Mulberry Fiber Research Articles

Study on Biochemical Degumming Process of Mulberry Fiber, Part 2: Orthogonal Optimization Analysis

ABSTRACT The mulberry fiber is extracted from the mulberry bast by biochemical degumming method. Based on the single factor experiment, the orthogonal experiment is further designed. The optimal process parameters for biochemical combined degumming are as follows: pretreatment stage, sulfuric acid solution concentration 2.5g/L, time 1h, temperature 60°C, bath ratio 1:20; alkaline pectinase treatment stage, alkaline pectinase solution concentration 46g/L, time 8h, temperature 50°C, bath ratio 1:20, solution pH = 9; alkali boiling stage, sodium hydroxide solution concentration 10g/L, alkali boiling time 3h, sodium silicate 30g/L, temperature 100°C, bath ratio 1:20; xylanase treatment stage, the concentration of xylanase solution 9g/L, the time 4h, the temperature 50°C, the bath ratio 1:20, and the solution pH = 4.8. By comparing the properties of mulberry fiber obtained by biochemical degumming and chemical degumming, it is found that the biochemical degumming process has less damage to fibers and more effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose.

Study on biochemical degumming process of mulberry fiber,part 1:single factor analysis

ABSTRACT Mulberry fiber is a new natural fiber. More and more attentions are paid to mulberry because of its good properties. The traditional chemical degumming method is liable to cause environmental pollution. This subject adopts the method of biochemical degumming technology to obtain mulberry fibers with certain spinnable properties. The degumming process of mulberry bark is studied on the basis of knowing the chemical composition and percentage content of the material composition of the raw material of mulberry bark, and the influence of different process conditions and parameters on the degumming effect is analyzed. Through single factor experiment and analysis of results, the optimized process parameters of biochemical combined degumming are as follows: the temperature and concentration of pickling acid pretreatment are 60°C and 2.5 g/L, respectively. The concentration, duration of action, and bath ratio of alkaline pectinase are 47 g/L, 8 h, and 1:20, respectively. The concentration and action time of sodium hydroxide in alkali boiling are: 10 g/L, 3 h. The concentration, duration of action, and bath ratio of xylanase are 10 g/L, 4 h, 1:20, respectively. The optimization process parameters obtained above lay the foundation for further orthogonal experiments to obtain the optimal degumming process.

Evaluation of Preservation Properties of Long-Term Preservative Documents Made from Mulberry Fibers

Evaluation of Preservation Properties of Long-Term Preservative Documents Made from Mulberry Fibers

Fundamental Study on the Cellulose Nanofibril Manufacture from Paper Mulberry Fiber

Fundamental Study on the Cellulose Nanofibril Manufacture from Paper Mulberry Fiber

A combination of techniques to study Chinese traditional Lajian paper

Abstract Although it is a very important Chinese traditional handmade paper, the technique employed to produce Lajian paper has been lost. Unambiguous characterization of this unique paper is essential for its conservation and reservation. A fragment of ancient purple-red Lajian paper, dated from the Qing Dynasty and decorated with flecked Au, was analyzed via non-destructive and/or micro-destructive methods, such as Optical microscopy (OM), SEM-EDS, X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The results showed that the Lajian paper, which was 50–60 μm thick overall, was produced from bamboo fibers that were mixed mainly with wheat and mulberry fibers. The front surface was first filled with kaolin to form a coating that was approximately 10 μm thick and then polished with wax mixed with cochineal dye, minium pigment and animal glue to form a purple-red color to protect it from humidity and mold growth. The back surface was treated the same as the front, except that cochineal was not used. The handmade paper and color were stable because cochineal produced neutral/weak alkaline conditions. This study provides comprehensive information about the production process of this traditional handmade paper.

Static, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of untreated and alkali treated mulberry fiber reinforced polyester composites

In this research work, the untreated and various concentrations of alkali treated continuous mulberry fibers were used as reinforcement in polyester matrix and its static and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. The composites were fabricated using untreated, 5%, 10%, and 15% alkali treated mulberry fibers (ATMF) reinforced in polyester resin by compression molding technique. The result showed that the 10% alkali treated mulberry fiber composite (ATMFC) considerable increase in tensile, flexural, and impact properties compared to untreated, 5% and 15% alkali treated mulberry fiber composites. The 15% alkali treated mulberry fiber composite showed decrease in water absorption property. The fractured surface morphology of composite samples was examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) shows that the 10% alkali treated mulberry fiber composite enhanced storage and loss modulus compared to untreated, 5% and 15% alkali treated mulberry fiber composites. The weight loss of untreated, 5%, 10%, and 15% alkali treated composites were studied under varying temperature by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermo Gravimetric analysis (DTG). POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1908–E1919, 2018. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Analysis of Dry-heat and Humid-heat Artificial Aging Characteristics of Hanji for Restoration of Paper Cultural Heritage

Various kinds of paper cultural heritages have been designated and managed at the national level. These paper cultural heritages are easily affected by external environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, and can be easily damaged by physical forces. In order to repair the damaged cultural properties, traditional Hanji made of mulberry fiber has been used as restoration paper, which has excellent quality in terms of strength and preservation. We selected three kinds of Korean paper (Hanji) which were utilized for repair and restoration, and conducted the deterioration experiments in order to evaluate the influence of temperature and humidity. As a result of the artificial aging test, it was found that Hanji was more damaged by dry heat than humidified heat. Optical properties of the traditional Hanji was poorer than that of the modernized Hanji before and after the artificial aging. However, the tradition Hanji showed superior physical properties such as paper strength and degree of polymerization of cellulose than the modernized Hanji. Specially, the traditional Hanji without bleaching showed poor optical properties while its strength properties were more stable than that of the modernized Hanji.

Natural Fibres From the Bark of Mulberry Branches for Textile Application

Fibers with low gum content were extracted from the bark of mulberry branches by a combination of bacteria and peroxide treatments. The bark of mulberry branches, with 30% cellulose, is a copious and inexpensive source of natural fibers. However, fibers extracted by microwave, enzyme or alkali had a high gum content (15.5% for hemicellulose and 8.6% for lignin), which rendered them difficult to be made into high- value textiles. In this research, strains with high polygalacturonase activities and subsequent hydrogen peroxide decreased the hemicellulose content to 2.5% and lignin content to 2.4%. Mulberry fibers in our study could be spun into yarns with a fineness of 18.2 tex. Compared to flax yarns, mulberry fiber yarns had a tenacity 20% higher, an elongation 18% higher and an unevenness 30% lower. Cotton/mulberry fiber fabrics had softer and smoother hand than cotton/flax fabrics. Overall, the fibers in our study show better potential for industrial textile applications than those in previous studies.

Manufacture of Conservational Machine-made Hanji based on Domestic Paper Mulberry Fibers

Manufacture of Conservational Machine-made Hanji based on Domestic Paper Mulberry Fibers

Preparation of Paper Mulberry Fibers and Possibility of Cotton/Paper Mulberry Yarns Production

The novelty of yarn production from cotton/paper mulberry fiber blends was reported. The objective of this research was to prepare the paper mulberry fibers and study the possibility of production of yarns from cotton/paper mulberry fibers. For preparation of paper mulberry fibers, the inner bark was first immersed in water for 24 h. Then, the fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide at concentration of 5–10% (w/v) for 1–3 h. After that, the bleaching process was conducted with hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 5–25% (v/v) for different temperature and time. Finally, the fibers were washed with 10% (v/v) of nonionic surfactant at temperature of 90°C for 30 minute to remove the residual gum from the fibers. The results showed that optimum condition for scouring of the paper mulberry fibers was 15% (w/v) sodium hydroxide at 90°C for 2 h. The bleaching process with 15% (v/v) H2O2 at 90°C for 90 minute was suitable. The obtained fibers were blended with the cotton fibers to produce yarns by open-end spinning method. The % elongation and tenacity of the blended yarns increased with the increasing of the paper mulberry ratio. Also, the antifungal property of yarns was improved by the blending of cotton fibers with the paper mulberry fibers.

Characterization of raw and alkali-treated mulberry fibers as potential reinforcement in polymer composites

In this research the fibers were extracted from mulberry plant and treated with various concentrations of alkali solution (NaOH) such as 5, 10, and 15%, and their physical, chemical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties were investigated experimentally. Due to alkali treatment, it was observed that the density of mulberry fibers increased while the diameter of fibers reduced. The chemical analyses showed that the cellulose content increased and hemicellulose, lignin, wax, and ash contents were found to be reduced due to alkali treatment. The chemical species present in the fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. In addition, tensile test showed that 5% alkali-treated fibers exhibited a tensile strength of 605.61 ± 41.34 MPa, tensile modulus of 11.78 ± 1.93 GPa, and strain at break of 4.73 ± 1.06%. The surface texture and thermal properties of raw- and alkali-treated fibers were examined using scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetric analysis.

Characteristics of wastewater from unit systems of automative process for manufacture of paper mulberry pulp fibers

Paper mulberry fibers have been used as fibrous raw materials for manufacturing traditional handmade paper, hanji for a long time. Compared to wood pulp fibers, pulp fibers from mulberry bast tissue have some benefits in physical and chemical properties due to their high D.P (degree of polymerization), M.W (molecule weight) and long fiber length. Specially, Korean handmade hanji shows outstanding characteristics in mechanical tensile strength, folding endurance, flexibility and long sustainable conservation properties. Therefore, hanji is widely applied to daily supplies, hygienic goods, medical supplies, clothing industries and so on. Recently, the potential demand of mulberry pulp fibers is more and more increased on the strength of high application fields. This study was focused on the possibility of wastewater recycling in unit operation systems for the development of automated mass production line. The properties and environmental loads of wastewater from debarking, cooking, bleaching and screening process were analyzed by means of COD, conductivity, turbidity and solid materials. The wastewater from debarking and cooking process was comparatively high in pollution load, and would be treated by additional approaches of chemico-physical method.

Nanotitania/mulberry fibers as novel textile with anti-yellowing and intrinsic antimicrobial properties

The present work for the first time introduces a new class of textile consisting of mulberry fibers uniformly laden with titania nanorods. This unique natural-synthetic composite textile is self-cleaning and environmental friendly. The utilized composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV–vis diffused reflectance spectrum (UV-DRS). The SEM images clearly show homogeneous distribution of titania nanorods on the surface of mulberry fibers (MF). XRD and FTIR results confirm the presence of titania in the composite materials. Antimicrobial potential and UV protection due to presence of titania nanorods on MFs was investigated in this study. Results of this investigation indicated that MFs-TiO2 composite exhibit admirable antibacterial activity. From the antimicrobial kinetic test on E. coli, it was established that the composite textile possess improved bactericidal activity than pure mulberry textile. Moreover, titania present on the mulberry fibers impart anti-yellowing, self-cleaning properties, which were endorsed due to the scattering effect of UV radiation by titania nanorods. Thus our study provides the clue/grounds to select mulberry fibers/titania composite as a material of choice for fabrication of promising antimicrobial future textile.

수의용 소재로 활용을 위한 줌치한지의 물성에 관한 연구

In this study, various types of Jumchi Hanji were made to develop shroud materials as a new use for Hanji. The properties of Hanji (basis weight, thickness, apparent density, bulk, tensile strength, wet tensile strength, elongation ratio, tear strength, bursting strength, and folding endurance) are measured. In all cases, Jumchi Hanji had a higher thickness, lower apparent density and higher bulk than Hanji because pores in the intervals of mulberry fiber are composed of bulk. So, it is considered to carry a value as a textile material. As for the results of the strength analysis of Jumchi Hanji, Jumchi technique enhances 25% of elongation ratio, which is regarded the most important role in textiles and 35% of bulk. Moreover, it was shown that it enhanced overall strength. In conclusion, it implies the possibility of applying it as a shroud material. Jumchi Hanji is thought to have enough potential to be developed as a material to carry the characteristics of Hanji in the textile market.

닥섬유사 흡수량과 염색 불균일의 상관관계에 관한 통계적 평가

In this study, the correlation between the uneven dyeing and absorption of mulberry fibers was investigated by an effective vertical strip test. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of uneven dyeing on the difference between the absorption of mulberry fibers. The samples, tape yarns with a width of 1.5 mm, were subjected to the vertical strip test; subsequently, they were subjected to statistical analysis to estimate the evaluation of the test method. The morphology and chemical composition of the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The statistical results confirmed that a strong correlation existed between the absorption and uneven dyeing of mulberry fibers (<TEX>$F_o=1.849$</TEX>, P=0.0012).

Preparation and antibacterial property of the mulberry based textiles

The mulberry based textile products were prepared by means of degumming, dyeing, spinning and weaving using mulberry bark as raw materials. The structure of the mulberry based textiles was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial property of the mulberry fibers was evaluated by means of antibacterial testing, and the antibacterial composition in the mulberry based textiles was investigated by FTIR and 13C-NMR. The results show that the mulberry based fibers, dyed fibers, yarns and fabrics with high quality can be prepared successfully by the above processes. The mulberry based textiles have excellent antibacterial property. The inhibitory rate of raw mulberry bark on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is (67.2±3.1)% and (53.8±4.6)% respectively, and the inhibitory rate of mulberry fiber on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is both above 80%. The inhibitory rate of the mulberry/cotton blended yarn on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus ranges from (51.7±5.1)% to (72.4±4.1)%, which has similar inhibitory rate with the mulberry/cotton blended fabric. The results of Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) show that the typical functional group (hydroxyl, carbonyl, double bond and epoxy bond) exist in the composition of the mulberry fiber, which indicates that the flavones and phenolic compounds including in the mulberry fiber.

Physical Properties of Yarn from Paper Mulberry

This research were examined the spinning processes of paper mulberry yarn and also investigated the physical properties of paper mulberry yarn. The results show that a possibilities of spinning of paper mulberry fiber into yarn which is a longitudinal view similar to that of cotton. An average yarn count, tenacity and elongation are 1,022 tex, 66.39 cN/tex, and 17.80%, respectively. These results represent the beginning of the research to rescue traditional knowledge, combined with the possibility of the introduction of a new textile fiber on the market.

Physical Properties of Woven Fabric from Paper Mulberry Yarn

This research were examined the characteristics chemical and physicalof paper mulberry fiber and also developed the spinning processes of paper mulberry yarn to make the fabric by weaving and knitting. The chemical composition of paper mulberry fiber was approximately 72.5% cellulose, while hemi-cellulose, lignin, pectin, and water-soluble were 17, 2.6, 2.3, and 5.6%, respectively. The characteristics and physical properties of paper mulberry fabric were also investigated.

The Study on Eri-Silk Degumming Process Optimization and its Properties

Study the influence of eri-silk degumming process for degumming results of 2709 alkaline protease; combined with the orthogonal experimental analysis of high degumming rate and breaking strength of the best eri-silk degumming process, and then compare the optimized extracted eri-silk with mulberry silk, virgin silk, cotton, wool and ramie fibers for their fineness, mechanical properties, and friction performance comparison. The results show that the 2709 alkaline protease can effectively remove silkgum, and that the amount of enzyme is the main factor affecting degumming rate; pH value is the main factors for the breaking strength. Comparing with other fibers, eri-silks average fineness is smaller, breaking strength and initial modulus tend to be larger, but their coefficient of variation also tend to be larger. Besides, eri-silkis breaking elongation is not as good as wool and silk, but better than other fibers. Natural silks dynamic and static coefficient of tangential impedance is lower in comparison with other natural fibers. Ramie has the largest tangential resistance factor. Among the natural silks, the eri-silks tangential impedance coefficient is greater than tussah and smaller than mulberry silk.

Orientation properties of Korean traditional paper-Hanji

To evaluate the anisotropic characteristics of Korean traditional paper-Hanji, the physical and mechanical characteristics of hand-made hanji, and machine-made hanji were investigated in this research. The densities of copying paper and newsprint paper appeared to be two times higher than the densities of hand-made hanji using Ssangbal sheet forming and hanji made of paper mulberry fiber. The breaking length, and tear index of both Hanji using Owangbal sheet forming, and hand-made Hanji using Ssangbal sheet forming appeared to be different according to the directions in paper. The breaking lengths of Hanji using Owangbal sheet forming showed little differences according to the directions. Breaking length of Hanji using Ssangbal sheet were slightly higher than those of Hanji using Owangbla sheet forming. The breaking lengths of machine-made hanji, copying paper, and newsprint paper were two to four times higher than those of hand-made Hanji. The breaking length showed higher differences according to the direction than the tear index. The tensile strength according to the directions in paper showed significant differences (<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>=0.05) in all papers used in this research.