Growth Of Mungbean Research Articles

Allelopathic Potential of Etlingera coccinea (B.) Sakai & Nagam on Seed Germination and Growth of Mung Bean and Siam Weed

Etlingera coccinea, a native Borneon Zingiberaceae are found to exert allelopathic effect on some weed species. The objective of this study is to investigate the allelopathic effects of hexane (80%), methanol (80%), ethyl acetate (80%) extracts from the dried powder of both stem and leaf of E. coccinea on mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata). The phytochemical screening of both stem and leaf crude extracts elicited saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and terpenoid, which are targeted bioactive compounds for allelopathy. The allelopathic activity was assessed by evaluating their effects on seed germination and percentage of radicle and shoot growth. The results showed that both stem and leaf extracts have a suppressive effect on the mung bean development during in-vitro bioassay. The methanolic extracts of both stem and leaf showed the most significant suppression (100%) than other solvent extracts. In the pot experiment, the methanolic stem extracts suppressed the Siam weed’s germination by 57 ± 0.13% and the methanolic leaf extracts suppressed the growth by 46 ± 0.29%. The present study shows that E. coccinea methanolic extract has the potential as bio-herbicide.

Economic assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) – Spinach (Basella alba L.) intercropping system for improving the livelihood of smallholders’ in South-Asia

Economic assessment of maize (Zea mays L.) – Spinach (Basella alba L.) intercropping system for improving the livelihood of smallholders’ in South-Asia

Phenology, growth, productivity, and profitability of mungbean as affected by potassium and organic matter under water stress vs. no water stress conditions

Pulses low yield in the arid and semiarid climates are imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers and no use of organic matter (animal and crop residues incorporation). The hypothesis was tested that integrated use of potassium (K) and animal manures could increase mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) productivity and profitability in the semiarid climate of Peshawar. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of organic matter (composted animal manures) (5, 10, and 15 t ha−1) and potassium (30, 45, and 60 kg ha−1) under irrigated (three irrigations, no water stress) and dryland or limited irrigated (one irrigation, water stresses before flowering and after pod formation) condition on mungbean (cv. Ramazan 92). The experiment was carried out in the summer of 2017 at Agronomy Research Farm, the results revealed that crop under no water stress had delayed phenological development (took more days to flowering, pod formation, and physiological maturity), better growth by producing taller plants with a more number of leaves, nodules, and pods plant−1, seeds pod−1, heavy 1000-grains weight, higher biological and grain yields than water stress condition. The experiment also confirmed that the combination of the highest rate of K and organic matter had improved the vegetative growth and development, and significantly increased yield and yield contributing parameters under both water stress and no stress conditions. It was concluded that mungbean yield and yield components increased with combined application of 60 kg K ha−1 + 15 t OM ha−1 under full irrigated (no water stress) and limited irrigated (water stress) conditions.

Investigation of morphological traits, yield and yield components of mung bean under nitrogen and megafol fertilizer

Abstract Background and objectives Pulses with more than 20% protein, have an important role in providing the protein needed by humans especially in countries where livestock production and agricultural products are low. These products can be used in human nutrition as a valuable and suitable dietary supplement in combination with cereals (Majnoun Hoseini, 2015). In Golestan province, due to the positive role of mung bean in rotation, it should have a special place. Farmers of Golestan province should cultivate this useful, valuable, high-yielding, early maturing, uniform in maturity and suitable conditions for mechanized harvesting after grains such as wheat due to the low water needs of this plant in summer and proper crop rotation. Materials and methods In order to study traits of morphologic, yield and yield components of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) under nitrogen and megafol fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted based on RCBD in three replications on research farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2017. Nitrogen fertilizer was in four levels of 0, 50, 100 1nd 150 kg.h-1 and megafol fertilizer in three levels of 0, 1 liter and two liters.ha-1. Row spacing was 50 cm and plant on row 25 cm. In this experiment plant length, height of first pod from the ground, number of branch per plant, height of first branch from the ground, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, number of seed per plant, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and seed yield was determined. Results Results showed that effect of nitrogen on plant length and height of first pod from the ground at 5% level probability and on height of first branch from the ground, number of branch per plant, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, number of seed per plant, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and seed yield was significant at 1% level probability. Effect of megafol fertilizer on number of seed per pod and 1000-seed weight was significant at 5% level probability and on number of pod per plant, number of seed per plant, plant yield and seed yield was significant at 1% level probability. The maximum plant length (63.63cm), height of first branch from the ground (34.14 cm), height of first pod from the ground (8.95 cm), number of branch per plant (3.98), number of pod per plant (27.62), number of seed per pod (5.31), number of seed per plant (148.4), 1000-seed weight (43.84 gr), plant yield (6.51 gr) and seed yield (820.4 kg.h-1) was belonged to application of 150 kg.h-1 nitrogen. The minimum of traits was obtained from non application of nitrogen. Application of two liters.h-1 megafol produced the maximum number of pod per plant (26.48), number of seed per plant (141.2), 1000-seed weight (43.01gr), plant yield (6.2 gr) and seed yield (755.4 kg-1). Conclusion In addition, consumption of nitrogen and megafol created better conditions for growth and production of mung bean and so, the maximum of studied traits was obtained from high consumption of two fertilizers. The minimum of traits was obtained from non application of nitrogen and also non application of megafol.

The Effect of Bacterial R. liguminosarum and Fungal T. harzinum Inoculation and Organic Manure on Root Nodes, Growth, and Yield of Mung Bean, Vigna radiate

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the bacterial inoculum R. liguminosarum, T. harzinum, levels of organic fertilizer (0, 5, and 10) t ha−1, and their overlap the root nodes (number of root nodes and weight of root nodes) and the growth and yield of a local variety of mung bean ( Dry weight of root mass, leaf chlorophyll content and grain yield). A field experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2020 in one of the fields of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate / Al-Daghara county. The experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R. C. B. D) with three replications. The results of the statistical analysis of the least significant difference (L. S. D.) present that the overlapping treatment (bacterial inoculum, fungal inoculum, and five t ha−1 organic fertilizer) resulted in the highest means: number of root nodes, root nodule weight, dry weight of root total, chlorophyll content in leaves and grain yield, (72.33) Knots.plants−1, (463) gm Plants−1, (1, 547) gm Plants−1, (59.14) SPAD, and (3, 531) t ha−1, respectively, by comparison with comparison treatment.

Nutri-Priming as an Efficient Means to Improve Germination and Growth of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Grown Under NaCl Stress

Nutri-Priming as an Efficient Means to Improve Germination and Growth of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) Grown Under NaCl Stress

Effects of wood ash and soil water potential on vegetative development of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

This research aimed to evaluate the amending potential of eucalyptus’s wood ash on soil chemical properties and soil-water potential. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, campus in Rondonópolis. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks in a 5x5 factorial scheme, including five soil-water potentials (‒4, ‒8, ‒16, ‒32 and ‒64 kPa), and five wood ash doses (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm-3). The soil samples were collected from the top layer of an Oxisol under natural Cerrado vegetation. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growth variables (plant height, numbers of leaves, stem diameter, and SPAD index) were analyzed at three different phenological periods. In general, the wood ash doses increased soil pH, eliminated the exchangeable aluminum, and improved soil essential nutrients availability. As a result, mung bean plants responded positively to wood ash, achieving superior results at doses ranging from 24 to 26 g dm-3. The interaction between wood ash doses and soil water potential was not significant. However, drier soil conditions constrained plant growth severely. According to our experimental conditions, plant growth variables achieved higher performance at soil water potential of -4 kPa

Chicken feather waste-derived protein hydrolysate as a potential biostimulant for cultivation of mung beans

Feathers, a waste product of poultry industries have highly recalcitrant structure and are a rich source of organic nitrogen. The use of keratinolytic microbes for bioconversion of feather waste to a value added hydrolysate is gaining the interest of researchers. Bacillus aerius NSMk2 has been reported as a potential keratinolytic strain that converts chicken feather waste into a hydrolysate rich in proteins, small peptides and amino acids. In the present study, biostimulating potential of chicken feather waste-derived protein hydrolysate (PH) generated by biocatalytic action of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 has been evaluated for the growth of mung beans (Vigna radiata), under potted conditions. Soil treated with PH, unhydrolyzed feathers (UF) or diammonium phosphate (DAP) was transferred to different pots, and seeds of mung beans were transplanted. PH treated groups showed superior germination frequency and early growth of pods. The highest number of pods with highest weight of seeds was observed in test groups as compared to control. Higher weight of roots was observed in plants treated with PH, and content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and total protein was found to be high. The content of phosphate, potassium and carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) was substantially high in soil after application of hydrolysate. Appreciable count of free living nitrogen fixers and phosphate solubilizers was also observed in PH treated groups. The present study shows improved plant performance, yield and soil fertility after application of Bacillus aerius NSMk2 derived protein hydrolysate, and therefore indicates its application as a potential biostimulant in agroindustry.

Weed control technology to increase growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in soils types

Mungbean is a plant that is cultivated by most of the people of Indonesia at the time before the dry season in the former paddy fields. The presence of weeds in crops that are not controlled by farmers caused the low yield of mungbean obtained by farmers. This study aims to determine the weed control technology to increase the growth and yield of mungbean in soil types. This experiment is a factorial experiment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and repeated three times. The first factor is the weed control technology consisting of three kinds: weedy, hand weeding, and tool weeding. The second factor is the type of soil that consists of four types: coastal sand, latosol, volcanic, and regosol. The results showed that weed control at the age of 20 days after planting (DAP) could increase the growth and yield of mungbean in soil types, except in volcanic soils. Weed control with the hand weeding in coastal sand can give a higher production than tool weeding. Weed control technology with the hand and tool weeding way gives the results of mungbean relatively similar to latosol and regosol soils.

Abiotic stress impact on moong (Vigna radiata L.) and strategies by earthworm enhance soil condition

Moong (Vigna radiata L.) generally known as green gram is one of the most important legume and contain a high composition of proteins, vitamin, mineral and thymine, niacin and ascorbic acid. It has wider adaptability to grow short-duration (65-90 days) and requires low input. High or regular increasing temperature will be detrimental for growth functions of various crop plants and increasing demand of Moong during spring/summer season in major growing region in Northern parts of India. Decrease in Moong quality and yield are influenced by abiotic constraints like high temperature, drought, salinity, metal. Photosynthetic activity is recognized as sensitive to elevated temperature and causes loss of chlorophyll and reduction in carbon fixation and assimilation. Aim of study, the role of abiotic stress impact on the growth of moong and the significant role of earthworm to improve the growth and productivity of moong. In the northern plain, India lies in the Indo-Gangetic plain, moong is grown in the summer/spring season for cropping patterns followed by potato, tomato, wheat etc., these are the major crop in Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In heat stress, an adaptation of physiological and biochemical processes gradually may lead to improvement of heat tolerance in plants. Soil conditions manage by agronomic practices at farm for enhance the productivity and quality. Hence, it is necessary to enhance productivity of food grain legumes by available sustainable source i.e. improve soil condition e.g. salinity, ion-extraction. Earthworms play an important role to promote the growth of mung bean and other crop in a sustainable way. Earthworm and its product (vermicompost and vermiwash) aid to overcome in stress condition and provide nutrition to crop.

ANALYSIS OF BASE AND COMPETITIVE COMMODITIES OF CROP SUBSECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GDRP GROWTH OF LANGKAT REGENCY

Economic Growth is one of indicator which commonly used to observe economic development in a region. Conceptually, economic growth of a region is determined by sector values in producing goods and services. GDRP of Langkat regency is mostly dominated by agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. Food security that Langkat Regency plan to be achieved really depends on food crops’ supply. However crops’ contribution is decreased every year. Therefore, it’s needed to examine which leading and highly competitive crops’ commodities. This study aimed to determine and analyze a base and competitive crops’ subsector and its effect on GDRP Langkat Regency. LQ was used to determine the base and non base commodities. While the analysis of RCA and MCI were used to see the commodities competitiveness. and to analyse its effect by using Ordinary Least Square. The type of data used was time series since 1996 to 2015 by using Eviews 7.0. Data was obtained from BPS Langkat Regency and Agriculture Department of Langkat Regency. The result of this study showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were base commodities of crops with average LQ > 1. This study also showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were highly competitive commodities with average RCA > 1. Average MCI each commodities is > 0,75 showed that commodities trade’s less spread (concentrated). Regression result showed that paddy has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply side (prob RCA 0,0035 < 0,05). Corn also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply and demand side (prob RCA 0,0016 < 0,05 and MCI 0,0193 < 0,05). Soybean showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0032 < 0,05) and Mungbean also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0001 < 0,05).

ANALYSIS OF BASE AND COMPETITIVE COMMODITIES OF CROP SUBSECTOR AND ITS EFFECT ON GDRP GROWTH OF LANGKAT REGENCY

Economic Growth is one of indicator which commonly used to observe economic development in a region. Conceptually, economic growth of a region is determined by sector values in producing goods and services. GDRP of Langkat regency is mostly dominated by agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector. Food security that Langkat Regency plan to be achieved really depends on food crops’ supply. However crops’ contribution is decreased every year. Therefore, it’s needed to examine which leading and highly competitive crops’ commodities. This study aimed to determine and analyze a base and competitive crops’ subsector and its effect on GDRP Langkat Regency. LQ was used to determine the base and non base commodities. While the analysis of RCA and MCI were used to see the commodities competitiveness. and to analyse its effect by using Ordinary Least Square. The type of data used was time series since 1996 to 2015 by using Eviews 7.0. Data was obtained from BPS Langkat Regency and Agriculture Department of Langkat Regency. The result of this study showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were base commodities of crops with average LQ > 1. This study also showed that paddy, corn, soybean and mungbean were highly competitive commodities with average RCA > 1. Average MCI each commodities is > 0,75 showed that commodities trade’s less spread (concentrated). Regression result showed that paddy has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply side (prob RCA 0,0035 < 0,05). Corn also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in supply and demand side (prob RCA 0,0016 < 0,05 and MCI 0,0193 < 0,05). Soybean showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0032 < 0,05) and Mungbean also showed that has positive effect on GDRP growth in production supply (LQ 0,0001 < 0,05).

EFFECT OF THE USE OF VERMICOMPOST AND RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION ON SOME SOIL CHARACTERISTICS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF MUNG BEAN Vigni radiate L.

A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil to study the effect of vermicompost fertilizer and inoculums Rhizobium legumenosarum on growth and yield of mung bean (Vigni radiate L.), and some soil properties after planting. The experiment consists of nine treatments as follows :T1: control , T2: full recommended mineral fertilizer, T3: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1, T4: vermicompost 16 t.ha-1, T5: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1+ rhizobia, T6: vermicompost16 t.ha-1+ rhizobia, T7: vermicompost 2 t.ha-1+ ½ recommended mineral fertilizer, T8: rhizobia + ½ recommended mineral fertilizer, T9: vermicompost 8 t.ha-1 + rhizobia +½ recommended mineral fertilizer. The experiment was conducted according to RCBD design with three replications. The results were indicated that the use of vermicompost 16 t. ha-1 with the rhizobia inoculation (T6) has improved some soil properties, as this treatment reduced the pH and EC of the soil to 7.18 and 2.20 dsm-1. While CEC and O.M increased to 47.9 Cmole Kg-1 and 2.96%, respectively. Whereas, the treatment T9 was superior in most of the traits, including plant height (70.1 cm), Root weight (5.8 g plant-1) and a number of active and total root nodes (41.3 and 36.6 nodes plant -1). The treatment T9 also gave the best characteristics of the yield components, including the number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1, weight 1000 seeds (g), total yield and was 51.0 pods plant-1, 92.4 g plant -1,49.8 g.plant-1, 1216.95 kg.ha-1 respectively.

Zinc application improves growth, yield and grain zinc concentration of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)

Minerals’ deficiency, including iodine (I), vitamin A, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is a widespread threat to mankind. Around 2 billion people (children, women, and people of middle age group) across the globe suffer from mineral deficiencies. The productivity of mung bean is very low in arid and semi-arid regions due to little or no application of fertilizers. Majority of mung bean growing regions of Pakistan have low Zn concentration in soils. This study evaluated the impact of different Zn sources and their application methods on allometry, yield and grain biofortification of mung bean. Mung bean variety “Azri 2006” was used as experimental material. Three different Zn sources, i.e., zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), Zn-EDDHA and 50 % ZnSO4 + 50% Zn EDDHA. Application method included in the study was basal application, foliar application and 50% basal + 50% foliar application. The results indicated that Zn application improved allometric traits and productivity of mungbean. The ZnSO4 source of Zn with basal application resulted in the highest chlorophyll contents, leaf area index, number of sympodial and monopodial branches, and number of pods per plant, 1000-seeds weight, biological yield and seed yield as compared to control treatment. In conclusion, 10 kg ha-1 Zn application as basal application method seemed a viable option to improve mung bean productivity along with higher grain Zn biofortification.

Na+ and/or Cl- Toxicities Determine Salt Sensitivity in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), and Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Grain legumes are important crops, but they are salt sensitive. This research dissected the responses of four (sub)tropical grain legumes to ionic components (Na+ and/or Cl−) of salt stress. Soybean, mungbean, cowpea, and common bean were subjected to NaCl, Na+ salts (without Cl−), Cl− salts (without Na+), and a “high cation” negative control for 57 days. Growth, leaf gas exchange, and tissue ion concentrations were assessed at different growing stages. For soybean, NaCl and Na+ salts impaired seed dry mass (30% of control), more so than Cl− salts (60% of control). All treatments impaired mungbean growth, with NaCl and Cl− salt treatments affecting seed dry mass the most (2% of control). For cowpea, NaCl had the greatest adverse impact on seed dry mass (20% of control), while Na+ salts and Cl− salts had similar intermediate effects (~45% of control). For common bean, NaCl had the greatest adverse effect on seed dry mass (4% of control), while Na+ salts and Cl− salts impaired seed dry mass to a lesser extent (~45% of control). NaCl and Na+ salts (without Cl−) affected the photosynthesis (Pn) of soybean more than Cl− salts (without Na+) (50% of control), while the reverse was true for mungbean. Na+ salts (without Cl−), Cl− salts (without Na+), and NaCl had similar adverse effects on Pn of cowpea and common bean (~70% of control). In conclusion, salt sensitivity is predominantly determined by Na+ toxicity in soybean, Cl− toxicity in mungbean, and both Na+ and Cl− toxicity in cowpea and common bean.

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition

Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability.Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.

Aspergillus awamori ameliorates the physicochemical characteristics and mineral profile of mung bean under salt stress

BackgroundIn the list of abiotic stresses, salt stress is a main growth retarding factor which affects 7% of rain-fed while 30% worldwide irrigated agriculture. However, various strategies are assumed to manage this problem, but the use of endophytes is cheap and eco-friendly. The goal of this study was to evaluate the behavior of endophytic Aspergillus awamori (EWF) in creating salt tolerance in mung bean in terms of its seedling growth, biochemical indices, antioxidant enzymes, endogenous IAA, and ionic status of the plant.ResultsThe results revealed that the 150 mM of NaCl reduced seedling growth (seedlings’ weight and length; leaves number), chlorophyll contents, and IAA. On the other hand, proline, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannin, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were increased. Inoculation of EWF had promoted the mung bean growth under all tested conditions. EWF enhanced the biomass and IAA contents of the mung bean plants under salt stress. Moreover, EWF-associated mung bean seedlings exhibited low accumulation of stress markers, and Cl, Na, Na/K, and Ca/K ratio, whereas higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, N, and P in mung bean seedlings.ConclusionThe results provided a sustainable approach in using endophytic EWF under salt stress, thus concluded that this fungus can be very handy in mung bean as well as other important crop production in saline areas.

Water-saving irrigation management for mung bean in acid soil

Indonesia’s dry agricultural lands development requires support of appropriate water-saving irrigation technology to cope water shortages. Especially for mung bean, irrigation based on crop-water requirement is needed due to the short vegetation phase that water shortages could increase the risk of yield lost. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation level on the growth and yield of mung bean. This research conducted in acid soil through two factors of completely randomized design in a greenhouse. The first factor was irrigation volume, i.e., 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the crop water requirement, the second factor was mung bean varieties, i.e., Merak and Vima 1, with three replicates respectively. The results showed that drip irrigation increased water use efficiency. Moreover, water requirement for mung bean during the growth period was 320.72 mm, with tolerable water stress just reached up to 80% of the standard water requirement. The response of irrigation water to crop height was shown at 30 Day After Planting (DAP). This research also identified that Vima 1 was significantly responsive and adaptive to water stress, so it has a very good opportunity to be developed on dry land acid soil in Indonesia.

Elucidating the distinct interactive impact of cadmium and nickel on growth, photosynthesis, metal-homeostasis, and yield responses of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties.

Contamination of soils with heavy metals (HMs) caused serious problems because plants tend to absorb HMs from the soil. In view of HM hazards to plants as well as agro-ecosystems, we executed this study to assess metal toxicity to mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants cultivated in soil with six treatment levels of cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) and to find metal tolerant variety, i.e., M-93 (V1) and M-1(V2) with multifarious plant biochemical and physiological attributes. Increasing doses of Cd and Ni inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis and both varieties showed highly significant differences in the morpho-physiological attributes. V2 showed sensitivity to Cd and Ni treatments alone or in combination. Tolerance indices for attributes presented a declined growth of Vigna plants under HM stress accompanied by highly significant suppression in gas exchange characteristics. Of single element applications, the adverse effects on mung bean were more pronounced in Cd treatments. V1 showed much reduction in photosynthesis attributes except sub-stomatal CO2 concentration in all treatments compared to V2. The yield attributes, i.e., seed yield/plant and 100-seed weight, were progressively reduced in T5 for both varieties. In combination, we have observed increased mobility of Cd and Ni in both varieties. The results showed that water use efficiency (WUE) generally increased in all the treatments for both varieties compared to control. V2 exhibited less soluble sugars and free amino acids compared to V1 in all the treatments. Similarly, we recorded an enhanced total free amino acid contents in both varieties among all the metal treatments against control plants. We conclude that combinatorial treatment proved much lethal for Vigna plants, but V1 performed better than V2 in counteracting the adverse effects of Cd and Ni.

Applying organic fertilizer in cassava (Manihot esculenta) – mungbean (Vigna radiata) intercropped to improve dryland productivity

Organic matter content in the dryland farming system tends to decrease rapidlyin most of arid region of Eastern Indonesia. This experiment aimed to test that hypothesis by growing casava and mungbean with and without organic fertilizer (cattle manure) under monoculture and intercropping. The study used a factorial completely randomized block design. The first factor is two cropping systems, namely monoculture and intercropping, the second factor is 2 applications of organic fertilizer (compost), namely 1) No compost and 2) Compost. Each treatment uses 6 replications. The results showed a significant effect of treatment on cassava yield component and productivity, while mungbean growth and yield was similar between treatment. Cassava grown under intercropping system with additional cattle manure was significantly produced the longest tuber (71.40 cm) and the largest number of tubers (6.40 tubers.plant-1). It also contributed to the highest tuber productivity (28.40 t.h-1), followed by yield of casava under intercropping system without compost (26.00 t.h-1), then the casava monoculture system with compost (21.80 t.h-1). The least was the monoculture system without compost (21.70 t.h-1). This experiment proved that additional organic fertilizer under intercropping system could increase the productivity of dryland (LER = 2.13).