Mung Bean Research Articles

Formulation of Complementary Feeding Food Using Pearl Millet and Its Sensory Evaluation

Infancy is a period of rapid development. As a result, the energy consumption per kilogram of body weight is higher than in adults. After birth, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for at least 4-6 months. Supplemental feeding should begin after six months, when the body's needs increase. Supplementary mixes offered on the market and given through various systems are often cereal-based. When millet is used in supplemental feeding foods, it is often ground into a fine powder to make it easier for newborns to consume. Using complementary feeding meals containing millet can help introduce your baby to new textures and flavors while also delivering the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. However, millets have the same calorific value as grains with higher mineral content. Combining these two-three grain foods improves protein and nutritional density in later food products. Probably because of their high nutritional content, this study evaluates several studies in the literature on the utilization of these crops to generate composite food products. In the majority of underdeveloped countries, complementary foods are made from staple cereals or root crops. As a result, the current study aimed to create a supplementary mix that included pearl millet, mung beans, and pigeon peas. Sensory evaluation was conducted using composite scoring to determine the best accepted supplemental mix.

Preparation, characteristics and antioxidant activity of mung bean peel polysaccharides

The mung bean peel polysaccharide (MBP) extracted by hot water was chemically modified. By changing the dosage of phosphorylation reagent and acetylation reagent, three kinds of phosphorylated MBP ( P-MBP-1, P-MBP-2, P-MBP-3 ) and acetylated MBP ( AC 0.6-MBP, AC 1-MBP, AC 1.4-MBP ) with different degrees of substitution were prepared. By measuring the sugar content and substitution degree of the modified products, it was found that the amount of reagent had a certain effect on both of them. The modified products were determined by infrared spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that the chemical modification was successful. The in vitro antioxidant capacity (·OH scavenging ability, O2−·clearing ability, reducing capacity, resistance to lipid peroxidation) of seven polysaccharide were measured, which manifested that chemical modification could enhance the antioxidant ability of MBP to varying degrees, and the DS also had a certain impact on their antioxidant activity. This promoted the development of mung bean peel polysaccharide functional products and the utilization of mung bean peel resources.

Synergistic Application of Bacterial Consortium and Organic Amendments Improves the Growth and Seed Quality of Mash Bean (Vigna Mungo L.)

Synergistic Application of Bacterial Consortium and Organic Amendments Improves the Growth and Seed Quality of Mash Bean (Vigna Mungo L.)

Influence of Tree Geometry on Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) under Gamhar (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) based Agroforestry System

The experiment was conducted during kharif (June to September) 2022–23 at Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India to evaluate effect of Gmelina arborea geometry on the growth and yield of mungbean, tree growth, biomass, carbon storage and assessing the economic feasibility of the agroforestry systems. The experiment was designed for intercropping of one mungbean high yielding varieties viz., IPM 205-7 (Virat) sown in June with Gmelina arborea. The treatments for gamhar and mungbean are as follows: T1-Vigna radiata sole crop; T2-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×5 m2); T3-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×4 m2); T4-Gmelina arborea sole tree (5×3 m2); T5-Gmelina arborea (5×5 m2)+Vigna radiata; T6-Gmelina arborea (5×4 m2)+Vigna radiata; T7-Gmelina arborea (5×3 m2)+Vigna radiata. Experiment was designed in randomized block design (RBD) with seven treatments and five replications. The effect of different spacing patterns viz., S1-5×5 m2, S2-5×4 m2, S3-5×3 m2 in 2 year old Gamhar plantation with seven treatments combinations on mungbean was studied at the Forestry Research Farm, RLBCAU, Jhansi. The maximum number of branches plant-1 (8.04), number of trifoliate leaves plant-1 (11.96), number of seeds pod-1 (12.32), grain yield (0.73 t ha-1) and straw yield (2.13 t ha-1) was recorded in mungbean sole crop. The plant height (62.51 cm) was recorded highest in mungbean intercrop in 5×3 m2 gamhar spacing. The maximum girth (27.38 cm) of trees was recorded in 5×5 m2 gamhar spacing mungbean intercrop. The tree height (6.01 m) and benefit cost ratio (2.67) was observed maximum in 5×4 m2 gamhar spacing with mungbean intercrop.

Exploring the impact of cooking techniques and storage conditions on resistant starch levels in mung beans and its effect upon blood glucose level and lipid profile in vivo.

Mung beans contain various antinutritional components. Processing and cooking methods can reduce these antinutritional factors and increase the availability and digestibility of nutrients. Resistant starch is also known as dietary fiber, which helps to reduce the cholesterol and glucose level in blood. It is formed during cooking and storage of food at low temperature. This study aimed to assess the effects of cooking and storage temperature on the formation of resistant starch in processed mung bean, as well as its effect on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in humans and rats. The common cooking methods namely boiling, steaming after germination, roasting, and pressure cooking were chosen. The cooked samples were stored at different temperatures including freshly prepared within 1 h (T1), stored for 24 h at room temperature (20-22°C) (T2), kept at 4°C for 24 h (T3), and reheated after storing at 4°C for 24 h (T4). The study revealed that germinated-steamed mung beans had significantly higher levels of resistant starch (27.63 ± 0.76), and lower level of glycemic index (26.28 ± 3.08) and amylose (40.91 ± 0.06) when stored at 4°C for 24 h (T3) followed by (T2), (T4), and (T1) as compared to other cooking methods (boiling, pressure cooking, and roasting). The germinated-steamed mung beans (T1) resulted in 96% decline in blood glucose parameters of rats (36 Wistar albino rats aged 2 to 3 months were selected) than the control group as observed in 28 days diet intervention (100 mg/kg resistant starch orally). There is a need to make people aware about the selection of appropriate cooking (steamed after germination) and storage methods (T3) to increase the RS content and to lower the glycemic index of food at domestic level.

Comparing gluten‐free eggless muffins' viscoelastic, rheological, and textural properties after combining seven plant‐based protein isolates with wheat, corn, and rice starches

SummaryThis study aimed to substitute egg albumin with eight plant‐based protein isolates and xanthan gum for the development of gluten‐free, eggless muffins. The presence of protein isolates led to reduced pasting viscosities, suggesting limited swelling capacity of the starch granules. Incorporating different protein isolates enhanced the batter's viscoelastic properties, marked by an increase in storage and loss modulus and a decrease in tan δ, indicating enhanced gel properties compared to starch‐only batters, which showed more liquid‐like characteristics. Consequently, the muffins exhibited greater specific volume, springiness, and cohesiveness. The consistency of the muffins varied depending on the protein isolates used. The inclusion of protein isolates also altered the crust's hue, shifting it towards a reddish‐brown shade, while the crumb colour varied with protein incorporated. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that overall acceptability of the muffins improved with the protein isolates, particularly for those incorporating mung bean protein isolate. Principal Component Analysis further highlighted the strong associations between specific quality attributes, underscoring the significant impact of protein isolates on the quality characteristics of gluten‐free muffins.

Evaluation of Mung Bean Accessions for Salt Tolerance Based on Germination and Seedling Traits

Ten mung bean accessions collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute were exposed to two salinity levels (control and 8 dS m−1) to observe the sensitivity of their germination and early seedling traits. The observations were recorded on germination percentage, rate of germination, coefficient of germination, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight. The accessions, salinity levels and their interaction exhibited significant differences for all the traits. The mean performance of all the traits reduced under salt stress as compared to control. Salt tolerant accessions showed less reduction in their germination and seedling traits under salinity than the other accessions tested. Considering salt tolerance index (STI) based on seedling dry weight, the order of tolerance was BD- 6882 > BD-10022 > BD-10024 > BD-10026 > BD-10023 > BD-10027 > BD-6885 > BD-6887 > BD- 6884 > BD-6875. Based on relative total dry weight (RTDW), three accessions viz. BD-6882, BD- 10022 and BD-10024 were identified as salt tolerant and other seven as moderately salt tolerant. The identified salt tolerant accessions could be a useful stock for further breeding programs to develop salt tolerant mung bean genotype of considerable economic value. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2024, 26(2): 16-26

Interfacial and foaming properties of plant and microbial proteins: Comparison of structure-function behavior of different proteins

Many plant proteins are amphiphilic molecules that can adsorb to air-water interfaces and form protective coatings around gas bubbles. In this study, the composition, structure, physicochemical properties, air-water interfacial properties, and foaming properties of 16 plant and microbial proteins were characterized. We found a correlation between the composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and foaming properties of the proteins. The foaming capacity of them showed a highly significant positive correlation (p ≤ 0.01) with their foaming stability, α-helix content, surface hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl content. The foaming capacity and foaming stability showed highly significant negative correlations with disulfide bond content (p ≤ 0.01). We found wheat gluten protein (WGP) and mung bean protein (MBP) had higher foaming capacity (102.67 ± 8.08 % and 89.33 ± 4.72 %), which could be attributed to higher surface hydrophobicity (179.68 ± 1.40 and 130.28 ± 1.41) and larger contact angle (82.369 ± 0.016° and 82.949 ± 0.228°).

High moisture extrusion of pulse proteins: Texture, structure, and in vitro digestion characteristics of extrudates

Pulse proteins are promising components for plant-based food development, yet their diverse subunit compositions, influenced by source origin, result in variable extrusion properties. This study utilized high moisture extrusion (60% moisture content) to prepare extrudates from four pulse proteins: soy, pea, chickpea and mung bean protein isolates (SPI, PPI, CPI, and MPI, respectively). The texture, structure, and in vitro digestion characteristics of extrudates were examined. The results showed that SPI and PPI were mainly composed of 7S and 11S globulins, while CPI and MPI were mainly composed of 7S globulins, and 11S globulins, respectively. SPI extrudates exhibited significantly lower hardness, chewiness, and transverse and longitudinal fracture stresses, while CPI extrudates exhibited a higher anisotropy index. SPI extrudates with a higher β-sheet content (39.08%) exhibited denser structures. The gastrointestinal digestibility (86.65%) of CPI extrudates was higher than other groups. Correlation analysis showed that 7S/11S ratio was positively correlated with the melt viscosity, while negatively correlated with the anisotropy index and in vitro digestibility. This study highlights the distinct extrusion properties of pulse proteins based on their unique subunit composition. The results provide insights for selecting appropriate protein sources and developing plant-based protein products with tailored textural attributes and desirable digestibility.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized from marine algae Spatoglossum asperum: Antioxidant properties and seed germination enhancement

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown promising potential in plant growth under stressed conditions but marine algae synthesized AgNPs still remain least explored. In the current study, AgNPs have been synthesis by using the aqueous extract of marine brown alga Spatoglossum asperum as a reducing medium and their application in the growth of Vigna radiata seeds under salt stress conditions was studied. The antioxidant potential of AgNPs in comparison with algal extract was also assessed. The AgNPs synthesized using the algal extract was characterized by means of UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray (XRD) diffraction analysis, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FE-SEM and EDS results confirmed the formation of multi-shaped (spherical, cubical and nano-clusters) particles with average size of 43.65 nm. Developed AgNPs showed a surface plasmon resonance band at 425 nm and a face-centric cubic crystallographic structure with an average crystallite size of 23.05 nm. The FTIR spectrum ensured the involvement of di and polysulphides in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The results revealed that the algal synthesized AgNPs showed superior antioxidant activity compared to the algal extract alone and significantly enhanced seed germination in Vigna radiata under both normal and saline conditions. These findings suggest that Spatoglossum asperum derived AgNPs could play a pivotal role in agriculture and environmental sustainability.

True Digestibility of Tryptophan in Plant and Animal Protein

BackgroundProtein quality, evaluated using Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS), requires ileal digestibility values of individual indispensable amino acids (IAAs) in each protein. However, true tryptophan (Trp) digestibility has rarely been quantified in humans. ObjectiveTo measure the true Trp digestibility and DIAAS of 2H-intrinsically labeled plant and animal protein sources in humans, using the dual isotope tracer technique. MethodsThe true Trp digestibility of 2H intrinsically labeled plant proteins such as whole mung bean (n = 6) and dehulled mung bean (n = 6), chickpea (n = 5), and yellow pea (n = 5), and protein from animal source foods such as egg white (n = 6), whole egg (n = 6), chicken meat (n = 6), and goat milk (n = 7) was determined against the known digestibility of U-13C spirulina whole cell protein as reference, except for goat milk protein that was measured against free crystalline 13C-Trp as reference. Banked samples from earlier studies conducted to determine true IAA digestibility of different protein sources were used for the analysis. DIAAS was calculated for each test protein using digestibility corrected IAA scores (mg IAA/g of protein) in comparison with the IAA requirement score for adults. ResultsThe true Trp digestibility of whole mung bean, dehulled mung bean, chickpea, yellow pea, egg white, whole egg, chicken meat, and goat milk were 67.6 ± 3.7%, 74.5 ± 4.4%, 72.6 ± 2.3%, 72.5 ± 2.2%, 89.7 ± 2.5%, 91.4 ± 2.6%, 95.9 ± 2.2%, and 92.8 ± 2.9%, respectively. The true Trp digestibility of plant protein sources was significantly lower than that of animal protein sources (P < 0.05). Trp was not a limiting IAA in all the tested proteins. ConclusionThe true Trp digestibility determined in this study ranged from 67.6 ± 3.7% to 95.9 ± 2.2% for whole mung bean and chicken meat, respectively, and adds to the database of individual true IAA digestibility of different protein sources. Trial registration numberThis study was registered in Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI) with registration numbers CTRI/2017/11/010468, CTRI/2020/04/024512, and CTRI/2018/03/012265.

Integrated Management of Foliar Diseases of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Under Natural Field Conditions

Aims: To determine the efficacy of chemicals/bioagents against foliar diseases of mungbean. Study Design: Randomized Block Design (Field experiments) Place and Duration of the Study: Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur during the Kharif 2022 &amp; Kharif 2023 Methodology: Different novel fungicides/bioagents were applied against foliar diseases of mungbean. Ten treatments viz; soil application with Trichoderma harzianum @ 5kg/ha enriched in 100 kg of FYM., seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg seed, foliar spray of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2g/l, foliar spray of carbendazim 50% WP @ 0.1%, foliar spray of difenoconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 %, foliar spray of tebuconazole 250 EC @ 0.1%, foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1%, foliar spray of pyraclostrobin 133g/l+ epoxiconazole 50 g/l w/w SE @ 0.15%, foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1%, and control (untreated) were taken in study. The diseases assessment was done after 10 days of spraying and percent disease incidence was calculated. Results: Foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1% was most effective in reducing the anthracnose PDI (19.41%) and cercospora leaf spot (18.26%) followed by foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1% (24.36 and 21.05 %). Conclusion: Among all the tested treatments, foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1% was most effective followed by foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1% in managing both the diseases.

Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS based bioactive compounds determination of 60 days Nigerian Vigna Radiata aqueous root extract

In the present study, the sturdy root of Nigerian Vigna radiata (L.) commonly called mung bean was investigated for the phytochemical content. This was necessitated as a result of limited information observed on the phytochemical content of fully matured Nigerian Vigna radiata root. 60 days old Vigna radiata (L.) plant, a newly introduced crop in Nigeria, was harvested from the farm of National Biotechnology and Research Development Agency, Abagana Centre, Nigeria. The roots were neatly separated from the plant, rinsed well with distilled water, air dried and grounded into flour. The 60 days old Nigerian Vigna radiata root flour sample (NVrR) subjected to preliminary phytochemical assay revealed the presence of 12 bioactive compounds with a remarkable high percentage concentration of 26.780% recorded for flavonoids content. Tannins also recorded appreciable value of 8.927% while values &lt; 5% were noted for the remaining compounds. Further confirmation of the actual bioactive compounds present in 60 days old NVrR through GC-MS studies, generated 30 observable peaks with 28 bioactive compounds identified through spectrum matching with MassHunter\Library\NIST14.L spectral database. The major component, eluted at RT 23.565 (peak area 33.38%) revealed a bioactive compound which has been reported as an active ingredient in the production of detergents and biodiesel. This discovery represents a groundbreaking innovation in the utilization of NVrR for the production of briquettes, offering a cost-effective alternative energy source. Isolation of the identified compounds may prove the NVrR an important raw material for industrial productions.

Bioinspired synthesis of calcium magnesium aluminate nanoparticles using aloe vera extract: A promising material for electrochemical sensors, antibacterial and environmental remediation applications

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) leaf extract was used in green fuel-assisted microwave synthesis to prepare Calcium Magnesium Aluminate (CMA). The synthesized CMA was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersion spectrometer (EDAX), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of Ca2Mg2Al28O46. The UV–Vis diffuse reflectance (DRS) technique was employed to investigate its absorbance spectrum, and the band gap of CMA was found to be 4.9 eV. The CMA nanoparticles were used to design a sensing electrode for creatinine, enabling the determination of its concentration in human samples and heavy metals. Acid Orange-88 dye was degraded using CMA nanoparticles as a photocatalyst under UV irradiation. After dye degradation, treated water was used to grow Vigna radiata plants to test their suitability for seedling growth. This report demonstrates that CMA photocatalysts are alternatives to semiconductor photocatalysts for the degradation of Acid Orange-88 dye under UV illumination. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus species, and Pseudomonas species were used as model organisms to assess the antibacterial activity of CMA NPs through a green route.

Modeling Behavior of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw and Processed Vegetables.

Given the persistent occurrence of foodborne illnesses linked to both raw and processed vegetables, understanding microbial behavior in these foods under distribution conditions is crucial. This study aimed to develop predictive growth models for Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in raw (mung bean sprouts, onion, and cabbage) and processed vegetables (shredded cabbage salad, cabbage and onion juices) at various temperatures, ranging from 4 to 36 °C. Growth models were constructed and validated using isolated strains of Salmonella spp. (S. Bareilly, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium) and L. monocytogenes (serotypes 1/2a and 1/2b) from diverse food sources. The minimum growth temperatures for Salmonella varied among different vegetable matrices: 8 °C for mung bean sprouts, 9 °C for both onion and cabbage, and 10 °C for ready-to-eat (RTE) shredded cabbage salad. Both pathogens grew in cabbage juice at temperatures above 17 °C, while neither demonstrated growth in onion juice, even at 36 °C. Notably, Salmonella spp. exhibited faster growth than L. monocytogenes in all tested samples. At 8 °C, the lag time (LT) and specific growth rate (SGR) for Salmonella spp. in mung bean sprouts were approximately tenfold longer and threefold slower, respectively, compared to those at 10 °C. A decrease in refrigerator storage temperature by 1 or 2 degrees significantly prevented the growth of Salmonella in raw vegetables. These findings offer valuable insights into assessing the risk of foodborne illness associated with the consumption of raw and processed vegetables and inform management strategies in mitigating these risks.

A probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracacei isolate from traditional Chinese fermented mung bean juice capable of alleviating oxidative stress in colorectal cells

Traditional fermented mung bean juice (FMJ) has hundreds of years' consumption history in North China with known health benefits, and thus could be a valuable source for uncovering novel probiotics. In this study, we discovered a probiotic isolate with good antioxidant bioactivity from FMJ. First, we conducted 16 S rRNA amplicon analysis on 14 samples of two types of FMJ, Douzhir and Fenjiang, collected from Beijing and Henan Province, respectively. The dominant genera were Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Weissella and Streptococcus, and the abundance of Weissella was significantly higher in Fenjiang than in Douzhir. Based on rank-sum ratio evaluation of 21 selected isolates, seven isolates identified as Lacticaseibacillus fermentum (Lactobacillus fermentum), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum), Limosilactobacillus paracasei (Lactobacillus paracasei), Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri (Lactobacillus parabuchneri) and Levilactobacillus brevis (Lactobacillus brevis), exhibited good tolerance to acid (pH 2.5) and bile salt (0.3%), high cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation, and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging rates, without antibiotic resistance or hemolytic activity, and were further tested in cell assays. The cell-free extract of L. paracacei D1-10 showed significant protective effects on HT29 colon cell viability under 300–600 μM H2O2 treatments. These findings suggested FMJ is a valuable source for probiotic exploration, and D1-10 might be a promising probiotic strain with good antioxidant potential.

Chemical Solutions for Seed Dormancy: A Comprehensive Review on Strategy to Combat Pre-harvest Sprouting in Mung Bean

The mung bean, or Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, is a significant grain legume with enormous global economic value. Kharif is the most significant of the three seasons and during this time pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a major issue that results in significant production losses. Due to PHS, yield losses in green gram have been estimated to be between 60 and 70 per cent. Chemical treatments that induce seed dormancy may prevent premature germination and enable a timely harvest. This study covers the effectiveness of inducing dormancy in mung bean plants with various chemicals at critical developmental stages before harvest. Treatment with various chemicals like maleic hydrazide, sodium azide and plant growth regulators (abscisic acid, ethylene, gibberellins) following chemical administration at pre-arranged intervals, physiological parameters such as seed moisture content, germination rates and antioxidant enzyme activities can be considered to prevent PHS. Mitigating pre-harvest sprouting losses and increasing mung bean output can be achieved by optimising dormancy induction by prudent chemical use. To increase mung bean output, PHS-tolerant cultivars must be developed due to the significant losses incurred by PHS. This review discusses various aspects, including how different traits affect pre-harvest sprouting.

First Report of Stem Blight of Mungbean (Vigna radiata) Caused by Diaporthe longicolla in the United States.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is primarily grown in Asia and directly consumed by humans. U.S. consumers embraced mungbean as a plant-based protein in vegan eggs and meat substitutes. New cultivars are being developed for American farmers because of the crop's tolerance to heat and drought, and its adaptability to current farming infrastructure. Mungbean's short season complements various cropping systems such as intercropping, alternative cropping, and green manure. With rotations and inclusion with soybean systems, there is a concern about the overlap of common pathogens for soybean and mungbean. During August 2022 when mungbeans reached full maturity (growth stage R6), reddish-brown and necrotic stem lesions with linear rows of black pycnidia were observed on Berken and OK2000 cultivars at fields located in Hancock County, IA and Story County, IA in the United States. Pycnidia measured 0.5-0.6mm in length. Disease incidence was approximately 10% of plants in Hancock County, IA and less than 3% of plants in Story County, IA. Pycnidia from 16 plants were excised and immersed in a 0.5% NaOCl solution for 1 min, rinsed with autoclaved distilled water, and placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Eighteen isolates were hyphal tipped and grown on PDA and were stored at 25°C. Isolates were then visually identified by culture and conidia morphology (Hobbs et al. 1985, Santos et al. 2011). Colonies were cream to white, dense, and floccose. Large black stromata were formed in a concentric pattern or scattered; alpha conidia were ellipsoidal. Template DNA for PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA operon (ITS) and the beta-tubulin gene (TUB) was extracted from 18 isolates by scraping mycelia with a sterile pipette tip and transferring it into 50 ul of PrepMan Ultra Sample Reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA). Fungal primers were ITS1 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and Bt-2F/Bt-2R (Udayanga et al. 2014). Sequences of isolates obtained from fields in both counties were identical, providing no species diversity. GenBank accession numbers for the ITS region were PP105598 and PP105599; PP108254 and PP108255 for TUB sequences. BLAST results showed the ITS 550/550 base pairs with type specimen D. longicolla ATCC 60326 GB NR_144924 and the TUB 446/446 base pairs with type specimen D. longicolla ATCC 60325 GB KJ610883. Thus, the isolates were identified as Diaporthe longicolla (Hobbs) J.M. Santos, Vrandecic & A.J.L. Phillips based on morphology and molecular characters (Santo et al 2011; Udayanga et al. 2014). To confirm the pathogenicity of the D. longicolla isolates, twenty mungbean plants (cv. Berken and OK2000) were grown in the greenhouse at 85% RH and 16hr light for 20 days. Inoculum was prepared by placing sterile toothpicks on 1/3 PDA with a single representative isolate from each field location for 21 days (Ghimire et al. 2019). Mungbean plants were grown in a 10cm-by-10cm pot containing a greenhouse professional growing mix (Sungrow, Agawam, Massachusetts, USA) and grown for 30 days post emergence. After 12 days of growing, a 3mm segment of the infested toothpick was inserted into a stem wound below the first trifoliate and sealed with parafilm. A sterile toothpick was inserted into the control plants. After 14 days, red lesions extended downward 1 to 3 cm from the inoculation site, and white mycelial was present in the wound. At 21 days red lesions spanned 3 to 9 cm upward and downward from the inoculation site. Pycnidia were present on collapsed stem tissue, and leaves became chlorotic. Damage was limited to 2mm from the mock-inoculation site, with no discoloration in the control plants. Symptomatic tissues were plated and compared to the original isolates. Alpha conidia were ellipsoidal with the base end rounded. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Diaporthe longicolla causing disease on mungbean within the U.S. and worldwide. The presence of this disease in two locations suggests the potential for Diaporthe longicolla to be a serious disease of mungbean in the future.

Efficacy of Noval Nematicide on Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica and Establishment of Recommended Dose in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

The study was carried out to efficacy of newer nematicide (fluensulfone 2% GR) at different doses under field conditions on mung bean. Total seven treatments were used with different doses of fluensulfone 2% GR i.e., T1 - fluensulfone 2% GR 10 kg/ha., T2 - fluensulfone 2% GR 12 kg/ha., T3 - fluensulfone 2% GR 14 kg/ha., T4 - fluensulfone 2% GR 16 kg/ha., T5- fluensulfone 2% GR 18 kg/ha., T6- fluensulfone 2% GR 20 kg/ha., T7 - carbofuran 3G 50 kg/ha and T8 - untreated check (control) maintained for comparison. The observations were recorded on plant growth characters (shoot length (cm), shoot weight (gm), root length (cm), and root weight (gm)) and nematode reproduction (number of galls per plant, number of egg mass per plant, number of eggs per egg mass, nematode juveniles per 200 cc soil and final nematode population). Treated plant with fluensulfone 2% GR with the dose of 20kg/ha found to be the best to given the maximum plant growth characters and minimized nematode reproduction.

Anti-infective properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.)R. Wilczek) coat extract on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected Caenorhabditis elegans: Transcriptomics and pathway analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMung bean coat has long been known for its wide-ranging health benefits, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties. For many years in China, mung beans have been employed in the therapeutic management of inflammation induced by pathogenic bacteria infection, yet the precise underlying protective mechanisms remain to be comprehensively elucidated. Aim of the studyGiven the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, there is a necessity to explore new anti-infective agents. Here, the anti-infective properties of Mung bean coat extract (MBCE) were investigated using a model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected nematodes. Materials and methodsThe protective effects of MBCE on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA14) infected nematodes were assessed by lifespan assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, transcriptomics, and Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). ResultsMBCE significantly improved the survival rates and reduced ROS levels in infected worms. Transcriptomic profiling disclosed predominant KEGG pathway enrichments in immune responses, energy metabolism processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, alongside aging-related neurodegenerative diseases and longevity regulatory pathways like PI3K-AKT, MAPK, mTOR, and FOXO. qRT-PCR validation showed that MBCE upregulated antimicrobial peptides (spp-3, lys-1, lys-7, abf-2, cnc-2, nlp-33, clec-85), gram-negative responses (irg-3, src-2, grd-3, col-179), and mitochondrial function (mev-1) gene expressions, while downregulated insulin signaling-related (age-1, akt-1, akt-2, daf-15) gene expressions. Mutant strains lifespan analysis indicated that the nsy-1, sek-1, pmk-1, daf-2, aak-2, sir-2.1, and skn-1 were necessary for lifespan extension mediated by MBCE under PA14 infection, but not clk-1, isp-1, mev-1, or daf-16. ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggested that MBCE increased the survival rates of PA14-infected worms by activating downstream antimicrobial and antioxidant gene expressions through modulation of MAPK, daf-2, aak-2, sir-2.1, and skn-1 pathways. The research underscored the potential of natural plant compounds to strengthen the body's defenses against infections, potentially mitigating harmful ROS levels and improving survival. Additionally, these findings elucidated the mechanisms by which these plant-derived compounds enhance the immune system, implying their potential utility as dietary supplements or as an alternative to conventional antibiotics.