Mushroom Ganoderma Lucidum Research Articles

Rumen metabolic activities of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time

Cacao pod husk is a potential tropical resources that is widely utilized as animal feed. The presented study aimed to investigate rumen metabolic activities of (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time. A completely randomized factorial was applied in this study consisting of two factors; lingzhi mushroom concentration (K1 = 7.5%; K2 = 15%) and incubation time (L1 = 15 d; L2 =30 d; L3 = 45 d) with 3 replicates. All samples of cacao pod husk were analyzed to determine NH3 concentration, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and gas production. Gas production was periodically collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation. The result of study indicated that there was significant interaction (P<0.01) between the concentration of G.lucidum and incubation time on NH3 concentration of rumen liquid. The highest concentration of NH3 was found at 7.5% G.lucidum concentration for 45 d incubation (14.70mM). G.lucidum concentration significantly affected (P<0.01) VFA concentration in which samples inoculated with the level of 7.5% G.lucidum was higher compared to that of 15% G.lucidum (125.16 mM vs 113.94 mM). This study concluded that cacao pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom at different concentration time influencing metabolic activities of the rumen.

Antidepressant-like effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide-peptide mediated by upregulation of prefrontal cortex brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

A 28-kDa polysaccharide-peptide (PGL) with antidepressant-like activities was isolated from spores of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. It was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose. Its internal amino acid sequences manifested pronounced similarity with proteins from the mushrooms Lentinula edodes and Agaricus bisporus. The monosaccharides present in 28-kDa PGL comprised predominantly of glucose (over 90%) and much fewer galactose, mannose residues, and other residues. PGL manifested antidepressant-like activities as follows. It enhanced viability and DNA content in corticosterone-injured PC12 cells(a cell line derived from a pheochromocytoma of the rat adrenal medulla with an embryonic origin from the neural crest containing a mixture of neuroblastic cells and eosinophilic cells) and reduced LDH release. A single acute PGL treatment shortened the duration of immobility of mice in both tail suspension and forced swimming tests. PGL treatment enhanced sucrose preference and shortened the duration of immobility in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Chronic PGL treatment reversed the decline in mouse brain serotonin and norepinephrine levels but did not affect dopamine levels. PGL decreased serum corticosterone levels and increased BDNF mRNA and protein levels and increased synapsin I and PSD95 levels in the prefrontal cortex. This effect was completely blocked by pretreatment with the BDNF antagonist K252a, indicating that PGL increased synaptic proteins in a BDNF-dependent manner.Key points• An antidepressive polysaccharide-peptide PGL was isolated from G. lucidum spores.• PGL protected PC12 nerve cells from the toxicity of corticosterone.• PGL upregulated BDNF expression and influenced key factors in the prefrontal cortex.

Ganoderterpene A, a New Triterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum, Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis via Suppressing MAPK and TLR-4/NF-κB Pathways in BV-2 Cells.

An investigation of the fruiting bodies of edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum produced 13 steroids, containing one new lanostane-type triterpene compound, named ganoderterpene A (1). Nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data were used to deduce these structures. All the isolates were evaluated for their ability to suppress NO generation in BV-2 microglial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and exhibited moderate to strong inhibition effects, with IC50 values in the range 7.15-36.88 μM. Among the tested compounds, compound 1 exhibited the most marked activity with an IC50 value of 7.15 μM, and the structure-activity relationships were studied. This study showed that compound 1 significantly suppressed the activation of MAPK and TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathways, as evidenced by an immunofluorescence assay and a molecular docking experiment. Furthermore, compound 1 effectively improved the LPS-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. These findings suggest that ganoderterpene A could exert protective effects in microglial cells from apoptosis by restraining the inflammatory response. Hence, G. lucidum could be used as a novel preventative agent for neurodegenerative disorders.

Evaluation of different lignocellulosic substrates for cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Aim: The present study was formulated with an aim to evaluate different locally available residues from trees such as mixed saw dust, saw dust of coconut wood log, coconut leaf stalks/petiole, coconut coir waste, saw dust of areca nut wood log for cultivation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Methodology: Locally available agro residues viz., mixed saw dust, saw dust of coconut wood log, chopped coconut leaf stalks/petiole, coconut coir waste, saw dust of areca nut wood log were mixed with 20% wheat bran as supplement and packed in bags at 175 g/bag, autoclaved and aseptically inoculated with grain spawn of G. lucidum and provided with different temperature and humidity conditions for production of fruiting bodies. Results: Among the substrates, coconut wood log saw dust supported early spawn run within 46.5 days and early pinhead production on day 54 followed by pinhead expansion in 62.3 days and first harvest within 70.5 days. The average number of fruiting bodies were also higher (5.75 numbers/bag) with an average weight of 13.5 g/fruiting body that gave significantly higher yield of 77.5 g/175 g substrate with bioefficiency of 44.3% in a cropping cycle of 100.5 days compared to other substrates. Interpretation: The results show that coconut wood log saw dust substrate offers great scope for artificial cultivation of G. lucidum with a significant bioefficiency of 44.3 %.

Inhibitory activity of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum on colorectal cancer by attenuating inflammation.

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (GL, Reishi or Lingzhi) exhibits an inhibitory effect on cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of the antitumor activity of GL is not fully understood. In this study, we characterized the gene networks regulated by a commercial product of GL containing a mixture of spores and fruiting bodies namely “GLSF”, in colorectal carcinoma. We found that in vitro co-administration of GLSF extract at non-toxic concentrations significantly potentiated growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in CT26 and HCT-15 cells. GLSF inhibited NF-κB promoter activity in HEK-293 cells but did not affect the function of P-glycoprotein in K562/DOX cells. Furthermore, we found that when mice were fed a modified diet containing GLSF for 1 month prior to the CT26 tumor cell inoculation, GLSF alone or combined with Nab-paclitaxel markedly suppressed tumor growth and induced apoptosis. RNA-seq analysis of tumor tissues derived from GLSF-treated mice identified 53 differentially expressed genes compared to normal tissues. Many of the GLSF-down-regulated genes were involved in NF-κB-regulated inflammation pathways, such as IL-1β, IL-11 and Cox-2. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that several inflammatory pathways involving leukocyte migration and adhesion were most affected by the treatment. Upstream analysis predicted activation of multiple tumor suppressors such as α-catenin and TP53 and inhibition of critical inflammatory mediators. “Cancer” was the major significantly inhibited biological effect of GLSF treatment. These results demonstrate that GLSF can improve the therapeutic outcome for colorectal cancer through a mechanism involving suppression of NF-κB-regulated inflammation and carcinogenesis.

High-Resolution QTOF-MRM for Highly Accurate Identification and Quantification of Trace Levels of Triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum Mycelium.

The accurate quantification of triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum mushroom in the mycelium stage is challenging due to their low concentrations, interference from other possible isomers, and the complex matrix. Here, a high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry "multiple reaction monitoring" with target enhancement (HR-QTOF-MRM) method was developed to quantify seven target triterpenoids in G. lucidum. The performance of this method was compared against an optimized QQQ-MRM method. The HR-QTOF-MRM was shown to be capable of distinguishing target triterpenoids from interferent peaks in the presence of matrices. The HR-QTOF-MRM LOD and LLOQ values were found to be one to two times lower than those derived from the QQQ-MRM method. Intraday and interday variabilities of the HR-QTOF-MRM demonstrated better reproducibility than the QQQ-MRM. In addition, excellent recoveries of the analytes ranging from 80 to 117% were achieved. Spiking experiments were carried out to verify and compare the quantitative accuracy of the two methods. The HR-QTOF-MRM method provided better percent accuracy, ranging from 84% to 99% (<3% RSD), compared with the range of 69 to 114% (<4%RSD) given by the QQQ-MRM method. These results demonstrate that the new HR-QTOF-MRM mode is able to improve sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of trace level analysis of triterpenoids in the complex biological samples. The triterpenoid concentrations were in the range of nondetect to 0.06-6.72 mg/g of dried weight in fruiting body and to 0.0009-0.01 mg/g of dried weight in mycelium.

Valorisation of biomass and diaper waste into a sustainable production of the medical mushroom Lingzhi Ganoderma lucidum

Global solid waste is expected to increase by at least 70% annually until year 2050. The mixture of solid waste including food waste from food industry and domestic diaper waste in landfills is causing environmental and human health issues. Nevertheless, food and diaper waste containing high lignocellulose can easily degrade using lignocellulolytic enzymes thereby converted into energy for the development and growth of mushroom. Therefore, this study explores the potential of recycling biomass waste from coffee ground, banana, eggshell, tea waste, sugarcane bagasse and sawdust and diaper waste as raw material for Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) cultivation. Using 2% of diaper core with sawdust biowaste leading to the fastest 100% mushroom mycelium spreading completed in one month. The highest production yield is 71.45 g mushroom; this represents about 36% production biological efficiency compared to only 21% as in commercial substrate. The high mushroom substrate reduction of 73% reflect the valorisation of landfill waste. The metabolomics profiling showed that the Lingzhi mushroom produced is of high quality with a high content of triterpene being the bioactive compounds that are medically important for treating assorted disease and used as health supplement. In conclusion, our study proposed a potential resource management towards zero-waste and circular bioeconomy for high profitable mushroom cultivation.

TRACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF Bacillus subtilis IN BROTH WITH ADDED MICELLES AND EXTRACTS FROM HIGHER MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS

The growth of cell culture of strain Bacillus subtilis NBIMCC 2353 has been traced by two experiments. At 48th hour the number of cells reaches its maximum, which is above 8 log units (experiment 1), after included on the 24th hour of enrichment agents in native form - mushroom body and micelles of the high medical mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum (Red reishi), and Cordyceps sinensis at concentrations of 2% and 4%. Cell culture basically fails to develop in its maximum capabilities due to difficulty absorbing macro-, micro-elements and protein compounds, contained in the high mushrooms. Positive effects have been found in experiment 2, such as prolonging the propagation time and doubling the number of cells of Bacillus subtilis NBIMCC 2353, upon added into the nutrient medium of easily accessible components, such as Cordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum powder extracts. The largest increase in cell amount was observed at the 54th hour from the start of incubation, which was over 11.5 log units, for variants with added 2 g extract

Optimization of the phenolic and antioxidants extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum using ultrasound method

The current study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions from Ganoderma (G) Lucidum mushroom by ultrasound in order to increase the extracted phenolics and antioxidant compounds. The impact of solvent type (water, methanol, and 50:50% combined solution of both), time (5, 10, 15 min ), and ultrasound intensity (100, 200, and 300 w ) on the extraction yield of phenolics and antioxidant compounds from G. lucidum mushroom were investigated. The response surface method(RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions.In the single optimization condition, the maximum total phenolics (36.6989 mg/ g) extraction yield from G. lucidum was achieved in 15 min extraction time, 300 w ultrasound power, and use of methanol solvent. The lowest IC 50 (0.8983 mg/ml ) was observed in the extraction time of 10 min, the ultrasound power of 300 w, and the use of methanol solvent. Multiple optimizations of extraction conditions from G. lucidum to achieve the highest total phenol (36.6989 mg/ g) and the lowest IC 50 (0.9413 mg/ ml) were predicted in 300 w ultrasound power, 15 min, and use methanol solvent. No significant difference was observed between the predicted and experimental results.

Potential of waste reduction of agro-biomasses through Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) production using different substrates and techniques

One of the most important priorities in the medicinal mushrooms cultivation is the selection and preparation of the substrate, which depends on factors such as price and easy access to different lignocellulosic compounds. In order to investigate the effect of mixed and non-mixed agro-waste substrates on some vegetative, reproductive, nutritional and medicinal properties of two Iranian and Chinese strains of Ganoderma lucidum, the factorial experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental substrates of different poplar wood chip (PWC), wheat bran (WB), soybean meal (SM), date palm leaf (DPL) and olive oil extraction waste (OOEW) were used. They were enriched with chemical supplements (ammonium nitrate, manganese sulfate and Nano manganese oxide) using two cultivation techniques (open bag door and Polika-Cotton) for fruiting body production.The results showed that various substrates significantly affect dry weight, moisture content quantity, vegetative and fruit yield, total ganoderic acids content, total polysaccharide value and mineral elements amount (nitrogen, potassium and calcium) in fruiting body. The highest amount of N content in the fruiting body of both Iranian and Chinese strains (5.88 and 6.25 mg/100 g dry matter) was dedicated to the combined PWC + SM (70:30) substrate enriched with Nano manganese oxide supplement and Polika-Cotton method. The highest total fresh of Iranian and Chinese strains weight (109.60 and 127.66 g, respectively) obtained in the combined PWC + WB (70:30) substrate enriched with manganese sulfate. The highest amount of total ganoderic acids in fruiting organs in both strains (0.52 and 0.42 μg/mg dry matter) is achieved using a combined PWC + SM (70:30) enriched with manganese sulfate.

Types of Mycobiota of Volgograd Region and Prospects of Their Use as a Source of Biologically Active Substances for Cosmetic Purposes

The article for the first time provides a consolidated list of mushrooms of Volgograd region used in cosmetology due to the presence of biologically active substances in their composition, for example, the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan. These compounds have immunostimulating, radioprotective, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-allergenic effects. Thanks to this, masks and creams containing these substances tone and restore the skin, while lotions and tonics strengthen the hair structure. The inventory of mycobiota was carried out using the route method. Each route was about 10 km long. The mushrooms found in laboratory conditions were identified by the microscopic analysis of the samples using modern methods of light microscopy and a standard set of chemical reagents (5% KOH alkali solution, Meltzer’s reagent). MIKMED-5 light microscope was used to study the microscopic structures and determine the samples. As a result of research in 2018–2020, 8 species of macromycetes used in cosmetology were identified in the mycobiota of the region: Amanita muscaria (L.), Calvatia gigantea (Batsch) Lloyd, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray, Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilát, Phallus impudicus L., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, Tremella mesenterica Retz. Their extracts are widely used in the cosmetic industry by various brands, in particular, Venets Sibiri, Etude House, Sabai Thai Authentic SPA, Briogeo, Dr. Ceuracle, Nollam Lab, D’Ran, Pulanna, BioAqua, Von-U, Secrets Lan, The Skin House. The following species are regularly found in the study area: mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, which grows only on a living tree Quercus robur L.; Trametes versicolor – on stumps, dead trunks and branches of Populus alba L., P. nigra L.; Tremella mesenterica – on dead branches and branches of weakened trees Populus alba, P. nigra.

The detection, purity and structural properties of partially soluble mushroom and cereal β-D-glucans: A solid-state NMR study

β-D-glucans are proposed to have many health benefits. It is therefore important to have methods which can distinguish these from other carbohydrates present in natural products, as well as giving glucan content and structural information. Correlations between features in the CP/MAS spectra of β-D-glucans and enzyme assay determined β-D-glucan content were generally found to be poor. The β-D-glucan in dry and hydrated forms of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum was investigated in detail by spectral peak fitting to the anomeric carbon C1 region in CP/MAS NMR spectra. Hydrated samples gave spectra with enhanced resolution and suggested that a clear distinction between β-D-glucans and other carbohydrates could be possible in the anomeric carbon C1 region. Chemical shift values for a range of carbohydrate polymers, which can be found alongside β-D-glucans, as well as the values for various linkages are given. Contamination by other carbohydrates and buffer salts is discussed.

In vitro cytotoxicity of Reishi mushroom extract against two human cell lines

Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is commonly used in conventional medicine due to its high medicinal properties. Phytochemical screening of G. lucidum mushroom extract found to be flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenols, Carbohydrates. The current study was applied to demonstrate the In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanolic extract of G. lucidum mushroom against two human cell lines breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and human embryonic liver cell line WRL-68. The measured inhibitory concentration fifty(IC50) values were observed maximum dose responses (IC50) of WRL68 and MCF-7 at 2.0 µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentration reported of 210.2% and 185.1% compared to the dose-response (IC50) of antidrug doxorubicin (control) at 2.0µg/ml ethanolic mushroom concentration counted to be 18.68. The highly cytotoxic activity of the extract on cell viability MCF-7 and WRL-68 were generally observed 100% and 97% at extract concentrations of 12.5 µg/ml and 25µg/ml respectively compared to antidrug was determined to be 94% cell viability at 6.25 µg/ml concentration.

A Placebo-Controlled, Pseudo-Randomized, Crossover Trial of Botanical Agents for Gulf War Illness: Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), and Epimedium (Epimedium sagittatum)

This report is third in a three-part clinical trial series screening potential treatments for Gulf War Illness (GWI). The goal of the project was to rapidly identify agents to prioritize for further efficacy research. We used a placebo-controlled, pseudo-randomized, crossover design to test the effects of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum), stinging nettle (Uritca dioica), and epimedium (Epimedium sagittatum) in 29 men with GWI. Participants completed 30 days of symptom reports for baseline, then a botanical line consisting of 30 days of placebo, followed by 30 days each of lower-dose and higher-dose botanical. After completing a botanical line, participants were randomized to complete the protocol with another botanical, until they completed three botanical trials. GWI symptom severity, pain, and fatigue were contrasted between the four conditions (baseline, placebo, lower-dose, higher dose) using linear mixed models. GWI symptom severity was unchanged from placebo in the reishi lower-dose condition (p = 0.603), and was higher in the higher-dose condition (p = 0.012). Symptom severity was not decreased from placebo with lower-dose stinging nettle (p = 0.604), but was significantly decreased with higher-dose stinging nettle (p = 0.048). Epimedium showed no significant decreases of GWI symptoms in the lower (p = 0.936) or higher (p = 0.183) dose conditions. Stinging nettle, especially at higher daily dosages, may help reduce the symptoms of GWI. Epimedium does not appear to beneficially affect GWI symptom severity, and reishi may exaggerate symptoms in some GWI sufferers. These results are in a small sample and are preliminary. Further research is required to determine if stinging nettle is indeed helpful for the treatment of GWI, and what dosage is optimal. This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02909686).

Antiangiogenic and Proapoptotic Activities of Atorvastatin and Ganoderma lucidum in Tumor Mouse Model via VEGF and Caspase-3 Pathways.

Background:The statin drug Atorvastatin (AT) used for cholesterol reduction and Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) mushroom extract exhibited satisfactory antitumor activities towards various types of cancer. Objective:The present study was designed to evaluate the apoptotic and antiangiogenic effects of Atorvastatin and/or Ganoderma lucidum against Ehrlich solid tumor inoculated in female mice.Materials and Methods:Atorvastatin (AT) or/and Ganoderma lucidum (Gl) extract were administered to mice bearing tumor alternatively for 28 days after 10 days of tumor cells inoculation. Mice were divided into 5 equal groups as follows: Control (C): Normal mice, Ehrlich (E): mice injected in thigh with EAC cells, (E+AT): mice bearing solid tumor that received an intraperitoneal dose of Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg). Group (4): (E+Gl): mice bearing solid tumor that received an oral dose of Ganoderma lucidum (28 mg/kg) Group (5): (E+AT+Gl): mice bearing solid tumor that received intraperitoneal dose of Atorvastatin and oral dose of Ganoderma lucidum. Results:showed that administration of Atorvastatin and/or Ganoderma lucidum to mice bearing tumor, reduced tumor size, increased MDA level and decreased GSH, SOD and CAT levels in tumor tissues. Histopathological study showed high attenuation in tumor cells associated with antiangiogenesis illustrated by extravasation of blood vessels between tumor cells. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated high reduction of the angiogenic marker Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with remarkable increase of the apoptotic protein markers cytochrome-c and caspase-3. Conclusion:Atorvastatin and Ganoderma lucidum may have anticancer, apoptotic and antiangiogenic activities by reducing tumor growth in Ehrlich solid tumor. Their antitumor effect is exerted through the antiangiogenesis effect in tumor cells which is confirmed by the decrease of the angiogenic marker (VEGF protein) as well as by inducing significant increase in the apoptotic protein markers cytochrome-c and caspase-3. It is noticeable that the antitumor activity is ameliorated by the combination of the two treatments.

Ganoderma lucidum Modulates Neuronal Distorted Cytoskeletal Proteomics and Protein-Protein Interaction in Alzheimer’s disease Model Animals

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, learning and behavior. Altered expression of proteins involved in neuronal structure and function is a recent observation of AD pathogenesis. Modulation of altered protein expression seems promising in AD therapeutics. In the present experiment, AD ameliorating effect of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum had been evaluated through its effect on neuronal cytoskeletal structure and function related protein expression pattern in AD model rats. Methods: Wistar male rats (120 ± 5gm) were divided into three groups: control (C), AD (A) and G. lucidum hot water extract (HWE) fed AD (AE), each group containing 15 rats. AD model rats were prepared by infusing Aβ1-42 (ab120959, abcam, USA) into the cerebral ventricles. Protein extraction from the brain samples was performed following homogenization of the hippocampus (50 mg ) with lysis buffer (1ml) using a homogenizer (Polytron PT 1200, Kinematica). Protein separation through SDS-PAGE and protein quantification through LC-chip MS/MS Q-TOF had been performed for label-free relative quantification. For statistical analyses, the data were exported to the Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) software and ANOVA (P&lt;0.05) had been performed to overcome the complications of false discovery associated with multiple test analyses. Functional interaction networks of the proteins were identified using the STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins) database (version 10.0; http://string-db.org/). For further identifying over-representing pathways and biological functions, the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), build version: 389077M, content version: 27821452, (Release date: 2016-06-14) was used (https://www.ingenuity.com/wp-content/themes/ingenuity-qiagen). Datasets of the proteins significantly expressed (P&lt;0.05) and having log fold change of 1.5 and higher were uploaded (AD versus C, AD versus AE and C versus AE). Results: Among 2,212 proteins identified in the present study, 819 had been found to be differentially expressed. Of the differentially expressed ones, 9 proteins had been linked with neuronal cytoskeletal structure and function regulation such as tubulin, β-actin, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2), keratin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Rho A proteins, septin, cofilin, gelsolin and dynamin. AD rats manifested altered expression of proteins associated with neuronal structure and function. G. lucidum hot water treatment ameliorated the altered expression of those proteins. Conclusions: Altered expression of hippocampal proteins is a hallmark of AD. Neuroproteomics regulatory approach towards AD amelioration seems promising. Inclusion of G. lucidum for proteomics based AD therapeutics in regulation of the proteins involved in neuronal structure and function seem apt. Thus, G. lucidum could be considered as an AD therapeutic agent.

Phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of wild-grown and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum

The most biologically active compounds of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum can be classified into polysaccharides and terpenoids. Most of these biological compounds are supposed to associate with its antioxidant activity. Both of wild grown and cultivated G. lucidum have been commercially in demand in Indonesia during the past years. Due to their different growing conditions, the wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum may contain different levels of effective chemical components which affect their quality and medicinal efficacy. This present study was carried out to determine the differences between wild-grown and cultivated G. lucidum which might be useful in exploring the characteristic of chemical compounds of G. lucidum regarding its antioxidant activity. The physicochemical evaluation was determined using gravimetric method. The phytochemical evaluation includes water – soluble polysaccharides, phenolic, and terpenoids content. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. Cultivated G. lucidum from Godean has the highest water – soluble polysaccharides (29.86±2.42 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (5.07±0.39 GAE, mg/g dw) among other studied samples. Whereas, cultivated G. lucidum from Gunung Kidul has the lowest water – soluble polysaccharides (21.65±2.45 GE, mg/g dw) and phenolic content (3.21±0.87 GAE, mg/g dw). Both of wild grown G. lucidum have higher terpenoids content compare to all of cultivated G.lucidum. The cultivated – Godean revealed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (the lowest IC50, 344.15±9.57 µg/mL) among of the studied samples. Hence, the results suggested that G. lucidum contained high metabolites compounds and has a potential natural source of antioxidants.

Effect of Continuous Cropping Soil on the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity of Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes).

Continuous monoculture can increase plant morbidity and reduce crop yields. However, the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom possesses unique nutrient acquisition methods and displays an altered response to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of continuous cropping on G. lucidum remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of consecutive monoculture soil on the yield, bioactive components, antioxidant properties, nutrient metabolism, and enzyme activity of G. lucidum. The results showed no significant differences in terms of yield between the control check and treatment groups after 2 years. However, the content of polysaccharides and triterpenoids after 2 years of treatment and the content of total phenols and flavonoids after 3 years of treatment significantly increased. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the polysaccharides under consecutive monoculture soil treatments also significantly increased. These differences were caused by changes in nutrient metabolism and the activities of antioxidant and ligninolytic enzymes. Under continuous monoculture soil treatment, the content of reducing sugars, water-soluble sugars, free amino acids, and water-soluble proteins significantly increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase increased with the time of continuous monoculture, while the activities of peroxidase, catalase, and laccase decreased. The increase in ligninolytic enzymes was postulated to mediate the ROS scavenging ability of G. lucidum. In conclusion, continuous cropping soil could increase the levels of bioactive components and AOAs of G. lucidum.

Functional properties of immune cells under the influence of extracts of mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Boletus edulis

Тhe water extracts of Basidiomycota division mushrooms such as Boletus edulis, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes posessed a wide spectrum of immunomodulatory activity. It was shown that Boletus edulis enhances the expression of surface markers on lymphoid cell lines Jurkat-tat and Daudi, and also increases the expression of reactive oxygen species by dendritic cells, monocytes and peripheral blood neutrophils, activates basophils. There was observed no effect of fungal extracts on NK-cells.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant capacities.

Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Krast, commonly known as "Lingzhi" in Chinese, is a medicinal mushroom that is rich in biologically active substances. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the two major components responsible for the bioactivity of this fungus. In the present study, the ultrasonic-assisted co-extraction (UACE) of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum was optimized using response surface methodology with a desirability function, with the equal importance for the two components. Following single factor experiments, the optimal conditions were determine as ultrasonic power of 210 W, extraction temperature of 80C, ratio of liquid to solid of 50 mL/g, and 100 min extraction time, using aqueous ethanol (50%, v/v) as the extracting solvent. Under the optimal conditions, the extraction yields of polysaccharides and triterpenoids reached 0.63% and 0.38%, respectively. On the basis of the scavenging capacity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and evaluation of reducing power, the antioxidant capacities of the polysaccharides obtained by optimal UACE process were higher than those of polysaccharides extracted using traditional hot water extraction, whereas the triterpenoid-rich extracts showed antioxidant activities similar to those obtained using the ethanol maceration method. The present study is the first report on the simultaneous extraction of polysaccharides and triterpenoids from G. lucidum. The developed UACE process could be useful in preparation of a polysaccharide- and triterpenoid-rich ingredient that holds great promise for application in the Ganoderma industry.