Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Research Articles

Detection And Isolation Of Attacks In MANET Using TS- AOMDV

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are good and behave cooperatively. The lack of infrastructure support and resource constraint is the key issue that causes dishonest and non-co-operative nodes. Therefore, MANET is vulnerable to serious attacks. To reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of the network, this paper extends an Ad hoc On- Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing protocol, named as Trust-based Secured Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TS-AOMDV), which is based on the nodes’ routing behavior. The proposed TSAOMDV aims at identifying and isolating the attacks such as flooding, black hole, and gray hole attacks in MANET. With the help of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and trust-based routing, attack identification and isolation are carried out in two phases ofrouting such as route discovery and data forwarding phase. IDS facilitates complete routing security by observing both control packets and data packets that are involved in the route identification and the data forwarding phases. To improve the routing performance, the IDS integrates the measured statistics into the AOMDV routing protocol for the detection of attackers. This facilitates the TS-AOMDV to provide better routing performance and security in MANET. Finally, the Trust based Secured AOMDV, TS-AOMDV is compared with the existing AOMDV through the NS2 based simulation model. The performance evaluation reveals that the proposed TS-AOMDV improves the performance in terms of throughput by 57.1% more thanthat of an AOMDV under adversary scenario. The simulated results show that the TS-AOMDV outperforms the AOMDV routing protocol.

Preventing Gray Hole Attack using AOTMDV Routing protocol in MANE

MANETs are autonomous and decentralized networks. It is accessible to both genuine users and malicious attackers. In the network services, confidentiality and integrity of the data is affected due to security issues. MANETs are very vulnerable to various attacks from malicious nodes, some classical malicious attacks (eg., DoS attacks, warm-hole attack, gray-hole attack and black-hole attack). In this paper, we are calculating the trust value of nodes using decision factors such as direct degree and recommendation degree. We focus on further improvement of routing, trust based Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector Routing (AOTMDV) protocol is used, which is an extension form of Ad-hoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector Routing (AOMDV) protocol. AOTMDV protocol is to incorporate other decision factors (Incentive function and Active degree) to improve the trust. By enhancing the trust, gray hole attacks will be prevented and the performance of network throughput, packet delivery ratio and malicious attack resistance also improved effectively.

A cross-layer optimization for delay-aware load balancing in multi-radio wireless mesh networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer optimization technique for multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) using new routing metric and load balancing mechanism. WMNs are an emerging technology and are used as a backhaul network to connect various types of networks to the internet. These networks consist of mesh routers with multi-radio support to enhance the capacity. As the traffic density is very high from the client mesh to the gateways, load balancing in these networks has become an important research issue. For this, multipath routing which can exploit the multi-radio capabilities to balance the traffic simultaneously through mesh routers is required. To address this, we analytically derive the routing metric using IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) delay model. Using this model, we propose a routing metric called Passive Interference and Delay Aware (PIDA) metric for multipath routing to find the interference free paths. We extend the work by performing load balancing on multiple paths as well as on multiple interfaces using the proposed metric. We implement our techniques using popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol in NS2. The results reveal that PIDA performs better in terms of throughput and average delay compared to recently proposed routing metrics with minimal routing overhead. In addition, load balancing mechanism with PIDA metric shows better results depending on the congestion level in the network.

TAR: TOA–AOA Based Random Transmission Directed Localization

This paper presents time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) based random transmission directed localization (RTDL) technique. This technique can be applied in ad hoc networks, especially suitable for network with low frequency range in the wireless network. In this work, localization Error during node communication in wireless network would be optimized via TOA---AOA across multiple nodes and can focus on estimating the attackers' physical location in the network. In the proposed method using Ad hoc Mobile Distance Vector (AOMDV), we assume two categories of nodes: those equipped with known vector position of the omni-direction antenna (base-nodes) and those equipped with unknown vector position of the omni-direction antenna (target-nodes). All nodes are capable of communicating with other nodes. Base-nodes are capable of positioning (TOA---AOA estimation) the other nodes located in their coverage area. The system estimates the error rate of distance between the nodes, by measuring TOA---AOA based RTDL at an appropriate number of nodes. In the proposed system, we determine the Reliable Shortest Routing in Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AOMDV). This paper depicts the capability of the proposed method to considerably reduce the localization error and effectively determine the attacker's nearest location in the network.

Optimization of Value of Parameters in Ad-hoc on Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks is one of the emerging research areas of Mobile adhoc network. One of the key problems of VANET is changing topology of vehicles which leads to frequent disconnections. Therefore, for communication among the running vehicles, routing of the message becomes a challenging problem. Although, many routing protocols have been proposed in the literatures, but the performance of these protocols, in different scenarios, depends on the value of parameters used in. The objective of our work is to find best fitness function value for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol, in real scenario map by obtaining an optimal value of parameters using Magnetic Optimization Algorithm. Therefore, in this paper, we have proposed an algorithm based on Magnetic Optimization Algorithm which finds the optimal value of parameters for Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol in a given scenario. The fitness function guides Magnetic Optimization Algorithm to achieve the best fitness value. The experimental results, using the optimal value of parameters obtained by Magnetic Optimization Algorithm, show 81.41% drop in average end-to-end delay, 39.24 % drop in Normalized Routing Loads, and slight rise (0.77%) in the packet delivery ratio as compared to using default value of parameters in Ad-hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing protocol.

Load balancing ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (LBAOMDV) routing protocol

Researchers working in the area of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) strive to conserve the battery energy of individual nodes to reduce the frequency of a node breakdown. The model of multiple-path on demand data routing protocols has been an effective scheme for the majority of MANET application scenarios in recent times. The availability of multiple paths for data transfer can both prove to be effective as well as dismal in certain cases. The selection of the most suitable path is always tricky, if not associated with exact metrics of concern. The contribution of this work is the introduction of the load balancing ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (LBAOMDV) protocol, an adaptation of AOMDV, an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector protocol. The adaption is done in order to enhance the reliability of the given network by considering the parameter of path weight (energy) of all the available multiple paths. The LBAOMDV regulates the fair usage of both node energy and available bandwidth by exploiting the availability of multiple paths for data transfer. The uniform distribution of data across multiple paths enhances the quality of service of the given network by ensuring fair usage of both network bandwidth and node energy. The LBAOMDV protocol ensures reduced node breakdowns, thus enhancing the reliability of the given MANET.

Energy Efficient Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Energy consumption is a significant issue in ad hoc networks since mobile nodes are battery powered. In order to prolong the lifetime of ad hoc networks, it is the most critical issue to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. In this paper, we propose an energy efficient multipath routing protocol for choosing energy efficient path. This system also considers transmission power of nodes and residual energy as energy metrics in order to maximize the network lifetime and to reduce energy consumption of mobile nodes. The objective of our proposed system is to find an optimal route based on two energy metrics while choosing a route to transfer data packets. This system is implemented by using NS-2.34. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol with transmission power and residual energy control mode can extend the life-span of network and can achieve higher performance when compared to traditional ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

A Maximum Transmission Range and Relative Energy Based Multipath Routing Strategy in Manet’s

Manet’s are networks which can be setup on demand where mobile nodes rely on the finite energy. Considering the limited available energy as a restraint numerous methods have been emerged from time-to-time to expand the lifetime of a network by effective utilisation of energy. The highest favoured and competent mechanism to lengthen the lifetime of network is by transmission power management theory which contemplates nearby nodes with merest power level. This scheme doesn’t reduce the energy utilisation and communication overhead of the network. Based on our inquiry it is erect that routing procedure is to be altered relatively than controlling the transmission power and permitting only certain nodes in routing process. Routing mechanism is to be changed based on the assessment of received signal strength and relative remaining energy. Using this only specific nodes in the network are permitted to receive and validate the routing request. Aforementioned form of routing procedure is adopted to Ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (Ad-hoc-OMDV) routing protocol and a maximal transmission range and remaining energy based multipath protocol called AOMDV_RR is proposed and analysed under various dimensions of network. Commendable dissimilarity in capabilities are found and the suggested AOMDV_RR shows better performance than the normal AOMDV with reference to all the selected QoS entities.

Fault Tolerant Multi-Criteria Multi-Path Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

The Ad Hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol allows the transport of data along one or more paths in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The path chosen is based on a single shortest path hop count metric. The data on some WSNs is mission critical, for example, military and health care applications. Hence, fault tolerance in WSNs is becoming increasingly important. To improve the fault tolerance of WSNs in lossy environments, this work adds to the AOMDV routing protocol as it incorporates an additional packet loss metric. This Multi-criteria AOMDV or M-AOMDV is evaluated using the ns2 simulator. Simulations show that M- AOMDV maintains relatively low packet loss rates when the WSN is experiencing loss.

PROVIDING SECURITY FOR MULTIPATH ROUTING PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a combined group of sensors form a network. WSN will monitor the changes in physical conditions and it will forward the data via multi hop network. Sensors are dynamic in nature so the lifetime of sensors and providing security for the data transmitted by the nodes are the major problems faced by the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol is used for generating multiple paths between source and destination. Route discovery and route maintenance are main services of AOMDV. By having, Multipath routing protocol increases the lifetime of the sensors by distributing the traffic load among all the paths instead of single path in a network. The malicious node introduces many attacks on WSN because the network is dynamic in nature. The Warm Hole attack is one of the threat in which it will deviates the original path by introducing a tunnel between source and destination. Secure and authentic Multipath Routing Protocol in WSN is a major challenge and should be proposed which overcomes Warm Hole attack and maintain secure data transmission in the network. Elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC) is used to prevent the attack and improve the performance of a sensor network by sharing secret keys among nodes in the network. By using Hop by Hop authentication scheme, the authentic message will be transmitted between source and destination in the Wireless Sensor Network. Performance evaluation will be done by using measures such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and throughput.

Fuzzy based Load and Energy Aware Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

outing is a challenging task in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) due to their dynamic topology and lack of central administration. As a consequence of un-predictable topology changes of such networks, routing protocols employed need to accurately capture the delay, load, available bandwidth and residual node energy at various locations of the network for effective energy and load balancing. This paper presents a fuzzy logic based scheme that ensures delay, load and energy aware routing to avoid congestion and minimise end-to-end delay in MANETs. In the proposed approach, forwarding delay, average load, available bandwidth and residual battery energy at a mobile node are given as inputs to a fuzzy inference engine to determine the traffic distribution possibility from that node based on the given fuzzy rules. Based on the output from the fuzzy system, traffic is distributed over fail-safe multiple routes to reduce the load at a congested node. Through simulation results, we show that our approach reduces end-to-end delay, packet drop and average energy consumption and increases packet delivery ratio for constant bit rate (CBR) traffic when compared with the popular Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol.

Transport Control Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

The rapid demand for wireless communication networks in the last few decades has lead to spectrum scarcity, Hence there is need of efficient spectrum utilization is occurs. Cognitive radio is a novel technology which improve the spectrum resource utilization and allows a cognitive radio transceiver to detect and sense the available spectrum. Cognitive Radio (CR) networks allow users to transmit in the licensed spectrum bands, without degrading the performance of the Primary Users (PUs). Routing in CRN is a challenging task due to the variations in spectrum availability with time and periodic spectrum sensing undertaken by the CR users. In this paper we investigate the effect of TCP in CR ad hoc network environment and proposes multipath routing protocol, that uses on-demand distance vector routing, called Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) Routing Protocol. We analyze its performance using Network simulator (NS-2) software tool. Simulation gives effective result of cognitive radio ad hoc networks and analyzed the parameter delay, throughput and energy.

Analysis of Quality of Service for the AOMDV Routing Protocol

Due to the dynamic nature of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), the provision of Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees is challenging. The route failure probability in a MANET is increased due to the mobility of nodes, which increases routing overhead. Multi-path routing protocols have relatively greater ability to reduce the routing overheads. This paper discuses the performance analysis of the Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi-Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol. AOMDV is a multi-path extension of a very well known single path routing protocol, (AODV). Extensive simulations were carried out using ns-2.34 and the study concluded that for CBR traffic AOMDV performance degrades as the data packet generation rate increases.

Ad Hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on Node State

To improve the performance of Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) protocol, we proposed NS-AOMDV which is short for “AOMDV based on node state”. In NS-AOMDV, we introduce node state to improve AOMDV’s performance in selecting main path. In route discovery process, the routing update rule calculates the node weight of each path and sorts the path weight by descending value in route list, and we choose the path which has the largest path weight for data transmission. NS-AOMDV also uses the technology of route request (RREQ) packet delay forwarding and energy threshold to ease network congestion, limit the RREQ broadcast storm, and avoid low energy nodes to participate in the establishment of the path. The results of simulation show that NS-AOMDV can effectively improve the networks’packets delivery rate, throughput and normalized routing overhead in the situation of dynamic network topology and heavy load.

Digital Signature-Based Secure Node Disjoint Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing.

Impact of trust model on on-demand multi-path routing in mobile ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of limited range wireless nodes, which works well only if those mobile nodes are trusty and behave cooperatively. However, MANETs are subjected to a variety of attacks by malicious nodes. In order to reduce the hazards from such nodes and enhance the security of network, this paper presents a trust prediction model to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes, which is based on the nodes’ historical behaviors and fuzzy logic rules prediction method. As an application of the proposed trust model, extended from the ad-hoc on-demand multi-path distance vector routing (AOMDV) protocol, a trust-based reactive multi-path routing protocol, named as ad hoc on-demand trusted multi-path distance vector routing (AOTMDV) protocol, is proposed for MANETs. This new protocol provides a flexible and feasible approach to choose the shortest path that meets the security requirements of data packets transmission, malicious node detection in multi-agent systems and threat mitigation from those nodes. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed mechanism in malicious node identification and attack resistance. Experimental results show that AOTMDV achieves a remarkable improvement in the packet delivery ratio, network throughput and malicious attack resistance.

Research of On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on QoS and Node Movement Speed in Wireless Sensor Network

Research of On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing Protocol Based on QoS and Node Movement Speed in Wireless Sensor Network

Secure Video Transmission Against Black Hole Attack in MANETs

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are open to a wide range of attacks due to their unique characteristics like dynamic topology, shared medium, absence of infrastructure, and resource constraints. Data packets sent by a source node may reach destination through a number of intermediate nodes. In the absence of security mechanism, it is easy for an intermediate node to intercept or modify the messages, thus attacking the normal operation of MANET. One such attack is Black hole attack, in which, a malicious node called Black hole node attracts all the traffic of the network towards itself, and discards all the packets without forwarding them to the intended recipients. This paper evaluates the performance of Adhoc on-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and its multi-path variant Adhoc On-demand Multi-path Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocols under black hole attack. Non-cryptographic solutions Secure Blackhole AODV (SBAODV) and Secure Blackhole AOMDV (SBAOMDV) have been proposed to mitigate the effect of black hole attack. Through NS-2 simulations, the performance of the proposed protocols with video streaming is analyzed. The results show that the proposed solutions provide better performance than the conventional AODV and AOMDV.

Multi-Path Routing Protocol with Unavailable Areas Identification in Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, some areas often become unavailable due to the exhaustion of nodes' energy, congestion, or disaster. In this paper, we propose a new micro sensor multi-path routing protocol (MSMRP) to avoid the unavailable areas when constructing the routes. A neighbor node table exchanging mechanism in MSMRP is used to avoid the multiple paths intersect and to build a new route around the unavailable areas. We have implemented the proposed protocol in a network with real sensor nodes and conducted experiments to demonstrate the operation and the capability of the MSMRP. Furthermore, we illustrate the performance of MSMRP comparing to ad hoc on demand multi-path distance vector (AOMDV) routing protocol with NS-2 simulations.

Performance Study of Multi-Path in VANETs and Their Impact on Routing Protocols

Modeling complicated vehicular traffic behavior and analyzing effects on the communication performance of routing protocols taken by environmental factors have been a challenging task for the past several years. In this paper, we study the performance of multi-path routing protocol. Then, we investigate both multi-path and single-path routing protocol and analyze characteristics such as network connectivity, vehicle-node density etc. To better understand this phenomenon, we use mobility model with different parameters and evaluate the performance of routing protocols (Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector and Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing protocols) through NS2 platform. The simulation results show the significance of multi-path on the throughput, loss and average delay of VANETs. The results of this paper may be used to study designing route protocols and applications of VANET.