Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum Research Articles

Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Ameliorates Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats with Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer's Disease.

Hypercholesterolemia has been implicated as one of the pathomechanistic factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and learning abilities. In the present study, ameliorative effect of hot water extract (HWE) of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum to the memory and learning related behavioral performance of hypercholesterolemic and AD rats was investigated using Morris water maze (MWM). Male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into control, extract fed control, hypercholesterolemic, extract fed hypercholesterolemic, AD, and extract fed AD groups, each group containing 8 animals. Hypercholesterolemia was induced in rats by adding 1% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid with the basal diet of the respective group. Alzheimer's disease model rats were prepared through infusion of amyloid β(1-42) to the right ventricle. Memory and learning related performance of all the rats was tested for 6 consecutive days that included time taken to reach the submerged platform (sec) and distance traveled (m). G. lucidum HWE fed rats took less time and traveled less distance to find the submerged platform, which indicates the spatial learning and memory related behavioral amelioration of the extract fed rats compared with their non-fed counterparts. Thus, usage of G. lucidum seems promising in withstanding hypercholesterolemia-induced Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.

Ganoderma lucidum Modulates Neuronal Distorted Cytoskeletal Proteomics and Protein-Protein Interaction in Alzheimer's Disease Model Animals

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, learning and behavior. Altered expression of proteins involved in neuronal structure and function is a recent observation of AD pathogenesis. Modulation of altered protein expression seems promising in AD therapeutics. In the present experiment, AD ameliorating effect of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL) had been evaluated through its effect on neuronal cytoskeletal structure and function related protein expression pattern in AD model rats. Methods: Wistar male rats (120 ± 5 gm) were divided into three groups: control rat (CR), Alzheimer’s Disease Model Rat (ADMR) and G. lucidum Hot Water Extract (GHWE) fed ADMR, each group containing 15 rats. AD model rats were prepared by infusing Aβ1-42 (ab120959, abcam, USA) into the cerebral ventricles. Protein extraction from the brain samples was performed following homogenization of the hippocampus (50 mg) with lysis buffer (1 ml) using a homogenizer (Polytron PT 1200, Kinematica). Protein separation through SDS-PAGE and protein quantification through LC-chip MS/MS Q-TOF had been performed for label-free relative quantification. For statistical analyses, the data were exported to the Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) software and ANOVA (P<0.05) had been performed to overcome the complications of false discovery associated with multiple test analyses. Functional interaction networks of the proteins were identified using the STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) database (version 10.0; http://string-db.org/). For further identifying over-representing pathways and biological functions, the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), build version: 389077M, content version: 27821452, (Release date: 2016-06-14) was used (https://www.ingenuity.com/wp-content/themes/ingenuity-qiagen). Datasets of the proteins significantly expressed (P<0.05) and having log FC (fold change) of 1.5 and higher were uploaded (ADMR versus CR, ADMR versus GHWE fed ADMR and CR versus GHWE fed ADMR). Results: Among 2,212 proteins identified in the present study, 819 had been found to be differentially expressed. Of the differentially expressed ones, 9 proteins had been linked with neuronal cytoskeletal structure and function regulation such as tubulin, β-actin, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2), keratin, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), Rho A proteins, septin, cofilin, gelsolin and dynamin. AD rats manifested altered expression of proteins associated with neuronal structure and function. G. lucidum Hot Water Treatment ameliorated the altered expression of those proteins. Conclusion: Altered expression of hippocampal proteins is a hallmark of AD. Neuroproteomics regulatory approach towards AD amelioration seems promising. Inclusion of G. lucidum for proteomics based AD therapeutics in regulation of the proteins involved in neuronal structure and function seem apt. Thus, G. lucidum could be considered as an AD therapeutic agent species.

Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes), Ameliorates Nonspatial Learning and Memory Deficits in Rats with Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and learning of aged people. Hypercholesterolemia had been implicated as one of the stark hallmarks of AD. Recent AD control guidelines have suggested lifestyle modification to slow down the progression of AD. In this regard, medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum seems apt. In the present study, hot water extract of G. lucidum (200 mg/kg body weight) was fed to the hypercholesterolemic and AD model rats for 8 weeks. Nonspatial memory and learning abilities of the model animals was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) test, rotarod test, and locomotor/open-field test. Then, the animals were sacrificed and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) view of the hippocampal neurons was assessed. In all the nonspatial memory and learning tests, the G. lucidum HWE fed rats performed better indicating improved memory and learning abilities. TEM view showed regular arrangement of the neurons in the G. lucidum HWE fed rats compared with those of the deranged arrangement of the AD rats. G. lucidum might have aided in restoring the memory and learning abilities of the AD model animals through maintaining neuronal structure and function. Thus, G. lucidum could be suggested as a medicotherapeutic agent against AD.

Ganoderic acid A/DM-induced NDRG2 over-expression suppresses high-grade meningioma growth.

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is down-regulated in grade-III meningioma [anaplastic meningioma (AM)] and associated with clinically aggressive behavior. Current therapies in the treatment of high-grade meningioma are lacking with limited success. This study aims to validate the effect of NDRG2-targeted therapy using structurally related bioactive triterpene compounds derived from the edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (ganoderic acid A:GA-A/ganoderic acid DM:GA-DM) in human AM in relevant pre-clinical models. Tissue samples from the AM tumor regions of three human patients and control non-tumor samples were used to analyze the expression pattern of NDRG2. In vitro cell culture and in vivo cell-line-derived orthotopic xenograft animal models of AM were utilized to assess efficacy of treatment with GA-A/DM. Downregulation of NDRG2 expression was observed in surgically resected high-grade meningiomas compared to normal brain. These results prompt us to use NDRG2-targeting agents GA-A/DM. In vitro results showed that 72-h treatments of 25µM GA-A/DM induced AM cell death, upregulate NDRG2 protein expression, downregulate NDRG2 promoter methylation in meningioma cells as compared to azacitidine and decitabine, the most commonly used demethylating agents. Our results also demonstrated that GA-A/DM does not have any detrimental effect on normal human neurons and arachnoid cells. GA-A/DM promoted apoptotic factors (Bax) while suppressing MMP-9, p-P13K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and Wnt-2 protein expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown of NDRG2 protein expression increased tumor proliferation, while forced expression of wt-NDRG2 decreased proliferation in an in vitro model. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and Hematoxylin (H&E) staining demonstrated gross reduction of tumor volume in GA-A/DM treated mice at 5weeks when compared with saline-treated orthotopic AM xenografted controls. There was an overall decrease in tumor cell proliferation with increased survival in GA-A/DM-treated animals. Enzyme assays showed that GA-A/DM did not negatively impact hepatic function. GA-A/DM may be a promising natural therapeutic reagent in the treatment of AM by suppressing growth via NDRG2 modulation and altering of intracellular signal pathways. We have shown it could potentially be an effective treatment for AM with decreased cellular proliferation in vitro, decreased tumor volume and increased survival in vivo.

Synthesis and characterization of Reishi mushroom-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the biochemical applications

In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes has attracted considerable attention. The use of plants and plant extracts is one of the most preferred methods for biological synthesis due to their rich biologically active metabolites. In this study, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) extract. Different analytical techniques including X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) were used for the characterization of Ag NPs. UV–vis spectrum exhibited a broad absorption peak between 400–460 nm which indicates the existence of Ag NPs. TEM images showed Ag NPs are spherical with a diameter range of 15–22 nm. In addition, it is shown that Ag NPs form a face-centered cubic structure according to XRD characterization technique. The antioxidant activity towards to 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was also studied. The highest DPPH scavenging percentage was recorded as 76.45% at 250 mg/L. The DNA cleavage activity results indicated that the green Ag NPs caused single strain DNA cleavage activity for 30 and 60 min at 50 and 100 mg/L, respectively. The Ag NPs antimicrobial activity was also investigated and results recorded as minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Ag NPs showed a strong antibacterial effect against gram-positive (S. aureus, E. hirae, B. cereus) and gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, L. pneumophila subsp. Pneumophila) bacteria. Furthermore, Ag NPs have also been shown to have a high antifungal effect against C. albicans fungus.

Ganoderma lucidum spore oil induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by activating caspase-3 and caspase-9.

The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a traditional Chinese medicine reported to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including anti-cancer activity. G. lucidum spore oil (GLSO) is a lipid substance extracted from sporoderm-broken spore of G. lucidum. However, the effect of GLSO on breast cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of GLSO on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo as well as to investigate the mechanistic basis for the anticancer effect of GLSO. First, in vitro MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with GLSO (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 μL/mL). The protein levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), total poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3 and caspase-8 were examined using western blotting. The mRNA expression levels of Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD), TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), caspases-3, -8, -9 and Bax were examined using qRT-PCR. Second, in vivo the anticancer properties of GLSO were assessed by H&E, TUNEL and immunohistochemistry in BALB/c mice injected with 4T1 cells. In addition, the levels of caspase-9/caspase-3 signaling pathway proteins in tumor tissue were evaluated by immunoblotting. Finally, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with caspase inhibitors to measure cell viability, the protein levels were examined with western blotting. The results in vitro showed that GLSO up-regulated the expression of Bax and caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells, but had no effect on the expression of caspase-8. Moreover, the growth of tumors in vivo was significantly suppressed in the GLSO-treated group. The results of Western blot were consistent with in vitro. In vitro, co-treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with caspase inhibitors reduced the inhibitory effect of GLSO on cell growth. GLSO inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells and tumors in vivo by inducing apoptosis, which may be achieved through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Kenyan Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Aim: To screen the Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum for phytochemicals and to investigate it's potential in the management of some disease-causing microbes.&#x0D; Study Design: Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extraction; phytochemical study and anti-microbial activities were analysed on Kenyan G. lucidum mushroom.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Masinde Muliro University Science laboratories from January 2019 and March 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Sequential extraction of dried samples was done using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The crude extracts were assayed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Creptococcus neoformans using agar well diffusion method. Ampicillin and nystatin were respectively used as controls for bacteria and fungi. Zones of inhibition measured signified the antimicrobial activity.&#x0D; Results: The following group of compounds were present in the mushroom; terpenoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides and polyoses. Hexane and methanol extracts showed significant activity at (P= 0.022) against MRSA while ethyl acetate extract was active against Streptococcus pyogenes (P=0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum contains terpenoids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids and phytosterols. Crude extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) were active against MRSA and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Systematic analysis of the lysine succinylome in the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

BackgroundGanoderma lucidum, one of the best-known medicinal mushrooms in the world, produces more than 400 different bioactive compounds. However, the regulation of these bioactive compounds biosynthesis is still unclear. Lysine succinylation is a critical post-translational modification and has many important functions in all aspects of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Although it has been studied for a long time, its function is still unclear in G. lucidum. In this study, a global investigation was carried out on the succinylome in G. lucidum.ResultsIn total, 382 modified proteins which contain 742 lysine succinylated sites were obtained. The proteomics data are available through ProteomeXchange with the dataset accession number PXD013954. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the succinylated proteins were distributed in various cellular biological processes and participated in a great variety of metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Notably, a total of 47 enzymes associated with biosynthesis of triterpenoids and polysaccharides were found to be succinylated. Furthermore, two succinylated sites K90 and K106 were found in the conserved Fve region of immunomodulatory protein LZ8. These observations show that lysine succinylation plays an indispensable role in metabolic regulation of bioactive compounds in G. lucidum.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that lysine succinylation is related to many metabolic pathways, especially pharmacologically bioactive compounds metabolism. This study provides the first global investigation of lysine succinylation in G. lucidum and the succinylome dataset provided in this study serves as a resource to further explore the physiological roles of these modifications in secondary metabolism.

Determination of genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of wild-grown Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) using the hen’s egg test for analysis of micronucleus induction

ABSTRACTThe micronucleus (MN) technique is commonly used for genotoxicity testing. The hen’s egg test (HET) for analysis of MN induction (HET-MN) is an inexpensive, rapid and simple genotoxicity assay that is compatible with animal protection and ethical considerations. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst is known also as reishi mushroom and mushroom of immortality. It has long been used to treat disorders including fungal infections, influenza, common cold, hepatitis, diabetes, high cholesterol and cancer in many countries including China and Japan. G. lucidum strengthens the immune system and reduces the side effects of chemo- and radiotherapy. We investigated the possible genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of the aqueous extract of wild-grown G. lucidum from Turkey using the HET-MN test. Three different doses of aqueous extract of G. lucidum, 50 µg/egg vitamin C as an antigenotoxic agent and 50 µg/egg cyclophosphamide as a genotoxic compound were injected separately or together into fertilized chicken eggs at incubation day 8. Embryonic peripheral blood smears were prepared and stained with a modified May-Grünwald-Giemsa method on incubation day 11. The frequencies of MN and nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes were determined using light microscopy. Although the aqueous extract G. lucidum exhibited no genotoxic effect, it did exhibit an antigenotoxic effect. Our findings suggest that G. lucidum extract is a valuable natural antigenotoxic agent.

GROWTH INVESTIGATION AND PRODUCTION OF GANODERMA LUCIDUM MUSHROOM ON LOCAL ORGANIC WASTES

An experiment has been conducted to investigates the mycelium mushroom growth on 4 types of local organic wastes as well as Barley grains for comparison purpose. Also, the experiment was conducted to prepare 6 types of substrates as well as a comparison substrate (80% of Oak sawdust + 20% of wheat bran) for cultivation Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. The experimental results of mycelium growth on a different set of local organic wastes show that the minimum growth-period was 13.34 days with the substrate SP (80% of Palm trunk sawdust + 20% of wheat bran) such that the mycelium was diffused on the substrate in cottony compact, while the mycelium growth continue to 32 days with the PN substrate (80% of date nuclei + 20% wheat bran) with a significant negative variation (P>0.05) with poor growth. The Palm trunk sawdust and Barley grains were used as a source to produces a spawn based on the mycelium growth results. The best production of the fresh fruiting bodies was 65.53 g Kg-1 dry substrate with the substrate B (80% of Palm trunk sawdust + 20% of wheat bran) for two times of harvesting, while the production has reduced significantly (P>0.05) and the lowest production was achieved 17.9 g Kg-1 with the substrate C (80% reeds straw + 20% wheat bran). It should be noted that the production of substrates that spawned with the spawn-which its source is the Barley grains- has achieved a superior production (P>0.05) with an average 38.85 g Kg-1 substrate as compared to the production of the substrates that spawned with the spawn the one that its source is the Palm trunk sawdust.

Increased production of ganoderic acids by overexpression of homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase and kinetic modeling of ganoderic acid production in Ganoderma lucidum

BackgroundGanoderic acids (GAs), derived from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possess anticancer and other important pharmacological activities. To improve production of GAs, a homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene was overexpressed in G. lucidum. Moreover, the influence of FPS gene overexpression on GA production was investigated by developing the corresponding mathematical models.ResultsThe maximum levels of total GAs and individual GAs (GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me) in the transgenic strain were 2.76 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW), 41 ± 2, 21 ± 5, and 28 ± 1 μg/100 mg DW, respectively, which were increased by 2.28-, 2.27-, 2.62-, and 2.80-folds compared with those in the control. Transcription levels of squalene synthase (SQS) and lanosterol synthase (LS) genes during GA biosynthesis were upregulated by 2.28- and 1.73-folds, respectively, in the transgenic G. lucidum. In addition, the developed unstructured models had a satisfactory fit for the process of GA production in submerged cultures of G. lucidum. Analysis of the kinetic process showed that FPS gene overexpression had a stronger positive impact on GA production compared with its influence on cell growth. Also, FPS gene overexpression led to a higher non-growth-associated-constant β (1.151) over the growth-associated-constant α (0.026) in the developed models.ConclusionsFPS gene overexpression is an effective strategy to improve the production of GAs in G. lucidum. The developed mathematical models are useful for developing a better GA production process in future large-scale bioreactors.

Antioxidant and Hyperlipidemia Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum Fungus Alcoholic Extract in Male Albino Rats Using Tritonwr 1339

The current study aimed at knowing the biological efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract anti-oxidation and induced hyperlipidemic using Triton WR1339 and comparing its efficacy with the simvastatin drug. Study at the Animal House in the Department of biology-Faculty of Science of Kirkuk University for the period from 1/5/2017 to 25/5/2017 used 20 rat male Sprague Dawley type. Distributed to 4 groups of 5 rats per group. The control group was treated with a single dose of the normal salin solution, the second group was treated with a single dose within the Intraperatonal (iP) a dose of 300 mg/kg of body weight. The third group was treated with Triton and was dosed with the alcoholic extract of G. Lucidum with a dose of 30 mg/kg bw/day of body weight by Gavage. The fourth group was treated with Triton and dosed with the simvastatin drug at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The animals were drugged and the blood was pulled after a period of six days (trial period) showed the results of the biochemical tests that the treatment of rats with Triton material increased morally (p≤0.05) at the total cholesterol level TC, Triglyceride TG, low-density lipoprotein For cholesterol LDL-c, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL-c, the Athero index and lipid level of the Malondialdhyde MDA. Coupled with the low-density lipoprotein of cholesterol HDL-c, the total capacity of the antioxidant TAC, glutathione GSH and the catalase enzyme CAT compared to a group of control. While the animal dosage of the treatment with Triton and the alcoholic extract of the fungus G.lucidum positive improvement in all the variables mentioned above. The results of this study showed that the fungus extract superior the simvastatin drug at the level of HDL-c as well as at the level of antioxidant balance Oxidation by increasing the level of GSH, TAC and CAT enzyme and reducing MDA fat peroxide. Fungus can be adopted as an effective antioxidant and antihypertensive agent .

Ganoderic Acid Me Inhibits Tumor Invasion Through Down-Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinases 2/9 Gene Expression

The effect of ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me), which was purified from the fermentation mycelia of the traditional Chinese medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum as reported (Tang W, Gu TY, Zhong JJ. Biochem Eng J. 2006;32:205–210), on anti-invasion was investigated. Wound healing assay indicated that GA-Me inhibited cell migration of 95-D, a human highly metastatic lung tumor cell line, in dose- and time-dependent manners. Results of cell aggregation and adhesion assays showed that GA-Me promoted cell homotypic aggregation and inhibited cell adherence to extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, GA-Me suppressed matrix metalloproteinases 2/9 (MMP2/9) gene expressions at both mRNA and protein levels in 95-D cells according to qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The results demonstrated that GA-Me effectively inhibited tumor invasion, and it might act as a new MMP2/9 inhibitor for antimetastasis treatment of carcinoma cells.

Morphological Characteristics, Yield Performance, and Medicinal Value of Some Lingzhi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Strains Cultivated in Tam Dao, Vietnam

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological efficiency and main bioactive components of three G. lucidum strains, viz. GA1, GA2, and GA3, cultivated in Tam Dao town. The results demonstrated that all strains were capable of growing well on PDA medium supplemented with rice bran. The time required for complete colonization was 9 days. All tested strains of G. lucidum were able to adapt to climate conditions and produce fruiting bodies with satisfactory yield (13-17%), and therefore, they could be considered suitable candidates for commercial cultivation of G. lucidum in Tam Dao. No significant differences in polysaccharide content were observed among all strains. High concentrations of lucidenic N acid (0.33 mg g-1) and ganoderic acid (2.38 mg g-1) were determined in strain GA3. However, the highest ganodermanontriol content was detected in the strain GA1 with 0.3 mg g-1.

Effects of red reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) on the reproductive system in female and male rats

Effects of red reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) on the reproductive system in female and male rats

Recycling of agro-wastes for Ganoderma lucidum mushroom production and Ganoderma post mushroom substrate as soil amendment

The in vitro growth of Ganoderma mycelia on six agro-wastes namely, broad bean stalks (BBS), cotton stalk (CS), maize straw (MS), rice straw (RS), sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and wheat straw (WS) supplemented with wheat bran (WB) or corn gluten (CG) was evaluated. Among the substrates used, CS appeared best followed by SCB and RS. WB showed best supplementation for mycelial growth. CO2 emission values exhibited accurate measurements to decide the suitability of such agro-waste for growth rather than visual observations. CS+RS+SCB+WB in combination proven its superiority for in vitro growth and active spawn development substrate. In mushroom house, this particular formula proved its superiority and was on par with recommended EG formula; it gave the highest yield (195.16 g Kg−1), biological efficiency (19.52%), protein (16.69%), polysaccharides (3.613%) and minerals (3433 mg/100 g). Spawn running period was the shortest in treatments inoculated with agro-waste-based spawns. With 40% biochar, days required to the complete mycelium colonization and fructification were 10.60 and 23.00, respectively. At 10% biochar, highest yields (238.40 g Kg−1), biological efficiencies (23.84%), protein (19.58%) and minerals (4092 mg/100 g) were obtained. The higher the biochar level, the higher the reduction in emitted CO2, the loss in C and the increase in N of Ganoderma post mushroom substrates (GPMSs). Under greenhouse conditions, almost all the tested GPMSs, at 0.125 or 0.25%, encouraged the reproduction of reniform nematodes and improved plant growth criteria.

Effect of Solvents on Phytochemicals Content and Antioxidant Activity of Ganoderma lucidum

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the induction of solvents on the total phenol and flavonoid content and also the antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Materials &amp; Methods: In this study, two concentrations (100% and 75%) of diethyl ether, ethanol, butanol, chloroform, and acetone were used as extractants of Ganoderma lucidum. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured by spectrophotometric methods and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Free radical scavenging assay was used for the investigation of antioxidant activity. Results &amp; Discussion: Extractants significantly affected the % yield of extract, the quantity of phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. The highest extraction yield, around 38%, was achieved by 75% acetone, followed by 100% acetone (about 36%) and 75% chloroform (approximate 21%). Hydro-acetone extract exhibited the most significant antioxidative properties (EC50 value; 645.55 µg/mL) comprised of a higher total of phenol content. In conclusion, the total phenol content encouraged the antioxidative potential of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the selective extraction of Ganoderma lucidum shows significant biological activities.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of Ganoderma lucidum

The present study aimed to determine the total antioxidant status TAS total oxidant status TOS oxidative stress index OSI and antimicrobial activities of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom collected in Oguzeli region Gaziantep province Turkey Rel Assay Diagnostics kits were used to determine TAS TOS and OSI levels Antimicrobial activity was determined using different bacteria and fungi Staphylococcus aureus S aureus MRSA Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumannii Candida albicans Candida krusei and Candida glabrata using modified agar dilution method The study findings demonstrated that G lucidum had high antioxidant potential Antimicrobial activity of the mushroom was also found to be normal Thus the consumption of G lucidum as a natural source of antioxidants and an antimicrobial resource could be suggested

Ganoderma lucidumas a cosmeceutical: Antiradical potential and inhibitory effect on hyperpigmentation and skin extracellular matrix degradation enzymes

Three different polysaccharide extracts of a wild European source of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum were screened for their free radical-blocking potential, which could strengthen the skin?s barrier function, and provide a skinlightening effect via potential inhibition of tyrosinase. The anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, which can help to restore skin elasticity and tensile strength, were also evaluated for the three extracts. Carbohydrates were the most abundant components of the extracts, followed by smaller quantities of proteins, phenols and flavonoids. The glucan fraction represented between 48% and 61% of carbohydrate content in all three extracts. None of the analyzed extracts showed overt toxicity to spontaneously-transformed immortal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) at concentrations up to 2 mg/mL, and displayed superior scavenging ability on 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The hot water crude polysaccharide extract (HWCP) and partially purified fraction (HWPP) were found to be effective inhibitors of lipid peroxidation (LPx), with an almost two-fold increased inhibition of LPx compared with ascorbic acid (EC50=1.65?}0.08 mg/mL), a common additive in cosmeceutical formulations and used at mg levels. Among the investigated extracts, HWCP showed the strongest inhibition potential on tyrosinase and skin extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation enzymes. These diverse functionalities indicate that G. lucidum may represent a promising source of natural cosmeceutical ingredients.

Engineering Aspects of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Biomass Submerged Cultivation in Bioreactors: A Review.

The Ganoderma lucidum wood-degrading basidiomycete, with its large complex of pharmacological effects, is the most outstanding and influential medicinal mushroom in Far East traditional medicine. In the past 2 decades, the fundamentals of submerged cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has been established. Development of comprehensive submerged cultivations in stirred tank and air lift bioreactors are the most promising technologies. This article provides an engineering overview of the achievements in submerged technology of G. lucidum biomass production in bioreactors.