Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Research Articles

The statistical modeling of potential biogas production capacity from solid waste disposal sites in Turkey

Abstract The main goal of this study is to determine the clean energy production capacity from municipal solid waste disposal sites in Turkey. Also, an attempt has been made to predict the future landfill gas production capacity with emission reduction strategies. The decreased emission factors are estimated according to the IPCC Methodology. The 3rd order polynomial was found to be the best fit according to the main statistical findings. This result is also strengthened by model performance tests which showed 2% uncertainty value. This value is very low as compared to the other models. Methane emission from waste disposal sites is approximately 4% of Turkey's total GHGs emissions throughout the years. If this gas is collected to produce biogas, the 4% of total GHG emissions will be saved and not given to the atmosphere. Using collected methane as fuel for energy production will further decrease the GHG emissions by 1.6% simply because the countries are not obliged to include CO2 emission from biogas consumption into GHG inventory according to the UNFCCC. Based on these results, it is possible to reduce the atmospheric emissions of GHGs and to use this gas in green energy production. There is a very high potential of producing renewable energy in Turkey by using landfill gases and this potential can be used for mitigation of GHGs emissions into the atmosphere. The CH4 production capacity of waste disposal sites is expected to increase up to 5.6 million tons/year by 2030. This means 25.4 million kW/year electricity can be produced from landfill gas. This production will result in 25 million tons of reduction in CO2 eq. emission in Turkey.

Social Impact of Odor Induced by Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Facilities in Ho Chi Minh City

Landfills are mostly used to manage solid waste in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Due to inappropriate administration, there have been numerous issues over the years relating to odor and leachate. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of odor stemming from Da Phuoc landfill site on surrounding areas. A questionnaire survey was administered through face-to-face interviews with 409 residents living in the affected areas. The findings of this study indicate that the odor perception of residents significantly influences their attitudes towards waste disposal sites. The results show that odor affects not only the region around municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment facilities but regions more than 7 km away as well. The data indicates that the odor emanating from the MSW disposal site negatively affects the daily life of many residents. This study is an effort to finding a solution to reduce the impact of odor generated from the landfill site on nearby residential areas.

Estimation of landfill gas generation in a municipal solid waste disposal site by LandGEM mathematical model

Anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds in landfills is responsible for generation of greenhouse gases. The present study aimed to determine the total gas and methane emission from a landfill located in Hamedan (west of Iran) from 2011 to 2030. LandGEM 3.02 model was used to estimate the gas emission with the volumetric methane percent of 60%, production potential of 107, and methane generation rate of 0.2. Spatial distribution of annual methane and total landfill gas emission rate in the study area at three decades were provided through ArcGIS software. The results showed that organic and food wastes had the maximum amounts in the solid waste stream (over 75%). The results showed that 4.371×108 m3 methane would be produced after 20 years, mostly (4.053×106m3) in the first year. In addition, methane production capacity in Hamedan landfill site was 107 m3/Mg. According to the results, the maximum and minimum gas generation rates are in summer (the hottest season) and winter (the coldest season) respectively. The results of the LandGEM model represented that the total gas and methane generation rates will be significant in the first 10 years. The potential of rapidly degradable organic compounds for gas emission will be higher than that of slowly degradable organic compounds. The results obtained in the present study can be beneficially used in planning for energy production and other applications in landfill sites.

Design considerations of constructed wetlands to reduce landfill leachate contamination in tropical regions

In tropical regions, landfill leachate contamination at municipal solid waste disposal sites is a critical issue because of the large volume of highly contaminated leachate formed during the rainy season. We evaluated the efficacy of constructed wetlands (CWs) with the ability to reduce the water volume and pollutant levels to reduce leachate contamination compared to the most commonly used treatment system, stabilization ponds, based on parameters obtained in a field experiment in Thailand. The simulation indicated that CWs had a higher potential to reduce the water volume than stabilization ponds over the course of a year. Scenario evaluations under varying initial water depths, system depths, and area sizes indicated that the CWs could reduce the treatment area to prevent overflow and leachate pollution. In addition, the CWs were estimated to reduce the leachate amount and pollution by 83–100% and 92–99%, respectively. When there is limited land available, deeper CWs can be used to sustainably prevent contamination from leachate overflow. Effectively designed CW systems may be valuable for both reducing the required area and the contamination; therefore, CWs are a promising option for sustainable landfill leachate treatment systems in developing tropical regions.

A GIS-based analysis for sanitary landfill sites in Abuja, Nigeria

The absence of sanitary landfill in Abuja, Nigeria has been a challenge that needs the full attention of the authorities. The improper disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) on open land is a burden to the government due to the health implications and the socioeconomic issues associated with it. In order to mitigate environmental degradation, health risk concern and public vexation, the study aims at identifying suitable sites for MSW disposal in Abuja Municipal Area Council and Bwari area council of Abuja which meets global specification and standards. The integration of Geospatial data: Landsat-7ETM+, NigeriaSat-X, ASTER-GDEM, base map, soil and geology maps and multi-criteria evaluation, was used to evaluate the relative importance of each criterion in the study. Each map layers were formed by using the spatial analysis potential of the ArcGIS10.1 software and final suitability map was created using the weighted overlay analysis. The results of the analysis identified six potential sites for sanitary landfill; however four out of the six sites were considered due to the land area size of the sites and its non-intersection with the Abuja land use plan. Also, results showed that none of the existing MSW disposal sites met the global standards considered. In view of the ecological and environmental challenges regarding MSW disposal sites in Abuja, this study shows that GIS is an effective tool in MSW management, which will assist decision makers to plan appropriately toward achieving an aesthetic, healthy and sustainable environment.

Sediment Oxygen Demand of a Leachate Pond at an Offshore Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site 2 Years after the Site Was Closed

Various water quality parameters of a leachate pond at an offshore municipal solid waste disposal site were monitored. The pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water temperature at the bottom of the leachate pond were measured during Sep. (the 1st period) and Nov.-Dec. (the 2nd period) of 2011. The results suggested that the stratification of water temperature in the pond had gradually broken down due to convection occurring between the end of the 1st period and the 2nd period. The pH was almost constant at 10 - 11 during the 1st period and was approximately 11.5 during the 2nd period. The DO was almost zero during both periods. An anaerobic batch experiment with sampled sediment was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of material leaching from the sediment. DO decreased under all experimental conditions. With respect to oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and total sulfide in addition to DO, the condition most closely mimicking that of the site became the most anaerobic. The average sediment oxygen demand, SODave, was calculated using a brief numerical model based on batch experiment data. The SODave was 1114.7 mg/m2/d, indicating that at least 434 g/d of oxygen must be supplied to the leachate pond to maintain the DO.

Nitrous oxide flux, ammonia oxidizer and denitrifier abundance and activity across three different landfill cover soils in Ningbo, China

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas, whose production from landfill sites has not been given adequate attention yet. Municipal solid waste disposal site could be a potential contributor to N2O emissions. Here, we conducted a transect study to determine N2O flux and the abundance and activity of nitrifiers and denitrifiers across three different landfill sites (Ninghai: NH, Xiangshan: XS, and Fenghua: FH). Microbial abundance and community structure were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and clone library. The highest mean N2O flux (3.44 mg m−2 h−1) and global warming potential (1025.12 eq-CO2 m−2 h−1) were detected at the XS and NH sites, respectively. Soil nutrients (dissolved organic C, dissolved organic N, and total organic C), C:N ratio, and the abundance and activity of nitrifiers and denitrifiers determined the flux of N2O across the three landfill cover soils. Nitrification and denitrification made comparable contribution to N2O production in the soils. Nitrososphaera-associated archaeal amoA gene accounted for 99% of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) sequences at the XS site, whereas soil/sediment cluster I of AOA dominated (>50%) at the NH and FH sites. The predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria sequences (>75%) of the FH site were affiliated with the Nitrosomonas lineage and more than half the sequences belonged to cluster 3b at the XS and NH sites. The nirK sequences affiliated with Alpha-proteobacteria (Phyllobacteriaceae, Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae) (>78%) and nirS sequences affiliated with Beta-proteobacteria (>45%) governed the denitrifiers in the soils. Heavy metals (Cu and Cr), C:N ratio, and C sources (total C and dissolved organic C) determined the distribution of the nitrifier and denitrifier communities. In conclusion, the condition of the landfill sites contributed significantly to the N2O emissions, and AOA and nirK-type denitrifiers dominated the leachate-affected cover soils.

Assessment of Soil Fertility Around Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site Near Sangamner City, Maharashtra, India

The disposals of municipal solid waste (MSW) in open dumps are a widespread activity around the vicinity of urban area. When rainwater interacts with dumping yards, generate a leachate and percolates through the soil strata and after particular time they pollute the groundwater and soil in the vicinity. In view of this, assessment of soil fertility around MSW disposal site near sangamner city, Maharashtra was carried out. Soil samples (n=16) close to dumping yard and away from considerable distance (controlled samples) were collected and analyzed for parameters like pH, EC, organic carbon, available NPK and boron by using standard methods. The pH, EC, organic carbon, available NPK and boron of soil samples were found to be higher near the dumping site as compared to control samples. The pH of samples was found to be alkaline ranges from 8.1 to 8.8 while EC increases from 0.2 to 8.3 dS/m which is toxic to plants and crops in the nearby area. The percentage organic carbon lies between 0.8 and 12.2. The available NPK was varying from low to medium and boron ranges from 0.5 to 9.7 ppm in the study area. The minimum dispersion was found in pH (0.23) and higher in N (71.61) from standard deviation (SD) value. It was observed that, since the waste was disposed, a number of contaminants readily penetrate and deteriorate the soil in the area. Thus, the disposal of waste should be discouraged and waste management and treatment should be put in place for protection of soil fertility around dumping site near the Sangamner city.

Effects of a Municipal Dumpsite on Groundwater Quality in Ikole Ekiti Area, Southwest Nigeria

A physico-chemical and bacteriological evaluation of water in three boreholes (numbered BH1, BH2, & BH3) close to a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal site at Ootunja Ekiti in Ikole Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Ekiti State, Nigeria were carried out in order to ascertain suitability of the groundwater for potable uses. The water quality parameters obtained were compared with recommended limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) for drinking water. Total dissolved solid (TDS) with a mean value of 16.64 mgl-1 was recorded. The cations and anions in the water were within the prescribed WHO and NSDWQ permissible limits. Chlorides content ranged between 12.0 and 16.0mg/l, while Nitrate content ranged from 6.12 to 7.10mg/l, quantities of heavy metals like Cadmium, Mercury and Lead varies from zero to a very minute content which is within the permissible limit of WHO and NSDWQ. Both organic content and faecal coliform count were satisfactory for water supply. The investigation shows pH values of 6.51, 7.05, and 5.79 for water samples obtained from BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. This indicates that the water from BH1 and BH3 were slightly acidic while water from BH 2 is neutral. The pH reading for water sample from BH3 is below the WHO and NSDWQ recommended standard.

EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESS PARAMETERS IN WASTE DISPOSAL SITES BY SATELLITE IMAGES

The presented paper proposes a method for estimating parameters and characteristics of the chemical processes in large municipal landfills and solid waste disposal sites according to the waste monitoring from space. The model of chemical transformations in the waste disposal sites is described based on the idea of waste biochemical degradation in the form of the “transformations tree”. The presentation of chemical transformations in the form of statistical integrated chemical equations allows us to describe the chemical system "a waste disposal facility" in the analytical form. The paper presents the main types of physical (volume and mass, thermal) and chemical (filtrate) characteristics which assessment could be made by data from satellite images. As an example the obtaining of the volume and mass characteristics of landfills in their 3D-models is described. Results of the algorithm on the example of a polygon of solid municipal and industrial waste in Salaryevo (Leninsky district of the Moscow region) are presented. As an example the assessment of volume and mass of landfill gas and its main component – methane is shown. An airborne image from year 2000 is compared with the satellite images in visible spectral range closed to its date. The main sources of errors in the evaluation of volume and mass characteristics are defined. The error which source is the spatial and spectral resolution of the satellite image is calculated.

Environmental impact assessment of Gonabad municipal waste landfill site using Leopold Matrix.

IntroductionAn environmental impact assessment (EIA) before embarking on any project is a useful tool to reduce the potential effects of each project, including landfill, if possible. The main objective of this study was to assess the environmental impact of the current municipal solid waste disposal site of Gonabad by using the Iranian Leopold matrix method.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of a landfill site in Gonabad in 2015 by an Iranian matrix (modified Leopold matrix). This study was conducted based on field visits of the landfill, and collected information from various sources and analyzing and comparing between five available options, including the continuation of the current disposal practices, construction of new sanitary landfills, recycling plans, composting, and incineration plants was examined. The best option was proposed to replace the existing landfill.ResultsThe current approach has a score of 2.35, the construction of new sanitary landfill has a score of 1.59, a score of 1.57 for the compost plant, and recycling and incineration plant, respectively, have scores of 1.68 and 2.3.ConclusionResults showed that continuation of the current method of disposal, due to severe environmental damage and health problems, is rejected. A compost plant with the lowest negative score is the best option for the waste disposal site of Gonabad City and has priority over the other four options.

A preliminary report of indigenous fungal isolates from contaminated municipal solid waste site in India.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) containing harmful substances is a major concern in waste management and can cause adverse effects on diversity of fungi in soil. The main objective was to evaluate the fungal diversity inhabiting in the soil nearby MSW disposal site. The fungal strains were isolated in potato dextrose agar (PDA), media at temperatures 28±1°C by using standard serial dilution pour plate method, and appeared fungal colonies identified based on morphological characteristics. The overall most fungal diversity was found in soil sample collected from S5, followed by S4, S3, S1, and least in S2 site. A total of 24 fungal isolates recovered from the different MSW sites and Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Curvularia sp. genus has isolated from all the samples. In addition, the metal tolerance index performed because it needs to classify the fungus for their best use as potential agent for environmental protection. The metal tolerance outcomes revealed that both metals (cadmium and chromium) has appeared as the highest growth inhibitor for most strains and even fungal colonies did not propagate very well on the surface of media. Therefore, these findings suggest that the pre-adapted indigenous fungal isolates have proven remarkable tolerance ability to both metals. Furthermore, these highly metal-tolerant fungal strains are recommended for detail research or can use in pilot-scale bioremediation application to treat contaminated site.

Modeling Environmental Susceptibility of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites: A Case Study in São Paulo State, Brazil

The large excess of solid waste generated in cities is a result of population growth and economic development. Properly managing this municipal solid waste (MSW) is a challenge, mainly in underdeveloped and developing countries where financial concerns are an added problem. From the environmental point of view, a major issue is properly disposing MSW taking into consideration a wide range of factors, and working with different spatial data. In this study, we used geographic information system (GIS) to perform multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) conducted by analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The development of the environmental impact susceptibility model (EISM) for municipal solid waste disposal sites (MSWDS) applied to the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil considered factors such as geology, pedology, geomorphology, water resources, and climate represented by fifteen associated sub-factors. The results indicated that more than 82% of Sao Paulo’s territory is situated in areas with very low, low, and medium environmental impact susceptibility categories. However, in the remaining 18% of the state land area, 85 landfills are located in areas with high and very high environmental impact susceptibility categories. These results are alarming because these 85 landfills receive approximately 17,886 tons of MSW on a daily basis, which corresponds to 46% of all municipal solid waste disposed in Sao Paulo state. Therefore, decision makers, urban planners and policymakers could use the findings of the EISM towards mitigating the environmental impacts caused by MSWDS.

Natural Disaster Risk in Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites Using GIS: A Case Study in São Paulo State, Brazil

Natural disasters and finding suitable areas to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) are two major global challenges, both of which have several influences in the water resources and are related to climatic change, especially in developing countries like Brazil. Currently the risk of natural disasters is not utilized in the process of locating areas to dispose of MSW. This study, using geographic information system (GIS), analyzed spatially the susceptibility for landslide and flooding hazards in MSW disposal sites in S?o Paulo state, Brazil. The results showed that more than 90% of sanitary and ditch landfills are located in null, very low and low hazard classes (P0, P1 and P2). However, in this remaining 10% of landfills we still have approximately 55% of the total municipal solid waste disposed into susceptible areas with middle, high and very high hazard classes (P3, P4 and P5). This shows that S?o Paulo MSW disposal sites need more attention and control to prevent the occurrence of landslide/flooding and consequently the mitigation of environmental, economic and social impacts. In addition, the use of GIS is proved to be an appropriate tool to carry out this type of analysis, so we recommend that the risk of natural disasters should be taken into consideration in the process of finding landfill areas. Mainly, because, there is a tendency for extreme weather events to increase causing more flood and landslide events and consequently contributing to water scarcity and water degradation.

Exposure of municipal solid waste disposal sites to climate related geohazards: Case study of Selangor

Exposure of municipal solid waste disposal sites to climate related geohazards: Case study of Selangor

Recent Status of Groundwater Pollution of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site at Urali-Devachi Village in Pune City.

The municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in the Pune city Municipal Corporation (PMC) is among the highest as compare with other mega cities in the India with average 0.400 kg (ranges from the 0.294 to 0.540 kg) of waste being generated per person per day. The present study aims to find the pollution of ground water at Urali-Devachi disposal site of Pune Municipal Corporation (Civic body). However, the result of present study was evaluated with the earlier study conducted in 2013 at the same disposal site by Dhere A. M et al. The data from earlier study reveals that, leachate from unscientific disposal of MSW badly pollute the ground water up to 1km periphery while in the present investigation shows that, the nature of some water pollutant (COD, BOD, Bicarbonates, Total Hardness) are increased by 3times than 2009 study. It is concluded that current processing to solid waste was responsible for polluting ground water. However this study recommending for alternative disposal site because of pollution and health concerns of people.

Spectral time‐domain induced polarisation and magnetic surveying – an efficient tool for characterisation of solid waste deposits in developing countries

ABSTRACTTime‐domain induced polarisation and magnetic data were acquired to map and characterise the decommissioned and un‐engineered municipal solid waste disposal site of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, located in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. In this survey, 13 induced polarisation profiles 500–800 m long and 26 magnetic profiles 400–800 m long were acquired. In addition, two boreholes were drilled to help in the interpretation of the geophysical data. The study was carried out with the aim of determining the risk posed by the waste deposit to the quality of the soil and the ground water system, which is the main potable water supply for the Secondary School, the University Teaching Hospital and the Veterinary School, situated within the catchment area of the site. Full‐decay 2‐D time‐domain induced polarisation inversions in terms of Cole–Cole parameters were used for interpreting the induced polarisation data. The chargeability, resistivity and normalised charge‐ability distributions, together with the magnetic results, aided in a full characterisation of the site geology, the waste and the associated pollution plume. In particular, clear contrasts in resistivity and the polarisation parameters were found between the saprolite layer and the granitic bedrock, which are the main lithological units of the area. Furthermore, it was found that the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology waste deposit is characterised by a low‐chargeability and low‐resistivity signature and that the low‐resistivity area spreads out from the waste deposit into the permeable saprolite layer, indicating the presence of a leachate plume. A fracture zone in the granitic bedrock beneath the waste deposit, which is a potential conduit for leachate contamination of the ground water system, was also identified. The study thus provides the information needed for assessing the future impact of the waste on the water quality in the area and for designing risk‐mitigation actions.

Quantitative evaluation of the sustainability or unsustainability of municipal solid waste options in Tabriz, Iran

Iran has been seeking to develop fully functional waste management strategies to address the problem of its rapidly growing cities. This requires proper evaluation to determine the most appropriate strategies to meet the goals of sustainable waste management. Environmental Impact Assessment is capable of contributing towards this goal. However, such assessments tend to involve a qualitative approach in the evaluation of the sustainability or unsustainability of potential options. Therefore, a suitable quantitative approach to evaluate sustainability/unsustainability is necessary. The paper applies a mathematical model to evaluate the sustainability of unmitigated options for a municipal solid waste disposal site in Tabriz, Iran. This was based upon rapid impact assessment matrix evaluation of the options. The model’s application determines whether the options are sustainable or unsustainable. The model application results indicate that all of the options were considered as unsustainable in an unmitigated state. The results for Tabriz were then compared and contrasted with results obtained by the authors for another MSW disposal site near Tehran. Based on this, there are questions as to the potential value of current waste management strategies. The paper concludes by stating that economic costs are the largest single barrier to achieving sustainable waste management. Furthermore, it is important to develop solutions which disposes and manages waste in a manner conducive to the long-term sustainability of the environment–human relationship.

Municipal Solid Waste Management using GIS Application in Mirpur Area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Identifying Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal sites and appropriately managing them is a challenging task to many developing countries like Bangladesh. It is a complex issue in an urban area, as increasing population levels, rapid economic growth and rise in community living standard, accelerates the generation rate of MSW. The study area is zone-2 (Mirpur-Pallabi) of Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) (10.40 km2) is a residential area, from where about 353.34 ton/day solid waste is generated and among them about 57.43% were managed by DNCC. There are 41 different size containers present at 17 locations in study area. The existing site and waste collecting containers are not sufficient, which deteriorates the environment due to illegal waste dumping and about 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. To identify proper waste dumping site and prevent contamination, Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to propose an efficient scenario with relocating the existing waste collecting containers and another scenario was proposed with number of containers (73) to attain an 93.68% waste collection efficiency including optimization and selection of waste collecting routes for the study area. This study also indicate that the application of GIS is an efficient and low cost tool to study and select appropriate dumping site so as to facilitate decision making processes.

Avaliação da contaminação no entorno de um aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos com base em resultados de poços de monitoramento

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta o monitoramento ambiental das águas subterrâneas do entorno do aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) de Bauru, São Paulo, Brasil. Paralelamente às diversas pesquisas realizadas na área durante o período de janeiro de 2003 a abril de 2008, foram construídos 14 poços de monitoramento em diferentes fases da investigação geoambiental, seguindo as normas vigentes na época e as necessidades observadas durante a interpretação dos resultados desta investigação, para confirmação da contaminação da área. As amostras foram coletadas com bailer , após o período de chuvas e de estiagem de cada ano. São apresentados os resultados obtidos ao longo do tempo para os seguintes parâmetros: nível d'água, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), Ca2+, Cl, Fe total, DQO, NH4 +, Zn2+, Na+, K+, além da relação demanda biológica de oxigênio/demanda química de oxigênio (DBO/DQO). Os resultados do longo período de monitoramento permitiram a análise de cada parâmetro em função do que ocorria superficialmente ao aterro, assim como com características naturais do aquífero. Conclui-se que a pluma de contaminação varia conforme o ponto de disposição e as características dos resíduos depositados, cuja recuperação e atenuação deverão ocorrer com o encerramento das atividades do aterro.