Multiple Response Optimization Research Articles

Multi-response Optimization in the Development of a Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric Using ZnO Nanoparticles Mediated Resin Finish under Taguchi Based Grey Relational Analysis and Fuzzy Logics Approaches

Present work investigates multi-response optimization in development of super-oleohydrophobic cotton fabric under pad-dry-cure method. A bleached cotton fabric was treated with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated oil and water repellent finish (Oleophobol CP-C®) to impart in it antibacterial activity, UV protection and super oleo/hydrophobicity. Taguchi based fuzzy logics and grey relational analytical techniques were employed to obtain simultaneous optimum settings of input parameters including concentrations of ZnO NPs, O-CPC® finish and Knittex FEL®, and curing temperature for multiple responses. The fuzzy logics and grey relational analysis were employed on the experimental data to determine significant process parameters for optimization of multiple responses. The present set of techniques was effectively used to develop super-hydrophobic (WCA: 162 °) and oleophobic (OCA: 140 °) cotton fabric along with appropriate textile properties as reported in the text. The developed fabric has potential uses in various domestic and house-hold applications due to its antibacterial, self-cleaning, non-staining and UV-protection properties.

Investigation of kerf Characteristics in Abrasive Water Jet Machining of Inconel 600 using Response Surface Methodology

Abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) has found its application in the manufacturing industries for machining hard materials with precision. A degree of high precision in machining of complex geometries makes AWJM valuable. The selection of optimum process parameters is important to the resulting quality of machined parts. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the machinability of Inconel 600. A response surface methodology (RSM) is used to determine the influence of the AWJM process parameters on the considered performance characteristics, i.e., kerf top width (KTW) and taper angle. The analysis of variance is performed to obtain the contribution and influence of each process parameter on the considered responses. The value of R-Squared obtained for KTW and taper angle using regression model is 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. The optimum setting of the parameters for single and multiple response characteristics are obtained using the desirability analysis of RSM. The results obtained using desirability analysis of RSM is validated by conducting the confirmation experiments. The experimental confirmatory values obtained for the considered performance parameters KTW and taper angle as 27.138 and 0.125 respectively. The corresponding value of error obtained as 0.383 and 0.013 respectively. Further, an optimum set is obtained with KTW as 27.461 mm and taper angle as 0.582° for multiple response optimisation.

Optimising extraction of antioxidants from roasted Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves using response surface methodology

Optimal conditions for alcoholic extraction of antioxidants from roasted leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. were determined using response surface methodology and the phenolic profile of optimised extract determined by HPLC-PDA. The experimental results adequately fitted the second-order polynomial models as indicated by regression coefficient (.90–.95), lack-of-fit >.05, and absolute deviation .01–.04). Using multiple responses optimization and desirability function, the optimal conditions needed to maximize simultaneously antioxidant activity, phenolic content and extract yield were 65%–75% ethanol, 55–65°C and 40 min. The experimental values were not significantly different (p > .05) from those predicted, indicating the suitability of the models in the studied range. HPLC analysis of the extract revealed the presence of quercetin, isoquercetin, caffeic acid, and rutin. Rutin (45 mg/g), a flavonoid, was the major phenolic. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential IC50 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl 1.28 mg/L, ferric reducing antioxidant power 236 mg AAE/g, total phenolic content 176 mg GAE/g and could be used as nutraceuticals. Practical applications Moringa oleifera L. leaves were roasted to improve antioxidant function and optimum conditions for the preparation of extract with optimal antioxidant potential determined using the multiple response optimization procedure. The resulting extract was freeze-dried and its phenolic profile characterized by HPLC-PDA. The powdered extract has good antioxidant (radical scavenging and ferric reducing) potential and contained rutin as the major phenolic flavonoid followed by quercetin, isoquercetin caffeic acid, and vanillin. The extract has potential for use in nutraceutical formulations for the prevention and management of oxidative stress and chronic diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer).

Applications of mixture experiments for response surface methodology implementation in analytical methods development

AbstractThis review presents applications of response surface methodology (RSM) when mixture experiments are involved for the optimization in the field of analytical methods development. Several critical issues such as sort of designs, modeling with least squares or artificial neural networks, and multiple response optimization are discussed. The results of a literature survey of the works reported up to 2019 are presented. Finally, an illustrative example providing the necessary information to carry out this kind of work is discussed. A list of the most popular software available to apply RSM is also presented.

Multi Response Optimization of Parameters in F SW for Tailor Welded Blanks A A 5052 H32 and A A 5083 O u sing Response Surface Methodology

Tensile properties, microhardness, and formability of the tailor welded blank of AA5052-H32 and AA5083-O were investigated. To detect the influence of FSW parameters such as shoulder diameter (SD), rotational speed (RS), and travel speed (TS), a central composite design (CCD) was derived. The response surface methodology (RSM) technique is used to develop the mathematical model and optimization of multiple responses, i.e., ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Yield strength (YS), percentage elongation (TE), dome height (DH), and microhardness (μH). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is used to validate the competency of the established model, and the regression equation is derived to predict the value of output responses. It is found that the welding parameter of FSW plays a significant role in fabricating the joint. It is observed that for the welded combination of AA5052-H32 and AA5083-O, the metallurgically defect-free and sound weld produced. The results are very much significant to a better understanding of the effect of the combination of SD, TS, RS to fabricate the FSW joint. The experimental and predicted result shows a good relationship with each other.

Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenol, mangiferin, and its antioxidant expressionin mango peel (Mangifera indica) using response surface methodology.

Emerging extraction techniques for bioactive compounds have been cataloged as efficient and cost effective compared to conventional ones. The objective of this research was to define the time and temperature that will guarantee a higher mangiferin content and antioxidant potential in Colombian Criollo mango peel through Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). To find the optimal extraction conditions, response surface methodology was used, proposing a 32 factorial experimental design having as response variables the content of mangiferin and total phenols, and the antioxidant activity measured through ABTS and ORAC techniques. According to the results obtained, the R2 values were in accordance with the adjusted R2 values, showing that the data fit the model well. The results showed that both time and temperature had a significant effect on all the variables evaluated (p < 0.05). The optimization of multiple responses showed that the optimal extraction conditions were 10 min and 54&deg;C; these values were performed experimentally to compare theoretical values, finding percentages of standard residual error of less than 5%. This allows the conclusion that the optimal parameters of temperature and time in ultrasound- assisted extraction were defined in Criollo mango peel. On the other hand, the peel showed a considerable metabolite content and antioxidant activity, suggesting it as a possible functional additive in the production of juices, nectars, and other mango-based products.

Multiple response optimization to determine the suitable solvent for the extract production from defatted grape seed powder: A simplex lattice mixture design approach

In this study, effects of different solvents (ethanol, methanol and water) on bioactive performance of defatted grape seed powder (GSP) were investigated using simplex lattice mixture design approach. Also, multiple response optimization process was applied to determine the best solvent type for the high bioactive GSP extract production. For this purpose, the bioactive compound concentrations and their antioxidant and antiradical properties were characterized and the effect of solvent type on the processing variables was modelled. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of GSP ranged between 0.31-7.29 mg GAE/g and 44.3-537.4 mg CE/kg sample. In addition to that, DPPH and ABTS.+ radical scavenging activity of the samples were in the range of 2.11-80.5% and 0.31-4.08 μg Trolox/ g sample. The effect of solvent type showed a significant effect on all studied bioactive parameters and the best solvent mixture was determined as ethanol (33.84%), methanol (20.17%) and water (45.99%) by the considering the all studied parameters.

Combining chemometrics and the technique for the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution: A new approach to multiple-response optimization of HPLC compared to desirability function

Some devices are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce and control the quality of a variety of pharmaceutical products; therefore, it would be helpful to identify the factors affecting the performance of the devices and optimize them in terms of time and cost. In this regard, the use of experimental design approaches to optimization is important as it can help a device achieve its highest efficiency. One of the most popular devices in the pharmaceutical industry is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In view of its wide use in the industry and the number of factors affecting it, it is necessary to design and validate a new method that can simultaneously optimize its different parameters. In this study, the method of the simultaneous optimization of the parameters was implemented using the Box-Behnken design and multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) by Derringer's desirability function and technique for the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. In this regard, mobile phase ratio, flow rate, and pH were simultaneously changed, and capacity factor, total analysis time, and resolution were considered as responses. To validate the method, the key parameters of the method were determined and used for all the validation steps. Therefore, this approach to optimizing HPLC factors is new and very cost-effective with diverse applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Evaluation of citrus flavonoids against Aspergillus parasiticus in maize: Aflatoxins reduction and ultrastructure alterations

In this study, the effects of citrus flavonoids naringin (NAR), neohesperidin (NEO) and quercetin (QUER) on aflatoxins accumulation by a selected Aspergillus parasiticus strain in maize at 0.95 aw were studied by response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design. Multiple response optimization was applied to simultaneously minimize the contamination with aflatoxins (AFs) B1, G1, B2 and G2. The application of the optimal mixture in maize at 0.95 aw (0.39 mM NAR, 0.24 mM NEO and 0.40 mM QUER) reduced from 85% to 100% AFs accumulation. The same mixture at 0.98 aw, led to a reduction in AFs accumulation that ranged from 93% to 98%.Ultrastructure alterations of cellular membranes and walls in A. parasiticus, evidenced by transmission electron microscopy images, were severe and depended on the type of flavonoid and their combination. Flavonoid mixtures may provide an environmentally friendly alternative for decreasing AFs accumulation in stored maize, replacing synthetic compounds.

Effect of Synthetic Fibers and Hydrated Lime in Porous Asphalt Mixture Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques.

Porous asphalt is a type of mixture characterized by having high air void percentages that offers multiple benefits when used in wearing courses in terms of driving safety, water flow management, and noise reduction. However, the durability of porous asphalt (PA) mixtures is significantly shorter when compared to dense-graded asphalt mixtures. This study investigated the impact of polyolefin–aramid fibers and hydrated lime in the functional and mechanical performance of porous asphalt mixtures. A parametric study based on the concept of design of experiments was carried out through the Taguchi methodology. Accordingly, an experimental design was conducted based on the L18 full factorial orthogonal array. Three control factors—fiber content, binder content, and filler type—were included at various levels, and multiple responses including total air voids, interconnected air voids, particle loss in dry conditions, particle loss in wet conditions, and binder drainage were assessed experimentally. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated to determine the optimal solution levels for each control factor for the multiple responses. In the second phase of the research, multi-criteria decision-making techniques—namely, criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation and weighted aggregated sum product assessment—were used to transform the multiple-response optimization problem into a single-unique optimization problem and to elaborate a preference ranking among all the mixture designs. The most significant levels for acquiring the optimum overall response value were found to be 0.05% for fiber content and 5.00% for binder content and mixed filler with hydrated lime.

Electro-activated peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate oxidation of leachate nanofiltration concentrate: multiple-response optimization

In this study, the performance of electro-peroxymonosulfate and electro-peroxydisulfate methods in biologically stabilized leachate nanofiltration concentrate treatment was investigated. To increase treatability and biodegradability of the concentrated leachate was aimed. Central composite design was applied for the optimization of process parameters and development of mathematical model. Variance analyses were performed to attain the interaction among the responses and process variables and to analyze the data. Second-order regression models were developed by Statgraphics Centurion XVI.I software program in order to estimate the removal efficiencies. Model’s correlation coefficients for COD removal through electro-peroxymonosulfate and electro-peroxydisulfate processes were determined to be 0.8769 and 0.8910, respectively, expressing conformity of the experimental data to the model. COD removal rates obtained through electro-peroxymonosulfate and electro-peroxydisulfate processes under optimum conditions (HSO5−/COD ratio: 2.5, current: 1.8 A, pH: 6.4 and reaction time: 35.9 min for electro-peroxymonosulfate process and S2O8−2/COD ratio: 1.9, current: 2.1 A, pH: 5.1 and reaction time: 32.3 min for electro-peroxydisulfate process) were determined as 84.2% and 79.6%, respectively. Before advanced treatment processes, the biodegradable COD fraction of leachate nanofiltration concentrate was 12.7% and the soluble COD fraction was 78.3%. After electro-peroxymonosulfate process, biodegradable COD fraction increased to the value of 44.6% and the soluble COD fraction increased to the value of 90.5%, whereas after electro-peroxydisulfate process, biodegradable COD fraction increased to the value of 37.5% and the soluble COD fraction increased to the value of 87.4%. The results of the study showed that electro-peroxymonosulfate and electro-peroxydisulfate oxidation processes were effective treatment methods for leachate concentrates with low biodegradability.

Application of pareto-optimal front as an option to desirability function for the optimization of a microbiological process

Two multiple response optimization methodologies were applied and compared to obtain an optimum combination medium formulation for culturing the yeast Rhodotorula graminis: (1) desirability function, and (2) pareto-optimal front by means of genetic algorithms (POF-GA). The concentration of microbial lipids, a raw material for the production of biodiesel, was modelled by the response surface methodology and then maximized through the application of a methodology based in genetic algorithms. The results obtained by applying POF-GA (one of the first times this approach was applied to a microbiological process) were confirmed by using the well-known Derringer's desirability function and by carrying out independent experiments. Then, it was verified that POF-GA is a viable option to be applied in biotechnological processes and that molasses may be employed as a source for culture media employed to produce microbial lipids, representing important economical savings since molasses is a raw material from sugarcane industrialization.

Valorization of olive mill leaves through ultrasound-assisted extraction

Olive leaves farmed from trees are valuable for the production of functional extracts. Nonetheless, olive leaves (containing thin branches), which are separated during olives cleaning in the mill, have received little attention. In this context, a multiple response optimization was performed to maximize at once the yield, total phenolic content, oleouropein and antioxidant activity obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction of this low-cost byproduct. The optimum was achieved using the following operational parameters: solid-to-liquid ratio, 5.9%; ethanol concentration, 47%; extraction time, 50 min. This enabled to obtain an extract with both high level of oleuropein and antioxidant activity. Besides oleuropein, other minor phenolic compounds were characterized in the extract, which could contribute to the antioxidant activity as Pearson correlation suggested. After this extraction step, how the phenolic extraction affects the recovery/profile of other constituents was evaluated, looking for the integral valorization of this resource towards the zero-waste.

Efficient Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of BTEX Using TiO2/CuO/Cu2O Nanorod-Array Film as the Photoanode and MWCNT/GO/Graphite Felt as the Photocathode

Wastewater treatment challenges by conventional methods have necessitated the need for alternative/complementary methods that are environmentally safe and efficient especially towards recalcitrant organic pollutants. In this regard, a novel highly active visible-light responsive photoanode with the ternary hybrid CuO/Cu2O/TiO2 nanorods array film is proposed to enhance electron transfer in the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes) by combining with MWCNT/GO/GF cathode. Structural, morphological, optical, electrochemical, and elemental analysis of proposed electrodes is investigated in detail. Response surface methodology (RSM) comprising of full-factorial central composite design (CCD) with five factors and five levels has been used to examine the effects of different operating parameters such as electrode distance, current density, treatment time (t), solution pH, and conductivity in a PEC batch reactor. BTEX mineralization in aqueous solution was examined with multiple responses such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and specific energy consumption. During multiple response optimization, the desirability function approach was employed to concurrently maximize COD removal and minimize energy consumption. At the optimum condition, 81.3% COD removal and 9.5 kWh/kg of COD removed were observed. The photoelectrocatalytic oxidization mechanism of BTEX with proposed anode and cathode was discussed, then the possible degradation pathway of BTEX identified using GC–MS.

Multiple Response Optimization of Beeswax-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Controlled Release of Vitamin E.

Consumer demand for cosmetics is growing, causing a need to develop new systems to release active ingredients. Among these, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have certain advantages regarding penetration of active compounds in the skin. The study reported here aimed to develop an NLC system for controlled release of vitamin E, a substance that has antioxidant and photoprotective properties. The NLCs containing vitamin E (NLC-VE) were prepared by the melting-emulsionsolidification method, using beeswax as the solid lipid, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), coconut oil or avocado oil as liquid lipids and three different nonionic surfactants. The composition of the system was defined by studying the effect of various experimental factors on the size distribution, average diameter and physical stability of the nanoparticles. The optimization of these characteristics, achieved by a Box-Behnken statistical design, showed that 8% w/w of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80, 24% ultrasound amplitude and processing time of 2 minutes and 16 seconds generated nanoparticles with homogeneous size (PDI = 0.11±0.02), average diameter of 180±20 nm and physical stability of 12 weeks. The NLC-VE systems prepared under the optimal conditions, containing Tween 80, beeswax and MCTs, were formulated as viscous suspensions by adding Pluronic F-127, a poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) block copolymer, at a concentration of 10% w/w. The colloidal nanosuspension obtained had a viscosity of 222 mPa·s and released 70% of the active substance in 6 hours, indicating it is a promising candidate for controlled release of vitamin E.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Esomeprazole and Levosulpiride by HPTLC using Experimental Design

The present study examines simultaneous multiple response optimization using desirability function for the development of an HPTLC method to detect esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and levosulpiride in pharmaceutical dosage form. HPTLC separation was performed on aluminium plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase using ethyl acetate:methanol:toluene:ammonia (7:1.5:1.5:0.1% v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Full factorial design applied for the optimization of degradation condition. Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and levosulpiride were subjected to acid, alkali hydrolysis, oxidation and photodegradation. Experimental full factorial design has been used during forced degradation to determine significant factors responsible for degradation and to optimize degradation conditions reaching maximum degradation. 32 and 23 full factorial design has been used for optimization of chromatographic condition in acid and base degradation study, respectively. Quantification was achieved based on a densitometric analysis of esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and levosulpiride over the concentration range of 800-4000 ng/band and 1500-7500 ng/band, respectively at 254 nm. The method yielded compact and well-resolved bands at Rf of 0.70 ± 0.02 and 0.32 ± 0.02 for esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and levosulpiride, respectively. The linear regression analysis for the calibration plots produced r2 = 0.9967 and r2 = 0.9981 for esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate and levosulpiride, respectively. Method is validated as per ICH (Q2)R1 guideline.

Machinability investigation and sustainability assessment in FDHT with coated ceramic tool

The paper addresses contribution to the modeling and optimization of major machinability parameters (cutting force, surface roughness, and tool wear) in finish dry hard turning (FDHT) for machinability evaluation of hardened AISI grade die steel D3 with PVD-TiN coated (Al2O3–TiCN) mixed ceramic tool insert. The turning trials are performed based on Taguchi\'s L18 orthogonal array design of experiments for the development of regression model as well as adequate model prediction by considering tool approach angle, nose radius, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut as major machining parameters. The models or correlations are developed by employing multiple regression analysis (MRA). In addition, statistical technique (response surface methodology) followed by computational approaches (genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization) have been employed for multiple response optimization. Thereafter, the effectiveness of proposed three (RSM, GA, PSO) optimization techniques are evaluated by confirmation test and subsequently the best optimization results have been used for estimation of energy consumption which includes savings of carbon footprint towards green machining and for tool life estimation followed by cost analysis to justify the economic feasibility of PVD-TiN coated Al2O3+TiCN mixed ceramic tool in FDHT operation. Finally, estimation of energy savings, economic analysis, and sustainability assessment are performed by employing carbon footprint analysis, Gilbert approach, and Pugh matrix, respectively. Novelty aspects, the present work: (i) contributes to practical industrial application of finish hard turning for the shaft and die makers to select the optimum cutting conditions in a range of hardness of 45-60 HRC, (ii) demonstrates the replacement of expensive, time-consuming conventional cylindrical grinding process and proposes the alternative of costlier CBN tool by utilizing ceramic tool in hard turning processes considering technological, economical and ecological aspects, which are helpful and efficient from industrial point of view, (iii) provides environment friendliness, cleaner production for machining of hardened steels, (iv) helps to improve the desirable machinability characteristics, and (v) serves as a knowledge for the development of a common language for sustainable manufacturing in both research field and industrial practice.

Multiple response optimisation of process parameters during drilling of GFRP composite with a solid carbide twist drill

The article focuses on investigating the effect of operational parameters like feed and speed along with the composite material thickness on the damages caused in the glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites during the drilling process. The GFRP composite studied in the presented work comprises E-glass fibre as the reinforcing material and the marine-grade isophthalic polyester as the binding matrix. Multiple responses considered in work comprises Peel-up delamination, push-down delamination and surface roughness. The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is used to develop the performance index and optimise the multiple response problem. Stepwise analysis of variance (S-ANOVA) is used to investigate the significance of each input parameter. The interaction effects of the variables are investigated using the response surface plots. The results indicate that the composite thickness contributes maximum towards the variance in the overall performance index (21.30%) and the optimum combination obtained using TOPSIS approach within the experimental limits for the selected GFRP is N3f1t1 with the maximum value of Pi (0.888). The regression model developed proves to have high goodness of fit with just 6.01% average error between predicted and experimental values.

Removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using response surface methodology

This study proposed batch electrocoagulation with iron electrodes as a simple and economical method for treating aqueous solution containing 250 mg/l of brilliant green dye. Response surface methodology was performed to design experiments and to optimize the process. A total of 20 experiments were conducted to study the effect of three important process parameters: initial solution pH (5–11), current density (5–20 mA/cm2) and reaction time (10–40 min). Multiple response optimization reveals that a maximum dye removal efficiency of 96.1% with minimum electrical energy consumption of 3.857 kW h/kg dye removed was achieved at optimum conditions.

Optimization of performance and emission characteristics of bio diesel fuelled VCR engine using Taguchi approach

In this study, the taguchi technique is used to estimate the optimum solution of concentration level for a diesel engine with a blend of diesel / biodiesel using various load and compression ratio. To analyse the optimal process response by a limited number of experimental runs using the application of Taguchi method L9 orthogonal analysis to solve a multiple response optimization problem. In the present analysis, diesel engine parameters were configured in line with the performance and emission characteristics. The aim is to reduce the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Emission such as NOx, HC & CO and to increase Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) limitednumber of experimental runs. The aim was achieved through experimental investigations, experiment design and Taguchi method. Lemongrass methyl ester with three parameters viz. Blended with diesel (B20, B40 & B60), variable compression ratio (16.5:1, 17.5:1 & 18.5:1) and load varied at (0%, 50% and 100%). The objective of the study was to determine the optimum blend of lemongrass biodiesel and diesel oil that would result in a better engine performance along with minimum emission characteristics.