Mung Bean Research Articles

Enhancing Growth in Vigna radiata through the Inhibition of Charcoal Rot Disease: A Strategic Approach Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria.

Macrophomina phaseolina is a vital seed and soil-borne phytopathogen responsible for substantial crop yield losses. Although various methods exist for managing soil-borne pathogens, such as agronomic practices, chemical treatments, and varietal tolerance, biological control utilizing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or their secondary metabolites presents promising avenues. In this study, a screening of 150 isolates from the rhizosphere of Vigna radiata L. was conducted to identify strains capable of promoting host growth and controlling charcoal rot disease. Among the tested isolates, only 15 strains demonstrated the ability to produce plant growth-related metabolites, including indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and lytic enzymes, and solubilize inorganic phosphate. Subsequently, these potent strains were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. Three strains, namely MRP-7 (58% growth inhibition), MRP-12 (55% growth inhibition), and MRP-8 (44% growth inhibition), exhibited the highest percent growth inhibition (PGI.). Furthermore, a pot experiment demonstrated that the selected strains acted as effective growth promoters and ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavengers, and served as potential biocontrol agents, significantly reducing the incidence of charcoal rot disease and improving various agronomic attributes of the host plant. These findings highlight the potential of these strains to be utilized as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents for sustainable agricultural practices.

Functional validation of mungbean LEA protein coding gene in bacterial expression system confers salt stress tolerance

Mungbean (Vigna radiata R. Wilczek) is a major tropical food grain legume that is widely cultivated in tropical part of the world. Mungbean like other plants, tolerate and survive limited water situation owing to expression of stress associated proteins that offers membrane stability and cell protection. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins are among the group of low molecular weight proteins, that play diverse roles in stress protection in several species of plants and animals. A LEA protein coding gene VrLEA2 was isolated from mungbean and its role in stress tolerance has been demonstrated using a bacterial expression system. VrLEA2 gene isolated was of size 893 bp and characterized as a group 1 LEA protein based on the sequence signature motif with presence of hydrophilic domain and a characteristic 20-mer conserved amino acids motif. VrLEA2 gene was cloned into a bacterial expression vector, pET 28a (+), transformed into the E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells for recombinant protein expression and subsequently subjected to antibiotic selection with kanamycin. Functional validation of the VrLEA2 for salt stress tolerance with varied concentration of NaCl (0 mM to 600 mM) showed alteration in colony morphology and reduction in the number of colonies in control compared to the transformed cells demonstrating the improved survival rate of cells expressing VrLEA2 protein. These findings indicate the best use of bacterial expression system for functional validation of plant proteins under stressed environments.

Effects of Purified Vitexin and Iso-Vitexin from Mung Bean Seed Coat on Antihyperglycemic Activity and Gut Microbiota in Overweight Individuals' Modulation.

Exceeding a healthy weight significantly elevates the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A commercially available singular constituent, available as either purified vitexin or iso-vitexin, has been associated with a decreased risk of T2DM, but its synergistic effect has not been reported yet. Vitexin and iso-vitexin were extracted using an ethanol-based solvent from mung bean seed coat (MBCE) and subsequently purified using preparative liquid chromatography (Prep-LC). Eleven mixture ratios of vitexin and/or iso-vitexin were determined for their antioxidant and antihyperglycemic activities. The 1:1.5 ratio of vitexin to iso-vitexin from MBCE demonstrated the most synergistic effects for enzyme inhibition and glucose uptake in HepG2 cells within an insulin-resistant system, while these ratios exhibited a significantly lower antioxidant capacity than that of each individual component. In a gut model system, the ratio of 1:1.5 (vitexin and iso-vitexin) regulated the gut microbiota composition in overweight individuals by decreasing the growth of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae, while increasing in Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae. The application of vitexin/iso-vitexin for 24 h fermentation enhanced a high variety of abundances of 21 genera resulting in five genera of Parabacteroides, Ruminococcus, Roseburia, Enterocloster, and Peptacetobacter, which belonged to the phylum Firmicutes, exhibiting high abundant changes of more than 5%. Only two genera of Proteus and Butyricicoccus belonging to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes decreased. The findings suggest that these phytochemicals interactions could have synergistic effects in regulating glycemia, through changes in antihyperglycemic activity and in the gut microbiota in overweight individuals. This optimal ratio can be utilized by industries to formulate more potent functional ingredients for functional foods and to create nutraceutical supplements aimed at reducing the risk of T2DM in overweight individuals.

Impact of Cluster Frontline Demonstrations on Promotion of Pulse Crops in Farmers Fields of Telangana, India

Cluster Frontline Demonstrations (CFLDs) were conducted in Nagarkurnool district of Telangana state in the operational areas KVK Palem to assess the productivity and profitability of improved rabi pulse varieties—green gram (WGG-42) and black gram (PU-31)—using scientific production technologies from 2018–19 to 2020–21. Conducted across 150 farmer fields covering 60 hectares, the demonstrations revealed average yields of 16.7 q/ha for black gram and 14.2 q/ha for green gram, representing yield increase of 15.2–16.1% and 12.5–13.8% respectively over traditional practices. The extension gap was 4.0 q/ha for black gram and 2.8 q/ha for green gram, while the technology gap was 8.3 q/ha and 7.8 q/ha, with technology indices of 33.20% and 35.61%, respectively. Economic analysis showed that the demonstrations generated significantly higher returns, with net increase of Rs. 15,365/ha for black gram and Rs. 18,785/ha for green gram, and benefit-cost ratio of 2.80 and 2.81, respectively.

Evaluation of Elevated CO2 on Nutritional Quality of Green Gram for the Management of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) during Storage

An experiment was conducted to study the assessment of nutritional quality parameters of green gram treated with elevated levels of carbon dioxide to manage Callosobruchus infestation during 2020-21 at Seed Entomology Laboratory, Seed Research and Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. Nutritional quality of Callosobruchus chinensis infested green gram seeds exposed to four different concentrations of CO2 viz., 20, 40, 60 and 80 per cent was studied. The results revealed that the 80 per cent CO2 concentration maintained high carbohydrate content (62.93 per cent) and crude fat (4.51 per cent) besides less protein (25.26 per cent) content after two months of storage. The 80per cent CO2 treatment was consistently found to be the best treatment when it was retested in bulk quantity (25 kg of seed) after two months of storage period. High carbohydrate, crude fat content and low protein content were observed in all the CO2 treatments (20, 40, 60 and 80 per cent) when compared to untreated control. These findings suggest that using elevated CO2 levels could be a viable alternative to synthetic pesticides chemical fumigants for preserving green gram during storage.

Enhancing Resistance to Cercospora Leaf Spot in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) through Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 Priming: Molecular Insights and Bio-Priming Potential.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), a vital legume in Asia with significant nutritional benefits, is highly susceptible to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens, leading to significant yield losses. As an alternative to chemical fungicides, bio-priming with rhizobacteria can enhance plant resistance. This study explores the potential of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain DOA9 to augment resistance in mung bean against CLS via root priming. The results reveal that short (3 days) and double (17 and 3 days) priming with DOA9 before fungal infection considerably reduces lesion size on infected leaves by activating defense-related genes, including Pti1, Pti6, EDS1, NDR1, PR-1, PR-2, Prx, and CHS, or by suppressing the inhibition of PR-5 and enhancing peroxidase (POD) activity in leaves. Interestingly, the Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of DOA9 may play a role in establishing resistance in V. radiata CN72. These findings suggest that DOA9 primes V. radiata CN72's defense mechanisms, offering an effective bio-priming strategy to alleviate CLS. Hence, our insights propose the potential use of DOA9 as a bio-priming agent to manage CLS in V. radiata CN72, providing a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicide applications.

Yield Gap Analysis and Impact Assessment of Frontline Demonstrations on Green Gram in Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Krishi Vigyan Kendra Tirap, Arunachal Pradesh, India conducted frontline demonstrations (FLD) on green gram at 30 ha area of farmers’ field to exhibit latest production technologies and compared it with farmer’s practice during Kharif season of 2022. The study in total 75 frontline demonstrations were conducted on farmers’ fields in villages viz., Deomali, Namsang, Soha, Makat, Paniduria, Sipini and Chomoithung of Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh state during 2022-23 to demonstrate production potential and economic benefit of improved technologies. The FLD recorded a average yield of 640 kg/ha which was 20.75% higher than obtained with farmers’ practice (530 kg/ha). The better mean net income of Rs. 17500/ha with a Benefit: Cost ratio of 1.76 was obtained with FLD in comparison to farmers’ practices (Rs. 10300/ha). The farmers’ should be encouraged to adopt the recommended package of practices realizing for higher returns.

Assessing Seed Treatments to Control Sudden Death Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme and Seedling and Root Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia sp. on Mungbean (Vigna radiata)

There is growing interest in producing mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) in the United States, which is driven by increased consumer demand. Strategies are needed for United States farmers to take advantage of this high-value crop and its environmental sustainability. Recommendations for the management of mungbean seedling and root diseases are lacking. Preliminary research in central Iowa mungbean fields from 2019 to 2023 has shown that mungbean is particularly vulnerable to Fusarium virguliforme, the cause of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS), and Rhizoctonia sp., the cause of damping-off, root decay, premature defoliation, and pod abortion. The purpose of this study was to screen a variety of fungicides as a seed treatment or a soil band application to control root rot in mungbean. We performed three field studies over 2 years using mungbean cultivars Berken and OK2000. Seed treatments Evergol Energy + fluopyram and Evergol Energy + pydiflumetofen showed the highest performance ( P < 0.05), with approximately 30% more healthy roots than nontreated controls. Other treatments exhibited about 20% more healthy roots than the nontreated control. Biotam in-furrow application showed the highest plant population for ‘OK2000’, but we observed no treatment differences in plant stand for ‘Berken’.

Characterization of TBP and TAFs in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and Their Potential Involvement in Abiotic Stress Response.

The TATA-box binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs) constitute the transcription factor IID (TFIID), a crucial component of RNA polymerase II, essential for transcription initiation and regulation. Several TFIID subunits are shared with the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) coactivator complex. Recent research has revealed the roles of TBP and TAFs in organogenesis and stress adaptation. In this study, we identified 1 TBP and 21 putative TAFs in the mungbean genome, among which VrTAF5, VrTAF6, VrTAF8, VrTAF9, VrTAF14, and VrTAF15 have paralogous genes. Their potential involvement in abiotic stress responses was also investigated here, including high salinity, water deficit, heat, and cold. The findings indicated that distinct genes exerted predominant influences in the response to different abiotic stresses through potentially unique mechanisms. Specifically, under salt stress, VrTBP, VrTAF2, and VrTAF15-1 were strongly induced, while VrTAF10, VrTAF11, and VrTAF13 acted as negative regulators. In the case of water-deficit stress, it was likely that VrTAF1, VrTAF2, VrTAF5-2, VrTAF9, and VrTAF15-1 were primarily involved. Additionally, in response to changes in ambient temperature, it was possible that genes such as VrTAF5-1, VrTAF6-1, VrTAF9-2, VrTAF10, VrTAF13, VrTAF14b-2, and VrTAF15-1 might play a dominant role. This comprehensive exploration of VrTBP and VrTAFs can offer a new perspective on understanding plant stress responses and provide valuable insights into breeding improvement.

Physicochemical and stability analysis of mung bean protein hydrolysates with lipid peroxidation inhibition

This study investigated mung bean protein hydrolysates (MBPH) produced using neutral protease, examining their physicochemical properties, stability, and lipid peroxidation inhibition capabilities. The research revealed that MBPH molecular weight ranged from 17 to 26 kDa and perform various functions, including catalytic, nutrient storage, and binding. Stability assessments showed that MBPH are stable at 45 °C and pH of 7.5 but are light-sensitive and unstable in solution or when combined with sugars. Additionally, increased concentrations of digestive enzymes reduce MBPH stability. Antioxidant tests in vitro and in Caenorhabditis elegans confirmed MBPH's ability to neutralizing radicals, enhance antioxidant enzyme activities, and reduce lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting against oxidative damage. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that MBPH extend the lifespan of worms and reduced their body lipid content, indicating potential benefits in mitigating cholesterol-related damage. This research demonstrates the potential of MBPH in inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Antinutritional Factors Present in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of different processing methods on the antinutritional factors of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) of the Pusa Baisakhi variety. The values obtained were as follows: tannin 477 mg/100 g, oxalate 227 mg/100 g, phytate 627 mg/100 g, total phenolic content 772 mg/100 g, and saponin 2618 mg/100 g in raw mungbean, on a dry basis. The maximum reduction in tannin (63%) was observed when the mungbean was processed by the soaking and dehulling processes. The reduction achieved by soaking for 12 h and germination for 36 h was the most effective method in reducing the phytate content of mungbean (39%). The maximum reduction in saponin (22%) and oxalate (71%) was observed by autoclaving the soaked seeds. In comparison to other methods, roasting was the least effective method to reduce tannin, phytate, and oxalate. Autoclaving of the soaked seeds was the most effective method for reducing the antinutrients of mungbean among the cooking treatments. The processing methods such as soaking, dehulling, germination, roasting, raw open cooking, raw autoclaving, soaked open cooking, and autoclaving of soaked seeds significantly reduced the antinutrient contents of mungbean (p < 0.05). However, the effects of the treatments combined were more effective than those of the single process.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION METHODS AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS OF POTATO UNDER DIFFERENT PRECEDING CROP SEQUENCES IN CENTRAL INDIA

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute-RS, Gwalior, in split-plot design: 3 irrigation methods (main plots) and 5 fertilizer doses in various crop sequences (sub-plots), with four replications. Results revealed that the highest total tuber number (604 thousand/ha) was recorded with dhaincha - potato (75% RDF NPK) which was significantly higher than all other treatments except green gram - potato (75% RDF NPK). Drip irrigation resulted in highest total tuber yield (35.8 t/ha), significantly surpassing other methods. Dhaincha - potato (75% RDF NPK) combination yielded (37.5 t/ha) highest, significantly outperforming others except fallow - potato (50% RDF NPK/ha + 15 t FYM) sequence. Drip irrigation x fallow - potato (50% RDF NPK/ha + 15 t FYM) combination recorded the highest total tuber yield at 40.3 t/ha. Drip irrigation resulted in water-use efficiency of 137 kg/ha-mm and harvest index of 72%, significantly surpassing other methods. Fallow – potato {FYM 7.5 t/ha + crop residue 7.5 t/ha + biofertilizers (Azotobacter and PSB)} sequence recorded highest harvest index 73%, significantly surpassing other treatments. Drip irrigation resulted in highest WUE (137 kg/ha-mm), significantly surpassing other methods. Combination of drip irrigation x fallow – potato (FYM 7.5 t/ha + 50% RDF NPK) sequence recorded highest WUE (155 kg tuber/ha-mm), significantly outperforming other treatments. Dhaincha – potato (75% RDF NPK) sequence resulted in the highest nitrogen content (216 kg/ha), significantly surpassing others. Dhaincha - potato (75% RDF NPK) sequence significantly out performed in tuber nitrogen uptake (77 kg/ha) to other sequences. Combination of drip irrigation x dhaincha - potato (75% RDF NPK) sequence recorded highest N uptake (83 kg/ha). Benefit : cost was highest with drip irrigation (3.1) among irrigation methods and it was highest with dhaincha - potato (75% RDF NPK) sequence (2.99) among crop sequences.

Regenerated cellulose films with controllable microporous structure for enhanced seed germination

In this work, the preparation of high-performance and porous regenerated cellulose (RCNH) films for seed germination application were investigated. The films were prepared from bamboo-based cellulose carbamate-NaOH/ZnO/urea and coagulated using environmentally friendly aqueous solution of (NH4)2SO4. The results showed that the pore size of the films could be efficiently controlled by changing the concentration and temperature of the coagulation bath. In a mild environment, the system remains undisturbed, resulting in slow diffusion between the solvent and coagulation bath. This allows for the cellulose molecular chains to align in parallel and self-aggregate, forming a three-dimensional network structure. Therefore, the best mechanical properties were demonstrated by a film coagulated using 5 wt% (NH4)2SO4 solution at 10 °C. This film showed excellent tensile strength of 108 MPa and high elongation at break (35 %). As compared to a plastic wrap, the film demonstrated higher permeability for oxygen, and a moisture retaining ability. Due to these properties, it could be used as an agricultural film to encase and promote the growth of mung bean seeds. Moreover, the film was biodegradable with a short decomposition time, losing 90.75 % of its original mass after 63 days. In a summary, this work provides a route for robust, biodegradable, and permeable regenerated cellulose films with potential applications as biodegradable agricultural mulches.

Assessment of Physical Properties of Black Gram and Green Gram Seeds in Relation to the Design of Seed Metering Mechanisms

In 2023, a comprehensive study was carried out at the Department of Agricultural Engineering, IARI, New Delhi, India, focusing on the investigation of vital physical properties encompassing size, sphericity, test weight, bulk density, true density, coefficient of static friction, and angle of repose for black gram and green gram seeds. Black gram seeds were characterized by mean dimensions of 4.90 mm (length), 3.74 mm (breadth), 3.57 mm (thickness), and a geometric mean diameter of 4.02 mm. In contrast, green gram seeds exhibited corresponding values of 5.08 mm, 4.06 mm, 3.99 mm, and 4.45 mm. Sphericity percentages were quantified as 82% for black gram and 86% for green gram. Mean bulk density measurements of 0.86 g/cc (black gram) and 0.87 g/cc (green gram) were accompanied by true density values of 1.36 g/cc and 1.38 g/cc, respectively. The mean angle of repose measurements were recorded as 24.06° (black gram) and 23.94° (green gram). The mean coefficient of static friction exhibited variability across different materials: 0.50 (aluminum), 0.45 (mild steel), 0.47 (galvanized iron), and 0.60 (plywood) for black gram seeds; while for green gram seeds, corresponding values were 0.48, 0.43, 0.45, and 0.57. Additionally, the mean thousand-grain weight was found to be 41.82 g for black gram and 46.18 g for green gram.

Harnessing Virtual Insights: A Computational Study on the Molecular Characterization of a Drought‐Inducible RNA‐Binding Protein for Enhancing Drought Tolerance in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

AbstractAbiotic stresses, particularly drought and salinity, significantly impact agricultural crop yields, with mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) being no exception. This annual green legume, vital to agricultural systems in Asia, is generally resilient to limited water supply; however, severe drought conditions at critical growth stages can drastically diminish both its quality and yield. Drought stress negatively affects various morpho‐physicochemical properties, impeding plant growth and highlighting the need for sustainable approaches to enhance mung bean's drought tolerance through improved farming practices. In this study, we focused on identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance in mung beans. We retrieved the target gene sequence from the NCBI database, but found no direct sequence similarity, which led to the use of homology modeling. The structure of a known protein (PDB ID: 5T9P) was identified as the most suitable template. Motif prediction using the Motif Search tool highlighted specific motifs relevant to drought stress responses. To investigate potential drought‐tolerance mechanisms, we screened ABA agonists using Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis. Molecular docking and MD simulations revealed the interactions between these ligands and the modeled protein, shedding light on how they might influence drought tolerance. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the stability and conformational dynamics of the modeled protein across different time scales. Our findings underscore the potential of ABA agonists to modulate physiological responses and enhance drought resistance. This research offers valuable insights into the conformational dynamics of drought‐related proteins in mung beans, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of drought response mechanisms. By advancing our understanding of these processes, our findings provide novel strategies for improving breeding approaches aimed at enhancing crop resilience against water scarcity and other abiotic stresses. This work promises to mitigate the detrimental effects of drought on mung bean yields and supports sustainable agricultural practices, thereby contributing to global food security.

Evaluation Of Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata) Varieties For Resistance To Bruchid (Callosobruchus Spp) Infestation Using The “No Choice Test"

Mung beans (Vigna radiata) commonly known as green grams, are an important legume crop cultivated for food and as a source of income. Mung bean seeds are highly susceptible to infestation by bruchids (Callosobruchus spp), which can cause significant post-harvest losses, hence impacting on the global food security. Bruchid infestation control remains a priority, and overreliance on chemical pesticides contributes to environmental concerns due to the potential harm to non-target species such as soil and water quality. Investigating natural resistance mechanisms in mung beans can contribute to sustainable and eco-friendly pest management practices. This study aimed at identifying mung bean varieties resistant to storage bruchids using the 'No Choice' test by determining the seed damage. Twenty-three mung bean varieties, both wild and local, were obtained from KALRO Katumani and evaluated against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) under laboratory conditions. Fifty seeds of each test sample were placed in separate petri dishes. Five male and female pairs of 0–24-hour-old adults of the beetle were released into each petri dish, covered to prevent insect escape and allow air circulation. The observations were made after 72 hours on oviposition preference by determining the number of eggs laid and percentage seed damage by counting the seeds with one or more holes from the total. The mung bean variety V100-35226 exhibited the highest resistance to bruchid infestations, with minimal seed damage. Other varieties with slight resistance included AMVU-1612, AMVU-1601, AMVU-1603, and V100-1802. The results highlighted significant differences in resistance levels among the mung bean varieties, indicating that some varieties possess natural resistance mechanisms to bruchid infestation

Isolation and characterization of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) rhizobia in Myanmar

We collected soil samples from six major mung bean cropping regions in Myanmar: Sagaing, Mandalay, Nay Pyi Taw, and Magway in the tropical savanna climate zone and Bago and Yangon in the tropical monsoon climate zone. All fields grew mung bean for at least 5 years and had no history of rhizobial inoculation. Mung bean ‘Yezin-11’, a popular cultivar in Myanmar, was inoculated with soil suspensions. From the nodules formed on the roots, we isolated 55 rhizobial strains. Identification of the isolates revealed the dominant species of indigenous rhizobia in each region. We identified 53 Bradyrhizobium strains and 2 Ensifer strains. Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense was dominant in the tropical savanna zone and Bradyrhizobium sp. (B. liaoningense or B. diversitatis) and B. centrosematis were dominant in the tropical monsoon zone. Principal component analysis indicates that the dominance of B. yuanmingense in the tropical savanna zone might be due to high concentration of NO3-N and P2O5 in the soil. It also indicates that the dominance of B. centrosematis in the tropical monsoon zone might be caused by drastically low pH and high concentration of NH4 in the soil. Bradyrhizobium centrosematis YGN-M9, B. yuanmingense SGG-M3, and Bradyrhizobium sp. BGO-M5 significantly increased nodulation (nodule number and nodule dry weight), acetylene reduction activity, and shoot dry weight, respectively, relative to Ensifer terangae MDY-M6. Co-inoculation with these three strains increased nodulation significantly compared with single inoculation of BGO-M5. The characterization of mung bean rhizobia and selection of microbial inoculant candidates will be useful for the development of microbial inoculants in Myanmar.

Zinc and Boron Foliar Application Effects on Primed Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Growth and Productivity

Mung bean is recognized for its abundant high-quality protein content. For human consumption, it is a high-quality protein source and also serves various purposes crops, its arvested residue is used for green manuring and also used for fodder purposes. The research aimed to assess the impact of foliar micronutrient application on primed mung bean (Vigna radiata). The experimental procedures were executed in the sandy loam soil prevalent in the central plain region of Punjab. The investigation was conducted during the Zaid season 2022, focusing on the (SML-1827) mung bean variety. Specifically, the research assessed the impact of foliar micronutrient applications involving zinc and boron at 15 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) on primed mung bean growth characteristics. The experimental design employed a Randomized Block Design, incorporating 11 distinct treatment combinations, each replicated thrice. The investigation revealed that foliar micronutrient treatment on primed mung bean substantially influenced growth and yield parameters. Growth indicators for mung bean exhibited a positive trend when zinc and boron were jointly applied to primed seeds with gibberellic acid, followed by a decline in the control group, which experienced typical growth conditions devoid of growth regulators and micronutrients. Specifically, the highest recorded plant height was 70.1 cm in the T9 (GA(50 mg.L-1) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + B (1%)) treatment, while the lowest height was 58 cm in the T0 (control) treatment. Similarly, the most significant fresh weight was observed in T9 (GA(50 mg.L-1) + ZnSO4 (0.5%)+ B (1%)) treatments at 136.8 g, with the lowest weight recorded in T0 (control) treatments at 86.6g. the most significant grain yield was achieved in T9 112 g.m-2, followed by T10 (SA(150 mg.L-1)+ ZnSO4 (0.5%)+B (1%)) at 105.7 g.m-2. This study suggests micronutrients and growth regulators can be sustainable agricultural inputs to enhance soil health and productivity.

Harnessing Abiotic Defence Inducers for Effective Management of Pod Rot of Mungbean

Pod rot is a significant issue for mung bean plants, causing substantial reductions in yield and quality. In this study, several defence inducers, including salicylic acid (SA), nicotinic acid (NA), indole butyric acid (IBA), chitosan, and benzothiadiazole (BTH), were applied as foliar sprays to assess their effectiveness in enhancing resistance to pod rot in field conditions. The results indicated that benzothiadiazole -treated plants experienced a marked reduction in disease severity of 18.667% compared to untreated plants (control) with 36.177%. This indicated that benzothiadiazole has antifungal properties, decreases disease severity, and stimulates defence mechanisms in Mung bean against pod rot.

Productivity and quality of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) as influenced by different land configurations under South Gujarat condition

Productivity and quality of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) as influenced by different land configurations under South Gujarat condition