namely the students are not proficient in using computers and installing pageh, but the obstacle is that there is already an effort, namely the teacher explains using the application and is interspersed with teaching without an application besides the efforts of the school to overcome the problems encountered namely making a literary competition so that students study diligently about the Balinese script, and there are also extracurriculars in the field of Balinese language (c) After the Balinese simbar application was carried out the obstacles felt by teachers and students had positive and negative impacts. The positive is that learning is easy to understand. The negative is that students forget to write Balinese script on paper

Quantum Entanglement of the Brain, Dynamics of Information, and Intelligent Finance

Our research forms two directions, the first considers two approaches to the brain, one based on classical mechanics, the second using quantum physics, the second direction of research refers to the dynamics of0 information as an interaction between differential geometry, mathematical statistics, probability theory. and quantum mechanics which led to the construction of classical and quantum information geometry. Financial entanglement is multidimensiona in time and space, dynamic, less understood and interesting because it functions in real life, like the brain. Neuroscientists who focus on mathematical frameworks for how the brain’s shape affects its activity—an area of mathematical neuroscience called neural field theory  will begin to understand the relationship between brain shape, structure, and function in yet another way. Analysis of research into the geometry of the brain’s contours, that is, the way in which brain activity resonates over and through its architecture, is perhaps more significant than the connections between neurons. Research by scientists from the University of Sydney and Monash University showed that the overall shape and geometry of the human brain – its contours and curvature – has a greater influence on brain dynamics than the internal connectivity of brain cells (Our brain shape influences how it works, 2023) in short, Australian scientists indicate the possibility of predicting brain function directly from its shape. “We have long thought that specific thoughts or sensations elicit activity in specific parts of the brain, but this study reveals that structured patterns of activity are excited across nearly the entire brain, just like the way in which a musical note arises from vibrations occurring along the entire length of a violin string, and not just an isolated segment,” (Dr J. Pang,2023).”We found that eigenmodes defined by brain geometry – its contours and curvature – represented the strongest anatomical constraint on brain function, much like the shape of a drum influences the sounds it can make” (A. Fornito, 2023). “Using mathematical models, we confirmed theoretical predictions that the close link between geometry and function is driven by wave-like activity propagating throughout the brain, just as the shape of a pond influences the wave ripples that are formed by a falling pebble” (A. Fornito, 2023).

Solfeggio Teaching Method Based on MIDI Technology in the Background of Digital Music Teaching

This research aims at teaching solfeggio and ear training in college music and proposes a teaching method for college music note recognition that combines the musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) and hidden Markov models (HMM). The experiment showcases that after preprocessing the music frequency sample signal using HMM model, it achieves the target accuracy after 20 times of training. From the HMM transition probability matrix diagram estimated from all training data sets, it can be seen that the transition matrix is close to the diagonal matrix. This indicates its high transfer efficiency. This study compares the HMM model with the other two algorithms, and the results show that its accuracy rate is about 99.56%. The probability of insertion errors and elimination errors is 0.52% and 2.58%. This is superior to the other two algorithms. In summary, the HMM model proposed in the study has extremely strong performance in the teaching of music note feature recognition in universities and can provide better teaching methods.

Задостойник Рождеству Христову демественного многоголосия: варианты распева

The article is devoted to the study of one demestvenny polyphonic hymn: the "zadostoynik" for the Nativity of Christ (irmos of the 9th song of the festive canon, performed at the liturgy instead of the hymn to the Theotokos «It is truly meet to bless thee»); the history of its origin and existence is traced according to 11 singing manuscripts of the 17th - the first quarter of the 18th century, fragments of manuscripts and musical examples are given. In the light of the newly discovered aspects of the mutual influence of two styles of early Russian polyphony – troestrochy («triplets») and demestvo - the author wrote two articles in parallel in 2023: a more general “On the problem of interaction between the styles of early Russian polyphony in the 17th century (on the example of zadostoyniks)”, and the present one, dedicated to only one of the zadostoyniks - the Christmas one. The article describes all the cycles of demestvenny zadostoyniks in which there is a Christmas one, while building a historical picture of the change in forms and ways of recording demestvenny polyphony: in the form of a part of a separate voice in a separate book, in the form of a hook score of Kazansky (demestvenny) notation and in the form of musical notation scores. Analyzing demestvenny notation and transcripts, some of which were made by Evgeny Skurat, the author identifies 3 different chants of the Christmas zadostoynik: the main, parody variant, quoting the voice «put'» from a similar triplets chant, and a paraphrase variant using the initial motive "put' strochnoy" in solo “pochin demestvom”. The elite, court tradition of Russian polyphonic singing in its heyday mastered a new method of composing demestvenny scores using the technique of parody, counterfactual. In one of the variants of the chant, we see elements of an innovative polyphonic writing technique: imitation in augmentatio and in diminutio in all four voices of the score.

Breaking the Code: An Investigation on The Vocal Registers of Malaysia’s National Songstress Puan Sri Saloma

Investigations on vocal registers have been a great subject of debate. Early vocal pedagogues and scholars like Bacilly (1668–1690) and Behnke (1836–1892) paved the way for the modern-day investigation to take place through the categorisation of vocal registers across various music genres such as classical, jazz, and popular. However, an investigation on the vocal registers of Puan Sri Saloma (1935–1983) as a popular music icon of Malaysia has yet to be done. This paper intends to examine Saloma’s vocal registers through vocal analysis of five selected songs using case study as its research design. These songs are transcribed using music notation software (Sibelius) and analytical diagrams using similar software are produced to show the use of chest, middle, and head registers in each song. The finding shows the usage of the said registers and a diagram of Saloma’s vocal range is then produced, proving that Saloma was an alto. This study does not intend to limit Saloma’s vocal capability, but rather to celebrate her vocal prowess and encourage other scholars to conduct further investigations concerning Saloma as Malaysia’s national songstress.

Music literacy in higher education in Mexico: Current conceptions and teaching practices

This article presents an analysis of the perceptions of Mexican university professors about Music Literacy (ML), the practices used to teach it, and how the expectancies and values of professors influence the application of these practices. The literature review shows the relationship between the conservatory model and its influence on teaching ML in higher education in Mexico. Fifty-four professors from different states in the country answered a self-report questionnaire through Google Forms. The results suggest that the perceptions of ML are strongly linked to skills such as reading and writing traditional music notation. In their weekly planning, professors privilege the use of reading to learn repertoire from scores, over other aspects such as aural development and musical creativity. In addition, it was observed that professors tend to plan more frequently activities in which they feel competent, repeating the schemes under which they were taught. The article concludes by raising the need to develop alternative approaches, focused on a more holistic musical training, and the need to establish a basic set of skills in different areas that allows university graduates to have greater opportunities in the music profession.

Music Notation Software for Smartphones: A Mobile Application Developed for Educational Purposes

Mobil öğrenmenin sunmuş olduğu avantajlar dikkate alınarak bu çalışmada Unity oyun motoru kullanılarak ücretsiz bir müzik notasyon yazılımı (MNY) geliştirilmiştir. MNY kullanıcıların ezgileri oluşturabilmesine, düzenleyebilmesine, dinleyebilmesine ve sanal sınıflar aracılığıyla paylaşabilmesine izin verir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, Türkiye’nin İç Anadolu bölgesinde bulunan bir güzel sanatlar lisesinde çalışmakta olan 2 öğretmen ve okumakta olan 21 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Batı Müziği Teorisi ve Uygulaması dersinin bir parçası olarak, öğrenciler 4 haftalık bir süre boyunca öğretmenlerinin rehberliğinde sınıf içi ve dışında kişisel akıllı telefonlarında MNY'yi kullanmışlardır. Uygulama sonrasında, katılımcı öğrenciler ve öğretmenlerin MNY hakkındaki görüşlerini elde etmek amacıyla geliştirilen bir form kullanılarak yarı yapılandırılmış bir görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen veriler üzerinde içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, katılımcıların MNY hakkındaki görüşlerinin çoğunlukla olumlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Öğrenciler, MNY’yi kullanarak solfej, dikte ve besteleme gibi alanlarda birçok egzersiz yapabilmişlerdir. Yazılımın sanal sınıf özelliği sayesinde, öğretmenler solfej ve dikte ezgilerini öğrencilerle internet aracılığıyla paylaşabilmişler ve öğrenciler sınıf dışında çalışmalar gerçekleştirebilmişlerdir.
 Uygulama veya politika açısından çıkarımlar:
 • Eğitmenler, mobil mağazalardaki mevcut müzik eğitimi uygulamalarından haberdar olmalıdır.
 • Müzik eğitimi araştırmacıları, müzik eğitimi uygulamalarının geliştirilmesi konusunda teknoloji uzmanlarıyla işbirliği yaparak ortak projeler yürütmelidir.
 • Kurumsal yöneticiler, öğrenci ve öğretmenlerin "Müziksel Kulak Eğitimi - Teori" ve benzeri uygulamaları kullanmalarını teşvik ederek gerekli altyapıyı oluşturmalıdır.

Co-Teaching with High School Students for Music Teaching

This article presents a didactic proposal for teaching musical notation and solfège sight-singing through co-teaching with secondary school students. The goal was to explore the advantages and limitations of using a form of peer learning where students play the role of co-teachers alongside the teacher. We wanted to find out whether this proposal would lead to significant improvements among both co-teachers and tutees, identifying the actions responsible for this progress, and paying particular attention to how students learn in the role of co-teachers. This study was based on a mixed-method explanatory sequential design, where the quantitative data were analyzed first and then the qualitative data. The quantitative results showed statistically significant improvements when comparing the pre-test and post-test results of all the students participating in the didactic proposal. These improvements can be attributed to the personalized support provided by the co-teachers, the opportunities for peer assessment that enabled progress to be monitored and provided feedback, and the possibilities of learning by teaching. In conclusion, the results of this study endorse the viability of student co-teaching in secondary school music education.

The application of HMM algorithm based music note feature recognition teaching in universities

With the development of information technology, computer technology is also gradually applied to the teaching activities of art education, and the use of multimedia technology to assist music teaching has become one of the hot research areas in universities. In order to better cultivate university students' musical exploration ability and creativity, a music note feature recognition teaching model based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) algorithm is studied and optimized in universities by using genetic algorithm based on HMM algorithm. The music note feature recognition teaching model studied in this article combines computer multimedia technology, signal processing technology, and music theory, and uses computers to simulate the process of human cognition and analysis of music. And in this article, a music note recognition system was constructed using the features of sound level contours combined with the HMM algorithm. The data extracted during music recognition was compressed using the energy compression feature of sound level contours. At the same time, maximum likelihood estimation was used to find the optimal chord sequence, i.e., the optimal path, for the input signal. In the experimental results, the minimum value of the objective function was about 0.739 when the variance probability and crossover probability were 0.02 and 0.6, respectively. In the results, the HMM algorithm-based music note recognition model can improve the quality of music teaching and has some potential for application in the field of music teaching.

Creativity and Cognitive Niche Construction in Salvatore Sciarrino’s L’opera per flauto

The emergence of new musical ideas, and new forms of musicality, is described here as the transformation of conceptual spaces in a cognitive niche, a distributed and self-organised set of intergenerational concepts, materials, and actions. According to this approach, there is a direct co-dependence relation, a co-evolutionary causal looping, between new, acceptable (valid) and surprising musical ideas (which define what is creative in a certain context), agents, tools and artifacts (instruments, musical notations, types of equipment, performance space), and conceivable epistemic and pragmatic actions (instrument techniques, dynamics of collaboration, scenic procedures). This co-evolutionary relation defines a conceptual space of musicality. To demonstrate our thesis, we detail the development of extended techniques for transverse flute, a phenomenon strongly dependent on performer-composer collaboration. We focus on Salvatore Sciarrino’s L’opera per flauto (1990), which was developed in an intensive work with the flautist Roberto Fabbriciani, through investigation of sounding possibilities of the instrument. The collaboration resulted in new and surprising sounds for the transverse flute, including the combination of extended techniques, and their notation, largely applied by later repertoire.

On the Investigation of Derivation Pairs in Relation to Semi-Rings

The purpose of this article is to give some applications of the variations subordination concept on subclasses. The key objectives of the preceding paper are to investigate the dependency principle and to attempt to add a further group over polyvalent works via an extra operator related to derivative goods with a greater order. Several investigations were carried out to look into variations algebra musical notation by using algebraic frameworks like a ring or semi-ring for investigating some of its characteristics. The findings from the analysis of were additionally extended in this article through including the notation of derivation pair and studying some of its features. Furthermore, a couple of instances are provided to demonstrate that any derivation combination is a Jordan derivation combine but not vice versa.

An Indigenous embodiment of Conduction: Collective composition for traditional Māori instruments and beyond

This article looks at the indigenization of Butch Morris’s Conduction methodology by embodying it within ngā taonga puoro (traditional Māori musical instruments and practice). It explains the transition of Conduction from western music ensembles to a Māori instrumental orchestra. This is an examination of how the alteration of Morris’s conducting vocabulary can offer an alternative to the challenges faced with writing for ngā taonga pūoro within the context of western musical notation and how the recording process contributed to this development.

MUSE: Visual Analysis of Musical Semantic Sequence.

Visualization has the capacity of converting auditory perceptions of music into visual perceptions, which consequently opens the door to music visualization (e.g., exploring group style transitions and analyzing performance details). Current research either focuses on low-level analysis without constructing and comparing music group characteristics, or concentrates on high-level group analysis without analyzing and exploring detailed information. To fill this gap, integrating the high-level group analysis and low-level details exploration of music, we design a musical semantic sequence visualization analytics prototype system (MUSE) that mainly combines a distribution view and a semantic detail view, assisting analysts in obtaining the group characteristics and detailed interpretation. In the MUSE, we decompose the music into note sequences for modeling and abstracting music into three progressively fine-grained pieces of information (i.e., genres, instruments and notes). The distribution view integrates a new density contour, which considers sequence distance and semantic similarity, and helps analysts quickly identify the distribution features of the music group. The semantic detail view displays the music note sequences and combines the window moving to avoid visual clutter while ensuring the presentation of complete semantic details. To prove the usefulness and effectiveness of MUSE, we perform two case studies based on real-world music MIDI data. In addition, we conduct a quantitative user study and an expert evaluation.

Musescore Software Training for the Development of TPACK-Based Music Learning in Elementary Schools

Digital literacy and the skills of elementary school teachers in choosing and using scoring applications (musical notation) as a medium as well as a learning resource for students are essential to do. Elementary school education is experiencing several problems today, such as the government's inability to provide training on using applications for the learning process. In addition, not all teachers have the confidence in choosing and determining computer application software that can support learning in class, especially in the subject matter of Cultural Arts and Crafts (SBdP) material in the field of music. Elementary school teachers in the Laweyan sub-district of Surakarta do not yet have optimal insight regarding developing music applications to support material delivery in class. This community service activity is focused on training elementary school teachers to use music scoring (notation) software with the Musescore application. The results of this training found the formation of teacher skills using the Musescore music application to support music learning in elementary schools.

Retracted: Implementation of Computer-Aided Piano Music Automatic Notation Algorithm in Psychological Detoxification.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/4457167.].

Tapping Into Unknown Musical Areas Analysis of a Medieval Bohemian Musical Manuscript

"This research presents a medieval musical manuscript that has not yet been analyzed in detail. Catalogued under the name of Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, and currently held in the Batthyaneum Library of Alba Iulia, it has many peculiarities in comparison with other similar codices from the Transylvanian area, hence also compared with other Czech manuscripts. We offer analysis around the date of its creation, then debate different naming options. To create the proper context of understanding for the analysis, we present a brief historical background of the time and place in question, that is the turbulent 15th and 16th century of Europe, with special focus on Transylvania. We continue with the physical aspects of the manuscript that guide us through the colorful world of medieval codices. From a structural standpoint the work has two delimited parts. The bilingual manuscript starts with chants written in Czech and finishes with melodies in Latin. The existence of the Czech language, as well as many other clues govern us to set up hypotheses regarding its provenance. During the content analysis we dedicate a subchapter to the later page inserts that contain additional notes for the chants, wherefrom we can further conclude theories about the usage of the codex, authors of the later annotations, and so forth. We offer a more in-depth analysis of the musical notation where aspects like rhythm, staff, neumes used and special solutions are shown. Finally, we conclude all major, raised questions related to the name, origin, and genre. Keywords: Graduale Latino-Bohemicum, musical manuscript, codex, medieval, paleography, Gradual, Cancional, Antifonal, Hussite, Czech, Latin, Gregorian, unison, polyphony."

Retracted: Piano Performance and Music Automatic Notation Algorithm Teaching System Based on Artificial Intelligence

Retracted: Piano Performance and Music Automatic Notation Algorithm Teaching System Based on Artificial Intelligence

Musical Notation in the West James Grier

Journal Article Musical Notation in the WestJames Grier Get access Musical Notation in the West. By James Grier. Pp. xvi + 269. Cambridge Introductions to Music. ( Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2021. ISBN 978-0-521-72643-9, £18.99.) Nicolas Bell Nicolas Bell Trinity College, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, gcad044, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/gcad044 Published: 19 June 2023 Article history Editorial decision: 15 June 2023 Received: 15 June 2023 Accepted: 15 June 2023 Corrected and typeset: 19 June 2023 Published: 19 June 2023

Romanizing Chinese: word–tone relations in Athanasius Kircher’s China illustrata

Abstract When Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit missionaries landed in China in the late 16th century, they heard a language they could not readily reproduce in their own tongue. Unlike Latin and the Romance languages, Chinese is a tone language, in which the meaning of a word varies according to its relative pitch level. In order to Romanize Chinese, the Jesuits applied their knowledge of music theory and assigned solmization syllables to the Chinese tones. Although their manuscript musical dictionary remains lost, the essence of it is preserved in print in the most widely disseminated treatise on China of the time: China illustrata (1667), by the Jesuit polymath Athanasius Kircher. To date, sinologists have generally dismissed Kircher’s musical Chinese as unintelligible. Musicologists, meanwhile, having long poured over Kircher’s Musurgia universalis (1650), have yet to offer a detailed critique of China illustrata. In reapproaching this singular source in Sino-Western history, this article argues that the Jesuits’ musical representation of the Chinese language should not be rejected a priori. Kircher’s cryptic description of Chinese can, in fact, be clarified by a letter from Beijing in which a Jesuit spelled out the Chinese tones in musical staff notation. A musical analysis of the lead illustration in China illustrata—the Nestorian Stele of Xi’an—indicates that the Jesuits’ solmizations were closer approximations of Chinese than one might assume. Off-tone though it might at first appear, China illustrata is a valuable record of how the Jesuits Romanized Chinese.

GENDANG AGONG DALAM PERTUNJUKAN KUNTAU DI KABUPATEN PASER KALIMANTAN TIMUR

This study discusses working on the music of Gendang Agong in the Kuntau performance in Paser Regency, East Kalimantan. Gendang Agong is a traditional musical ensemble based on one of its functions used to accompany Kuntau performances, namely the martial arts or pencak silat traditions of the Paser Tribe. The study of the concept of garap karawitan Rahayu Supanggah related to the material for working on, cultivating, working on equipment, working on furniture/equipment for garap, determining the garap, and consideration on garap is used to analyze it. This research is a qualitative research with analytical descriptive research method. The results of the study show that the garap of Gendang Agong music has a working concept that applies in karawitan scholarship. The material for Gendang Agong is in the form of a transcript of musical notation by writing kepatihan notation with slendro pathet manyura. Cultivators are musicians who have a cultural background as the influence of virtuosity. The working facilities are in the form of quality musical instrument organology to support maximum sound. Furniture/cultivation tools, namely tools/software in the form of musicians' musical ideas that are formed based on their background as the casting of musical practice. The determining factor for garap is in the form of signs for musicians when working on it based on function, namely as an accompaniment for Kuntau. The consideration of working on it is musicians who are ready and responsive to emergencies for creativity when faced with an unsupportive performance venue. The series of six concepts worked on by supanggah is a unified whole that supports each other in forming traditional music compositions to build a musical atmosphere to accompany the Kuntau Paser performance.