Multiple Spells Research Articles

Measuring the Written Language Disorder among Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder. People diagnosed with ADHD are often inattentive (have difficulty focusing on a task for a considerable period), overly impulsive (make rash decisions), and are hyperactive (move excessively, often at inappropriate times). ADHD is often diagnosed through psychiatric assessments with additional input from physical/neurological evaluations. Written Language Disorder (WLD) is a learning disorder. People diagnosed with WLD often make multiple spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes, have sentences that lack cohesion and topic flow, and have trouble completing written assignments. Typically, WLD is also diagnosed through psychological educational assessments with additional input from physical/neurological evaluation. Literature Review: Previous research has shown a link between ADHD and writing difficulties. Students with ADHD have an increased likelihood of having writing difficulties, and rarely is there a presence of writing difficulties without ADHD or another mental health disorder. However, the presence of writing difficulties does not necessarily indicate the presence of a WLD. There are other physical and behavioral factors of ADHD that can contribute to a student having a WLD as well. Therefore, a statistical association between these factors (in conjunction with written performance) and WLD must first be established. Research Question: To determine the statistical association between WLD and physical and behavioral aspects of ADHD that indicate writing difficulties, this research reviewed methodologies from the literature pertaining to contemporary diagnoses of writing difficulties in ADHD students, and reveal diagnostic methods that explicitly associate the presence of WLD with these writing difficulties among students with ADHD. The results demonstrate the association between writing difficulties and WLD as it pertains to ADHD students using an integrated computational model employed on data from a systematic review. These results will be validated in a future study that will employ the integrated computational model to measure WLD among students with ADHD. Methodology: To measure the association of WLD among students with ADHD, the authors created a novel computational model that integrates the outcomes of common screening methods for WLD (physical questionnaire, behavioral questionnaire, and written performance tasks) with common screening methods for ADHD (physical questionnaire, behavioral questionnaire, adult self-reporting scales, and reaction-based continuous performance tasks (CPTs)). The outcomes of these screening methods were fed into an artificial neural network (ANN ) first, to ‘artificially learn’ about measuring the prevalence of WLD among ADHD students and second, to adjust the prevalence value based on information from different screening methods. This can be considered as the priming of the ANN. The ANN model was then tested with data from previous studies about ADHD students who had writing difficulties. The ANN model was also tested with data from students without ADHD or WLD, to serve as control. Results: The results show that physical, behavioral, and written performance attributes of ADHD students have a high correlation with WLD (r = 0.72 to 0.80) in comparison to control students (r = 0.30 to 0.20), substantiating the link between WLD and ADHD. It should be noted that due to lack of female participation, most studies in the literature only employed and reported on the relationship between WLD and ADHD for male participants. Discussion and Conclusion: By testing ADHD students and control students against the WLD criteria, the study shows a strong correlation between WLD and ADHD. There are limitations to the results’ accuracy in terms of a) sample size (average n=88, mean age = 19, 8 studies used for a meta-analysis), b) analysis (original study reviewing ADHD factors first, WLD factors second), and c) causation (the study only reviews prevalence of WLD in ADHD students, not causation). A clinical trial will validate the data and address some of these limitations in a future phase of the research. A computational causal model will be introduced in the discussion portion to illustrate how causation between writing metrics and WLD as it pertains to ADHD can be achieved. These results open the door to advancing pedagogical techniques in education, where students afflicted with ADHD and/or WLD could not only receive assistance for the behavioral aspects of their disorder, but also expect assistance for the learning aspects of their disorder, empowering them to succeed in their studies.

Speech Acts and Embedded Narrative Structure in the Getty Hexameters

Abstract The Getty Hexameters are an enigmatic text that reveals a conception of the pragmatic force underlying mythic narratives. Although some scholars have concluded that the text is a composite of multiple spells, this paper argues for reading the text as a unified narrative marked by a hierarchy of authoritative speech acts that draw on the authority of three apotropaic divinities: Paean, Hecate, and Heracles. These layers of narrative acts follow a sequence of revelation, mythological analogy, and aitiology, all of which come together to demonstrate the efficacy of the text as an apotropaic charm.

Recombinant innovation and the boundaries of the firm

Recombinant innovation, the combination of existing ideas, is important for technological progress; we want to understand how important market frictions are in stifling the transmission of ideas from one firm to another. Although the theoretical literature emphasizes the importance of these frictions, direct empirical evidence on them is limited. We use comprehensive data on patent applications from the European Patent Office and a multiple spells duration model to provide estimates that suggest that they are substantial. It is around 30% more costly to successfully discover and utilize new ideas created in another firm than in your own. This compares to the increased costs of accessing new ideas across national borders of around 7%, and across technologies of around 20%. These result point towards substantial imperfections in the market for technology.

Discovery of Trichopria keralensis (Hymenoptera, Diaprioidea, Diapriidae) in South Korea and Japan, a review of the keralensis species group of Trichopria and the nomenclature and synonymy of Alareka

Trichopria keralensis is recorded for the first time from South Korea and Japan and a detailed redescription and photographs of this species are given. The genus Alareka is a junior synonym of Trichopria syn. n. Alareka keralensis is transferred to Trichopria keralensis comb. n. T. keralensis and closely related species are referred to the keralensis species group of Trichopria. The keralensis species group is recorded here for the first time from the East Palaearctic, West Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Australian (Oceanian) regions. The multiple original spellings of Alareka, Alarika, Alareka keralensis and Alareka keralaensis are resolved.

Knocking back invasions: variable resistance and resilience to multiple cold spells in native vs. nonnative fishes

AbstractExtreme climate events can interact synergistically with invasions to dramatically alter ecosystem structure, function, and services. Yet, the effects of extreme climate events on species invasions remain unresolved. Extreme climate events may increase resources and decrease biotic resistance by causing physiological stress and/or mortality of native taxa, resulting in invasion opportunities for nonnative species. Alternatively, extreme climate events may regulate nonnative populations, preventing them from achieving dominance. We examined whether a sequence of three cold spells had a negative or positive effect on fish invasions in the coastal Everglades. We compared resistance (initial effects) and resilience (rate of recovery) to the cold spells between native fishes and the dominant nonnative invader, the Mayan cichlid, across eight populations expanding two mangroves drainages in the southern Everglades. We tracked native fish and nonnative Mayan cichlid populations for 10 yr including 3 yr pre‐ and 4 yr post‐cold spells. In both drainages, native fishes were more resistant to the cold spells than the nonnative species. While native fishes experienced declines at only one site, nonnative Mayan numbers were reduced by 90–100% across six sites where they were abundant pre‐disturbances. Four years after the last cold spell, we saw limited resilience in the affected nonnative populations. Only one of the six affected sites fully recovered, whereas the other five sites showed no recovery in Mayan cichlid numbers. The recovered site was closest to a canal, known to act as thermal refuges for nonnative fishes. In summary, cold spells can reduce nonnative abundances, but whether cold spells can effectively knock back invasions (and range expansions) by tropical/subtropical nonnative species will depend on how the frequency and severity of cold spells are affected by climate change. We propose that these mortality‐causing extreme events could provide rare management opportunities late in an invasion.

“Medibles”: Dangerous Treats

The Oregon Poison Center (OPC) received 3 calls in one shift regarding toddlers who had altered mental status. A 3-year-old was described as having “abnormal shaking movements.” Another toddler received intravenous fluids for hypotension, and the last child was intubated for multiple apneic spells in the emergency department. All their symptoms resolved overnight, and they were discharged the next day. Charisse Pizarro-Osilla is a Certified Specialist in Poison Information and Lead Charge RN Coordinator, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Poison Center, Portland, OR.

Default Prediction with a Multiple-Spell Discrete-Time Hazard Model

We develop a discrete-time hazard model with multiple credit spells for predicting default of non-financial firms. We show theoretically that the model estimates are consistent. The model permits the use of all data available to the bank and/or bank regulator, including firms' historic performance, which entails recurrent defaults and other recurrent events. The results of model estimation show that the inclusion of historic performance improves predictive power over models lacking such inclusion, and enables valid inference, thereby reducing potential bias in the capital requirement for credit risk of banks permitted by the regulator to use own estimates of probability of default for this purpose.

Working to Get Fired? Regression Discontinuity Effects of Unemployment Benefit Eligibility on Prior Employment Duration

In most countries, the unemployed are entitled to unemployment benefits only if they have previously worked a minimum period of time. This institutional feature creates a sharp change at eligibility in the disutility from unemployment and may distort the duration of jobs. In this paper, we evaluate this eligibility effect using a regression discontinuity approach. Our evidence is based on longitudinal social security data from Portugal, where the unemployed are required to work a relatively long period to collect benefits. We find that monthly transitions from employment to unemployment increase by 10% as soon as the eligibility condition is met. This result is driven entirely by transitions to subsidised unemployment, which increase by 20%, as non-subsidised unemployment is not affected. The effects are even larger for the unemployed with high replacement ratios or those who meet the eligibility condition from multiple short employment spells.

Calculating Lateral Frost Front Penetration in a Rapidly Retreating Cliff of Fine Sediments

An adapted version of the Stefan equation (CLIFFSE) was tested to predict lateral progression of the frost front into cohesive sediments that form coastal cliffs along the north shore of the maritime estuary and gulf of the St Lawrence River (Quebec, Canada). The equation was adapted to accommodate the influence of cliff erosion on lateral penetration of freezing and thawing into vertical cliff faces. As the cliff erodes, freezing and thawing are initiated from the newly revealed surface. Frost progression and erosion were measured with an automated thermal erosion pin system. Measured observations agreed with predictions from the adapted equation (78 to 99% of the variability explained). Erosion associated with thawing front progression during winter warm spells led to a relative reduction in the frost front depth. Subsequently, progression of the frost front into the cliff contributed to an additional 50 cm of sediment freezing and erosion by the end of the cold season, which was not predicted by the original Stefan equation. Our findings support the hypothesis that multiple warm spells influence the amount of lateral penetration of the frost front in vertical cliffs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water availability in sand dunes and its implications for the distribution of Artemisia monosperma

Plants in many sand dune systems experience arid-like conditions due to low water capacity and high hydraulic conductivity of sand grain medium. Here, water availability was studied in coastal sand dunes in a Mediterranean climate on which the dominant species is a desert dwarf shrub, Artemisia monosperma. Special emphasis was put on landscape heterogeneity and contrasts between dune stabilisation states and microhabitats, conditions after rain events and in the dry season and catenary profiles. During the approximately 150day-long dry season, as well as during multiple dry spells in the rainy season, soil water content at 50cm depth was below permanent wilting point in both mobile and stabilised dunes. The open matrix between the A. monosperma dwarf shrubs was characterised by higher hydraulic conductivity and soil water content compared with soil under A. monosperma dwarf shrubs, and played an important role in supporting the dwarf shrubs. In the mobile dunes, in which there is greater open matrix area, this has resulted in higher soil water content in the dunes that increases into the adjacent interdunce, while the opposite was found in the stabilised dunes. The dominance of A. monosperma is thus related to its ability to utilise water from the open matrix, and its distribution is driven by source–sink relations between the open matrix and A. monosperma dwarf shrubs, respectively. In stabilised dunes, A. monosperma dwarf shrubs increase in size and total percentage cover, reducing water-contributing open matrix area and probably increasing competition over water. As a result, the spatial distribution pattern of A. monosperma dwarf shrubs is regular, maintaining a certain degree of open matrix to support the living dwarf shrubs, which theoretically cannot achieve a full coverage of the dune surface in this Mediterranean system.

Cavernous hemangioma presenting during pregnancy: A detailed literature review

Cavernous hemangiomas (CH) are occult vascular malformations, typically presenting as hemorrhage within a cerebral hemisphere, or as seizures. Brainstem and cerebellar locations of these lesions are less commonly described. Potentially very serious, they tend to result in severe deficits or death. We review the existing scientific literature on their presentation and course during pregnancy. Relevant cases were identified through electronic searches of multiple internet search databases, including PubMed, SciSearch, Scientific Commons, Springer Link, and Google, using advanced search functions and multiple search terms, using both American and British spellings. Detailed literature review revealed, including our own single case, 26 patients, ranging from 15 to 37 years, with 28 episodes of CH presenting during pregnancy. Two thirds occurred in the third trimester. Supratentorial lesions all presented with seizures, but without neurological deficits or documented hemorrhage, and all patients did well. Conversely, infratentorial lesions always presented with neurological deficits, usually with hemorrhage and never with seizures, and outcomes were quite variable, including maternal and fetal deaths. CHs are rare in pregnancy, but can affect pregnant women of any age, tending to occur in the 3rd trimester. Supratentorial CH present with seizures and patients generally do well. CH within the brainstem present with hemorrhage, and such patients have a guarded prognosis. If far enough into gestation, immediate delivery of the fetus and resection of the lesion are recommended.

Transliteration normalization for Information Extraction and Machine Translation

Foreign name transliterations typically include multiple spelling variants. These variants cause data sparseness and inconsistency problems, increase the Out-of-Vocabulary (OOV) rate, and present challenges for Machine Translation, Information Extraction and other natural language processing (NLP) tasks. This work aims to identify and cluster name spelling variants using a Statistical Machine Translation method: word alignment. The variants are identified by being aligned to the same “pivot” name in another language (the source-language in Machine Translation settings). Based on word-to-word translation and transliteration probabilities, as well as the string edit distance metric, names with similar spellings in the target language are clustered and then normalized to a canonical form. With this approach, tens of thousands of high-precision name transliteration spelling variants are extracted from sentence-aligned bilingual corpora in Arabic and English (in both languages). When these normalized name spelling variants are applied to Information Extraction tasks, improvements over strong baseline systems are observed. When applied to Machine Translation tasks, a large improvement potential is shown.

The impact of job accommodations on employment outcomes among individuals with psychiatric disabilities.

This study aimed to fill a gap in the literature on effectiveness of employment accommodations by comparing employment outcomes for individuals with psychiatric disabilities who received or did not receive accommodations, with models informed by a conceptual approach blending static labor supply theory, Sen's capability approach, and the International Classification of Functioning. Data for the study came from a longitudinal, four-year eight-state multisite demonstration project funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. All participants had been recruited from clinical populations receiving outpatient psychiatric services. The effects of job accommodations on hours worked were assessed with generalized linear modeling (N=1,538). The effects of job accommodations on duration of employment were assessed with a parametric duration model analysis (N=1,040) that incorporated multiple spells of employment among individuals over the study period. Controlling for covariates suggested by the conceptual model, analyses showed that individuals who reported job accommodations on average worked 7.68 more hours per month and those who reported receiving accommodations worked 31% longer, with each job accommodation reported decreasing the risk of job termination by nearly 13%. Results demonstrate that job accommodations show potential to improve employment outcomes for individuals with psychiatric disabilities receiving supported employment services, indicating that job accommodations should be stressed in policy and continuing education efforts for program staff and clients.

Exiting Poverty: Does Sex Matter?

Little is understood about the factors associated with poverty duration in Canada, or which factors, if any, may affect women and men differently. Moreover, research pays scant attention to how far Canadians transition out of poverty. For example, some may exit poverty only marginally, while others exit much further above the poverty line. We investigate the determinants of poverty duration among women and men in Canada. A major contribution of this article is the examination of poverty duration across different exit destinations (competing risks): exits to just above the poverty line versus exits to further above the poverty line. We find that nearly one-quarter of poverty spells end within 110 percent of the poverty line (near poverty). Many of those who exit to near poverty experience multiple spells. As expected, we find that higher education increases the probability of transitioning further out of poverty, but very little is correlated with exits to near poverty relative to remaining in poverty. The longer the poverty spell, the lower the probability of exit, particularly to higher income levels. We find few significant gender differences in the coefficient estimates. Differences are present in the characteristics associated with exits close to or further away from the poverty line.

Mental health selection and income support dynamics: multiple spell discrete-time survival analyses of welfare receipt

BackgroundThe higher occurrence of common psychiatric disorders among welfare recipients has been attributed to health selection, social causation and underlying vulnerability. The aims of this study were to test for...

The effect of leaving employment on mental health: testing ‘adaptation’ versus ‘sensitisation’ in a cohort of working-age Australians

ObjectivesTo investigate the ‘adaptation’ versus ‘sensitisation’ hypotheses in relation to mental health and labour market transitions out of employment to determine whether mental health stabilised (adaptation) or worsened (sensitisation) as...

Cyclical Cohabitation Among Unmarried Parents in Fragile Families.

Building on past research suggesting that cohabitation is an ambiguous family form, the authors examined an understudied residential pattern among unmarried parents: cyclical cohabitation, in which parents have multiple cohabitation spells with each other. Using 9 years of panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,084), they found that 10% of all parents with nonmarital births, and nearly a quarter of those living together when the child is 9 years old, are cyclical cohabitors. Cyclically cohabiting mothers reported more material hardships than mothers in most other relationship patterns but also reported more father involvement with children. On all measures of child well-being, except grade retention, children of cyclically cohabiting parents fared no worse than children of stably cohabiting biological parents and did not differ significantly from any other group.

Nomenclatural studies toward a world catalog of Diptera genus-group names. III. Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann.

The Diptera genus-group names of Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann are reviewed and annotated. A total of 50 available genus-group names in 25 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically for each name giving author, year and page of original publication, originally included species, type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and a list of any emendations of it that have been found in the literature. Remarks are given to clarify nomenclatural or taxonomic information. A biography of Wiedemann is given with discussion of his works and his relationships with contemporaries. In addition, an index is given to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Wiedemann (1,775 of which 1,698 are available) with bibliographic reference to each original citation. An appendix gives a complete bibliography of all the known writings by Wiedemann, non-zoological as well as zoological.The following type species is designated herein: Eristalis chrysopygus Wiedemann, 1819 for Pachycephalus Wiedemann, 1830, by present designation [Syrphidae].Corrected or clarified type-species and methods of typification are given for: Colax Wiedemann, 1824 [Nemestrinidae]; Cyphomyia Wiedemann, 1819 [Stratiomyidae]; Philoliche Wiedemann, 1821 [Tabanidae]; Ropalomera Wiedemann, 1820 [Ropalomeridae]; Timia Wiedemann, 1824 [Ulidiidae].Acting as First Reviser, the following correct original spelling for multiple original spellings is selected: Maekistocera Wiedemann, 1820 [Tipulidae]. A previous First Reviser action for multiple original spellings missed by other workers is given for the following: Rhaphiorhynchus Wiedemann, 1821 [Pantophthalmidae].The following nominal genera enter into new synonymies: Ceratophyia Osten Sacken, 1858 of Ceratophya Wiedemann, 1824, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Epopter Wiedemann, 1830 of Sphecomyia Le Peletier & Serville, 1825, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Melophaga Wiedemann, 1830 of Melophagus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Midas Latreille, 1797 of Mydas Fabricius, 1794, n. syn. [Mydidae]; Nemestrina Latreille, 1809 of Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Nemestrinidae]; Pangonia Latreille, 1809 of Pangonius Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Scatophaga Wiedemann, 1828 of Scathophaga Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Scathophagidae]; Threneste Wiedemann, 1830 of Penthetria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bibionidae].

Orthographic Consistency Affects Spoken Word Recognition at Different Grain-Sizes

A number of previous studies found that the consistency of sound-to-spelling mappings (feedback consistency) affects spoken word recognition. In auditory lexical decision experiments, words that can only be spelled one way are recognized faster than words with multiple potential spellings. Previous studies demonstrated this by manipulating feedback consistency of rhymes. The present lexical decision study, done in English, manipulated the spelling of individual vowels within consistent rhymes. Participants recognized words with consistent rhymes where the vowel has the most typical spelling (e.g., lobe) faster than words with consistent rhymes where the vowel has a less typical spelling (e.g., loaf). The present study extends previous literature by showing that auditory word recognition is affected by orthographic regularities at different grain sizes, just like written word recognition and spelling. The theoretical and methodological implications for future research in spoken word recognition are discussed.

Patterns of child care subsidy receipt and the stability of child care

Abstract Previous studies have found that child care subsidy spells are often short and that multiple spells are common. Such instability in subsidy use may lead to instability in child care arrangements, yet we have little evidence of the relationship between them. This article focuses on a cohort of young children in Wisconsin and follows their patterns of the receipt of child care subsidies and subsidized care arrangements up until the age of 5. The study estimates the extent to which the patterns of subsidy use is associated with the stability of subsidized child care arrangements. It also examines variation in the degree of instability in the receipt of child care subsidies and subsidized care arrangements and factors related to such variation. The study finds a positive association between the number of subsidy-receipt spells and the number of subsidized child care providers that children experience. The study also finds that children from the most disadvantaged families are the ones who experience the highest degree of instability of care and subsidy receipt.