Composition Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Study of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste in the Perm region

The article describes the research of the morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Perm Territory during the period of self-isolation associated with SARS-CoV-2. It has been substantiated that the indicator of the morphological composition of MSW is decisive in the field of MSW management and determines the choice of the most acceptable method of waste disposal. Despite the growing interest in technologies for sorting and processing MSW, the most common method in Russia is waste disposal by soil methods - waste disposal at MSW landfills, which can pose a threat to the environment, since At many MSW disposal facilities, anti-seepage screens were not initially provided, there are no insulating backfills, many facilities are used beyond the design period. Experimental studies of the complex (morphological) composition of MSW were carried out in two settlements of the Perm Territory with a population of over 500,000 and a population of less than 300,000. The research methodology and tools are presented. The percentage of utilized components in the studied samples in the spring and summer seasons was calculated and the classification of the components according to the degree of biodegradation at MSW landfills, as well as the percentage of MSW components after the extraction of waste suitable for recyclable materials transported to the MSW landfills according to the research results. The percentage of the reduction in the penetration of hard-to-decompose and conditionally non-degradable fractions of MSW at the MSW landfills of the Perm Territory was calculated. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to study the morphological composition of MSW in the Perm Territory during a pandemic and to determine the percentage of components suitable for recyclability in the studied MSW samples by seasons (spring and summer seasons of 2020).

MSW in a Circular Economy: 2020 - 2035 Scenarios for the City of Oslo, Norway

The unfolding of Circular Economy principles will have consequences on the generation rate, amount, and composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as well as the preferred methods to treat them. In this work, four plausible scenarios on the future of MSW for the period 2020 – 2035 have been developed for the City of Oslo, Norway. The scenario’s consequences on (1) MSW amounts and properties and (2) the treatment methods, i.e. Waste-to-Energy (WtE), material recycling and biogas production have been evaluated. The main results can be summarized as such: (1) the evolution of both population and consumption (i.e. waste generated per inhabitant) will have a large impact; (2) meeting EU material recovery target (65% for MSW in 2035) means that several waste fractions have to be recycled at high levels, and this will be challenging without significant logistical and/or treatment capacity changes and/or technological breakthroughs, (3) in 2 out of 4 scenarios, the biogas production capacity must be expanded with a new plant to reach the 65% recovery target, (4) a “business as usual” approach is not sufficient to reach the recovery targets, (5) the combustion properties of MSW to WtE will be affected by increasing recycling, probably towards lower energy contents and higher ash contents and (6) “what-if scenario” studies should be carried out at the city/regional level as specific constraints must be included to bring valuable information.

The influence of recycling schemes on the composition and generation of municipal solid waste

To ensure the transparency and comparability of life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of waste management systems, a comprehensive waste data is necessary. We sampled and characterised municipal household waste in Denmark to investigate the impact of recycling schemes on the composition and generation of residual household waste (RHW), provide detailed waste data to waste management authorities as well as LCA practitioners. In total, 20 ton of waste, taken from 1,800 households in seven Danish municipalities in 2011 and 2017, was manually sorted. These municipalities had in common the systems for source separation of paper, cardboard, metal and glass, whereas the recycling of food and plastic varied among them. The waste sorting campaigns provided detailed composition of individual recycling scheme including (1) food, (2) plastic, (3) paper, (4) cardboard, (5) metal, and (6) glass as well as (7) RHW. For each of the six recycling schemes, waste was sorted into two different waste catalogues containing 48 and 50 fractions. Such a detailed waste composition enables waste management authorities to design comprehensive guidelines for waste sorting, while providing LCA practitioners with data that can significantly improve the validity and certainty of their results and recommendations. The results show that the highest misplacement rate was found in waste bins dedicated to food, plastic and RHW. The statistical analyses show that source separation of food and plastic waste reduces significantly (11%) the total amount of household waste, suggesting that, in addition to the environmental benefit of diverting food and plastic waste from landfill and incineration, source segregation may as well contribute to waste prevention. Moreover, the source-sorting of food waste, independently of whether plastics were sorted or not, significantly influences the composition of the RHW.

Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the physical composition of municipal solid waste: An assessment of the impact of seasonal variation

Sustainable planning of waste management is contingent on reliable data on waste characteristics and their variation across the seasons owing to the consequential environmental impact of such variation. Traditional waste characterization techniques in most developing countries are time-consuming and expensive; hence the need to address the issue from a modelling approach arises. In modelling the complexity within the system, a paradigm shift from the classical models to the intelligent models has been observed. The application of artificial intelligence models in waste management is gaining traction; however its application in predicting the physical composition of waste is still lacking. This study aims at investigating the optimal combinations of network architecture, training algorithm and activation functions that accurately predict the fraction of physical waste streams from meteorological parameters using artificial neural networks. The city of Johannesburg was used as a case study. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, wind speed and humidity were used as input variables to predict the percentage composition of organic, paper, plastics and textile waste streams. Several sub-models were stimulated with combination of nine training algorithms and four activation functions in each single hidden layer topology with a range of 1–15 neurons. Performance metrics used to evaluate the accuracy of the system are, root mean square error, mean absolute deviation, mean absolute percentage error and correlation coefficient (R). Optimal architectures in the order of input layer-number of neurons in the hidden layer-output layer for predicting organic, paper, plastics and textile waste were 4-10-1, 4-14-1, 4-5-1 and 4-8-1 with R-values of 0.916, 0.862, 0.834 and 0.826, respectively at the testing phase. The result of the study verifies that waste composition prediction can be done in a single hidden-layer satisfactorily.

Analyzing The Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Da Nang City, Vietnam

Recently, most cities in Vietnam are facing waste problems that are mainly caused by the rapid increase of municipal solid waste (MSW) amount and the limitations of the MSW management system. This study aims to characterise the waste generation, composition and characteristics of MSW in Da Nang city, which is one of the five biggest cities in Vietnam. The current problems and challenges of MSW system are also analysed. The sampling survey was conducted in the dry and wet seasons in August and November 2018. The MSW was taken directly from trucks at the landfill site with the sample size by 500 kg/waste sources. This study shows that the simultaneous development of production, trade and service activities in the last decade has led to the speedy growth of waste by 9 %/y, and reached 1,073 t/d in 2018. In which, waste generated from industry and the hospitals account inconsiderable proportions by 3.9 % and 1.4 %. This study also indicated that the MSW generation rate from the urban areas is more than that of the coastal and industrial areas. For the composition of MSW, biodegradable waste and recyclables are the main components with the proportion of 54 % and 27 % of the total waste. While the waste composition almost do not differ considerably by seasons, the difference in the characteristics of waste is a consideration for the processing. The current problems and solutions to improve the MSW system toward sustainability are also discussed and suggested.

The development of five - level trays type biodryer reactor for processing of organic waste and vinasse mixture into solid recovered fuel

At Malang city, municipal solid waste (MSW) composition is mostly an organic waste that can utilize for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF). Vinasse is a side product of the bioethanol industry, that mixed with MSW and dried by biodrying technique for solid fuel. The purpose of this research is to evaluate SRF characteristics of organic waste and vinasse mixture generate from biodrying. Research performed by drying the mixture of organic waste and vinasse at (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%) b/b ratio using biodrying reactor with five-level trays. This mixture inserted into the reactor tray, aerated at aeration flow rate 2 L/min from the compressor for nine days. The resulting SRF performed then characterized its moisture content, burning rate, and calorific value. The results showed that the biodryer reactor was successfully made with dimensions of 165 x 50 x 70 cm, consisting of five-level tray with a size of each level tray biodryer of 60 x 45 x 5 cm. The best SFR which has the highest heating value obtained from organic waste with vinasse 10%. It has a moisture content of 11.56%, the burning rate of 0.0135 g/sec, and calorific value of 3912.56 cal/g.

Energy recovery potential from incineration using municipal solid waste based on multi-scenario analysis in Beijing.

With the rapid growth of municipal solidwaste (MSW) generation, waste-to-energy (WTE) incineration has gained popularity due to its potential for electricity generation and swiftly reducing the volume and mass of MSW. Recognizing the urgency of MSW management, Beijing's government launched the "MSW Source Separation Regulation" on May 1, 2020. This paper attempts to take into account the different levels of MSW source separation as well as the impact of different MSW compositions on energy recovery potential from incineration. We assume that the MSW management level in Beijing in 2025 will reach that of developed countries (e.g., Australia), which have abundant experience and mature MSW management systems. The amount of MSW generation is predicted by a first-order and one-variable grey differential equation model, GM (1,1), and a kernel-based nonlinear multivariate grey model, KGM (1,n). We establish six scenarios and distinguish them by the composition and lowerheating values (LHV) of MSW, considered with and without recycling and source separation to varying degrees. The predicted amount of MSW generation in 2025 is 11,505,400 tons with 2.255% mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). With increasing source separation and removal of food waste, the volume of electricity generated per ton of waste ranges from 0.336 to 1.114 MWh/ton. At its lowest, the cost of electricity generation is 977.60 yuan/MWh. The results not only provide implications for balancing the benefits and costs of implementing WTE incineration strategies but also shed light on government management of MSW source separation.

Municipal solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison between the current activities and guidelines.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone’s lifestyle and this has resulted in a change in the quantity and composition of municipal solid wastes. Moreover, the post-pandemic waste management is very important as a bad management may lead to the more spread of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of guidelines presented for the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in proper solid waste management. To this end, the data were collected by using interviews and field researches and then the obtained data were compared with the international guidelines presented by international organizations. By investigating the municipal waste management during this pandemic and its changes compared to pre-COVID-19, coordination of the plans with the guidelines was investigated. The activities of storage, collection, transportation, recycling, final landfill, as well as the observation of the health instructions by staff and informal sections were assessed in the current research. Although the results showed that the situation was satisfactory in the sections like health and safety of waste management operators due to the existence of protocols and general educations, the waste management plans have not been changed much from before the epidemic of the Coronavirus. The absence of a national policy and plan for waste management in the era of a pandemic and ignoring the guidelines developed by other countries and organizations were observable. Therefore, the codification of new policies for municipal waste management during an epidemic is necessary.

Generation, Composition and Management of Municipal Solid Waste at Rudraprayag, Garhwal Himalaya

The key objective of the current research effort was to investigate the generation and composition of the municipal solid waste and to assess the recent management practices for solid waste management. The study area was divided into nine wards and four zones on the basis of population size, their economic and living standards. The total solid waste generation during the study period was around 4-5 tonnes per day. The qualitative solid waste analysis of Rudraprayag reveals that it includes the biodegradable, non-biodegradable and inert waste. However, the quantitative solid waste analysis reveals that the highest generation of biodegradable waste was found in February (89.16 %) and lowest in May (79.06 %). Non-biodegradable waste was recorded highest during March (25.72 %) and lowest during June (7.73 %). The percentage of inert waste was maximum during April (2.87 %) minimum during June (0.037 %). The total waste generation was found maximum during February which was 5883.983 g. However, it was found minimum during May which was 2596.034 g.

The assessment of energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill

This article examines the energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill in the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Krai. The landfill was launched in 1975. The landfill has a monsoon-type climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters with little amount of snow. The services are provided to 45,646 people. The morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) stored on the landfill consist of recyclable paper, glass, polymers, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metal, food waste, etc. The authors provide a brief characteristics to the landfill; examine biogas yield, component composition of landfill gas, and average composition of biogas; determine specific density of biogas per year. The article calculates the maximum single and gross emissions of pollutants, average specific values of harmful emissions, annual and maximum single amount of landfill gas. Assessment is given to the theoretical energy value of municipal solid waste landfill. The energy capacity of municipal solid waste landfill and its economic efficiency are indicated. In the course of technical calculations, the number of nonrenewable energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas), which can be saved if replace energy carriers with landfill gas is determined. The analysis of using MSW as the renewable secondary energy resources demonstrates the growing role of this source in energy saving and capacity for reducing environmental pollution due to collection and disposal of biogas.

Возможности индустриального решения вопроса селекции и переработки коммунальных отходов

The results of the author's analysis of the problems of selective collection and processing as secondary particularly valuable and environmentally limited types of municipal solid waste (MSW): batteries, polymer materials and glass, are presented. The urgency of these problems is determined by the proclamation of the "garbage reform" in our country in connection with the large accumulation of MSW - up to 65 million per year with 5% recycling. Abroad, the practice of MSW processing with the burial and incineration of only their residual part, which cannot be disposed of, has been es-tablished. The prospects of recycling the considered types of MSW as recyclable materials are shown, including the data on mer-cury lamps, electroplated sludge and effluents, silt sludge from treatment facilities, published earlier in the materials of the Institute of Social, Economic and Energy Problems of the North, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, RAS (2018). The effectiveness of this direction in MSW management is ensured by obtaining highly liquid products while reducing negative environmental impacts on the environment by removing particularly dangerous components from the composition of stored MSW. Currently, the implementation of the "garbage reform" is to create a system of "Regional Operators" for the removal and handling of MSW, payment for these services by the population and design the construction of modern waste processing plants in the Moscow region and Tatarstan. The profitability of the garbage business, with limited possibilities for Russian regions to create a sustainable infrastructure for its technological implementation, without state co-financing, can make the process of self-organization, that has begun, unmanageable. The growth of income from the removal of MSW in the absence of processing facilities provokes their disposal in new places, remote from Moscow and St. Petersburg. From these positions, it is recommended to organize network Regional Innovation and Consulting Centers (RICC) responsible for environmental awareness, education and environmental and technological control under the auspices of Rospotrebnadzor (Russian Consumer Supervision). From these positions, the "garbage reform" should be considered as the creation of a new industrial sector for the processing of secondary raw materials (recycling).

Procena energetskog potencijala za termički tretman komunalnog čvrstog otpada sa teritorije grada Leskovca za 2020. godinu

In addition to material recycling, municipal solid waste (MSW) can be treated with so-called, energy recycling or thermal treatment. The basic conditions that need to be met for this are that MSW can justifiably not be treated with priority material recycling and should have a certain acceptable energy potential for thermal treatment. The paper presents the morphological composition of MSW, generated amount on the territory of the City of Leskovac for 2020, with emphasis on the calculation of the energy potential of MSW, on the basis of which a decision should be made whether material or energy recycling (thermal treatment) will be applied.

Evaluation of different curve fitting models for prediction of municipal solid waste composition

Evaluation of different curve fitting models for prediction of municipal solid waste composition

Unsupervised aided investigation on the associations between municipal solid waste characteristics and socio-economic conditions

Better municipal solid waste (MSW) management can help to address environmental concerns and supports economic and social development. Because MSW characteristics can change over time, management strategies should also evolve and be applied correspondingly. However, many previous studies have focused on MSW characterization or investigated specific management strategies for a target MSW. Few studies have assessed the spatial variations of MSW characteristics and socio-economic (SE) conditions as well as their associations. This study evaluated the feasibility of using an integrated unsupervised method (cluster analysis and cross-tabulation analysis) to explore these topics for MSW management. Results suggest that the integrated method can successfully help to reveal key information. Seven jointed MSW-SE scenarios were investigated based on 259 individual observations of Taiwan. Associations between MSW compositions and SE conditions were identified statistically significant for four MSW-SE scenarios. In general, the general SE type (SE1) is very likely to generate high food wastes and other combustible, low paper, wood, and rubber wastes (MSW1). The small island SE type (SE3) is more likely to produce high paper and low wood, rubber, textile, and other noncombustible wastes (MSW2). Overall, the method applied in this study could help to reveal statistical associations between MSW and SE, which can help decision-makers comprehend underlying facts and develop effective management strategies.

Generalized models to predict the lower heating value (LHV) of municipal solid waste (MSW)

Accurately and efficiently predicting the LHV of MSW is vital for designing and operating a waste-to-energy plant. However, previous prediction models possess limited geographical applicability. In this paper, we employ multiple linear regression and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques to predict LHV. These data-driven models utilize 151 globally distributed datasets identified during a systematic literature review, describing the wet physical composition of MSW and measured LHV. The results show that models built via both methods exhibited acceptable and compatible levels of performance in predicting LHV, based on the multiple statistical indicators. However, the ANN model proved to be more robust in handling of datasets of diverse quality. Models developed from both methods demonstrate clearly that the wet proportion of food waste has a negative impact on LHV. Supported by the strong and significant correlation between food waste and moisture content, we concluded that the negative impact of high moisture content in food waste on LHV outweighed its calorific value. Separating food waste or any other waste with high moisture content from the MSW for incineration can significantly improve energy recovery efficiency. Contrary to expectation, the models also reveal a higher contribution of paper waste to the LHV of MSW than plastic waste.

A Detailed Characterization of Household Municipal Solid Waste

Purpose: The acquisition of reliable data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) composition is very important for the development of environmentally sound, sustainable and economically viable integrated waste management systems. However, no standardized universally accepted waste characterization protocol has been developed, as there are various methodologies described in the relevant literature. In this study, a generic and easy-to-apply MSW sampling and sorting protocol is developed and presented. Methods: The MSW composition characterization was used for the development of an innovative waste management strategy in the Municipality of Halandri (Attica region, Greece). The methodology was applied four times, to study the repeatability of the results, as well as the potential impact of seasonality. In each sampling point one collection bin for each waste stream was employed (mixed waste, recyclables, paper/cardboard and food waste in the region where food waste was separately collected at the source) in order to collect all the separate streams and account for the entire MSW production profile. The sampling points were selected in strictly residential areas (no shops, companies nearby). For 7 consecutive days the content of the bins was collected on a daily basis and transported to a sorting facility, where the content was sorted and weighed. Results: The results repeatedly indicated source separation rates of up to 79% and a level of impurities in the recycling waste source separation and collection streams (recyclables and paper/cardboard) not exceeding 20%. Conclusion: The applied methodology proved to generate accurate results, offering a detailed picture of the Municipal Solid Waste management performance.

Assessing the current status and proposed solution of municipal solid waste management in Pleiku City, Gia Lai Province

Solid waste management is one of the most important challenges for the local administration in Pleiku city. The study on current assessment and proposing solid waste control solutions was con-ducted in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province. In general, the large volume of the municipal solid waste caused pollution and loss of ecological beauty - case study in Pleiku city. This paper investigated the total solid of waste volume which was increasing in periods from 2012 to 2016 with 35,386; 38,689; 43,243; 46,900 and 50,737 tons per year, respectively. The amount of solid waste was col-lected mainly from households and they was equal to the highest rate of 78.7%. Regarding to prediction by 2030, the volume of municipal solid waste tends to increase with 361.186 tons per day. The solid waste was buried in a landfill and used a large land area, but it just can be used in a short time. In addition, the volume and composition of municipal solid waste were relevant to the MBT-CD.08 technology's standard. This researching will be contributed to the decision-making on the selection of solid waste treatment technology in Pleiku city following their trends such as the sustainable development and the high benefits. The MBT-CD.08 technology are a useful solution, high feasibility and will be saved costs related to the solid waste treatment.

Laboratory investigation of compaction characteristics of fresh and degraded municipal solid waste

Compaction characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) are the important parameters in the landfill design. Well compacted MSW increases the placement efficiency and thus reduces the space requirement for landfills. The composition of MSW, degradation, and compactive efforts are the key factors that control the compaction characteristics of MSW. This paper presents the laboratory investigation of compaction characteristics of fresh and aged MSW at a wide range of compactive efforts. Fresh MSW (S1), Windrows sample (S2) of an age of 2 months, 5-year-old MSW (S3), 10-year-old MSW (S4), and 15-year-old MSW (S5) were collected from the working phase of the solid waste management site, Vilholi Nasik, (MH) India. Compaction was carried in 1000 mL capacity mold under four different energy levels, i.e., 552 (E1), 1125 (E2), 2682 (E3), and 5364 (E4) kJ/m3. The results showed that the maximum dry density (γdmax) was observed less in the S1 sample at the standard compactive effort. As the age of the sample increase from fresh to 5 years, γdmax was more with lesser optimum moisture content (wopt) because of the completion of the biodegradation process. No further change in compaction characteristics was observed once the biodegradation process was finished. The study shows that the particle size of MSW gets reduced as the age of the sample increased. This reduces the particle size of MSW is one of the contributing factors to increasing γdmax. When compactive energy is changed from E1 to E4 the γdmax increased and wopt decreased for all the samples. A normalized wopt and compaction energy correlation is proposed in this study. The correlation can get compaction characteristics of fresh and aged MSW at any compactive effort.

Renewable energy from solid waste: life cycle analysis and social welfare

In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in distinct world locations is compared and a case study is assessed. Three waste-to-energy (WtE) techniques are employed within the framework of an industrial partnership. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and a brief social contextualization including the production of renewable energy from the waste generated worldwide were held to attain a holistic view and attract the interest of multiple stakeholders.Incineration depicted a sustainable profile with improved results for global warming potential and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential. Regular gasification revealed the best results for eutrophication, acidification, marine aquatic ecotoxicity and human toxicity potential. Two-stage plasma gasification showed negative values for all impact categories i.e. achieving environmental credits. The estimate of the electricity produced from the waste generated per capita showed a fair coverage of the electrical demand in distinct world areas.To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no reports connecting the electricity use, the waste production and the renewable energy achieved from WtE for different world regions. Therefore, this study supports the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable alternatives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining the comfort and commodities suitable for a comfortable quality of life.

Generation and composition of municipal solid waste: case study, extension 7, Palapye, Botswana

The rapid population growth and industrialisation has contributed to the production of large quantities of solid wastes that should be managed properly. This study was conducted to investigate the generation and composition of solid wastes at different income levels during weekdays and weekends in a particular zone in Palapye municipality (Extension 7), Botswana. The study was conducted through sampling of wastes at source and analysis at the laboratory. In increasing order, the generation rates were 0.17 ± 0.11, 0.17 ± 0.0, 0.10 ± 0.02 and 0.08 ± 0.01 kg/capita/day in high, middle, lodge (commercial) and low income household during weekdays respectively. The corresponding generation rates during weekends were 0.38 ± 0.23, 0.34 ± 0.0, 0.22 ± 0.0 and 0.27 ± 0.21 kg/capita/day, respectively. Food wastes represented the highest composition and in decreasing order was 48.4 ± 24.6, 68.1, 59.4 ± 2.47, and 51.8 ± 5.1% respectively, during weekdays. The corresponding composition during weekends was 73.8 ± 25.7, 86.4, 62.6 ± 39.8 and 49.8%, respectively. The densities of the wastes were 383.5 ± 213, 493.8 ± 454, 580.9 ± 436, and 431 ± 188 kg/m3 respectively, from high, middle, low- income households and commercial entity during weekdays. The corresponding densities during weekends were 568 ± 105, 270 ± 0.0, 352.8 ± 149 and 833 ± 0.0 kg/m3 respectively. Indiscriminate wastes disposal were observed at the dumping site which was not controlled and therefore posing as a health hazard to both human beings, animals and the environment in general. To conclude, large quantities of wastes are generated by high income-households and more is produced during weekends with food wastes representing the highest composition. The information from the study can inform the policy makers and public health specialists to plan engineered waste management system for the town.