Muhammad Ibn Research Articles

Pengembaraan Ilmiah Dan Peran Syeikh Ahmad Khatib Al-Syambasi Dalam Penyebaran Islam Di Nusantara Melalui Thariqat Qadiriyyah Wa Naqsabdniyyah

This article attempts to describe the figure of the Nusantara scholar who belongs to the network of Middle Eastern scholars known as Ashabul Jawawyn, namely Sheikh Ahmad Khatib al-Sambasi, who has a very large role in spreading Islamic teachings. He is known as an expert in the field of Sufism and is called as a sufi expert, he is also known as the founder of the tarekat Qadiriyyah wa Naqsabandiyyah. In collecting data, the author refers to references in the form of books, journals, articles, and others that are relevant to the purpose of writing this article, and after the data is collected, the author sorts and selects the data used as a reference source and then describes the data collected. Obtained according to the purpose of the article in this paper, it was found that Sheikh Muhammad Ibn 'Abd Ghaffar al-Sambasi was an Indonesian scholar from West Kalimantan who wandered in search of Knowledge to the Haramyn Country at the age of 19, and lived in Mecca until he died in in 1875. Even so, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib al-Syambasi was known as someone who had a big role in the Islamic world, especially some areas of the Archipelago and Malaya, among the roles of Sheikh Ahmad Khatib al-Sambasi was to spread Islamic teachings through the Qadiryyah wa Naqsabandiyyah congregation, concerning to the book that is used as a reference in this tarekat is the book of Fath al-'Arifin, a book written by his students through the direct teaching of his teacher, Sheikh Ahmad Khatib al-Syambasi.

Pergeseran Ideologi dan Gerakan Islam: Dari Salafi, Fundamentalisme ke Islamisme

This paper discusses the shifting ideology and Islamic movements that have occurred in several countries with Muslim-majority populations. By explaining some of the thoughts of Salafi and Fundamentalist ideologues such as Ibn Taimiyyah, Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah, Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahab, apart from maintaining the purity of Islamic teachings, these two ideologies became the embryos for the brith of the ideology and movement of contemporary Islamism. Ideologists of Islamism such as Al-Maududi, Al-Banna responded to the dynamics of problems in Muslim society in general by voicing alternatives by proposing Islam as the final option by establishing an Islamic state and implementing Islamic law in the institution of an Islamic caliphate.

The study and analysis of Semiran City-Castle based on the results of archaeological surveys

Semiran city-castle consists of a series of monuments dated in the 10th century AD1, located on the banks of the Qezel Owzan River, in north-western Iran. On this river, Sefid-rud Dam has been built (1956-1962), behind which a lake has developed. At the time of its dewatering, it turned the Semiran landscape into a peninsula, causing significant damage to the ancient sites. The following study presents the results of an archaeological survey, made in 2016, which recorded the actual conservation state and structural features of the surviving monuments. Semiran Castle consists of the remains of a castle and of several mausoleums established on the surrounding hills (four mausoleums on the highest part of the hill), with the same design as a barbican, some scattered enclosures, as well as the domed monument of Imāmzādeh Qasem, which is later. The Sallarids dynasty who had captured the Tarom region and lasted from about 917 to the middle of the 10th century AD, built mausoleums for themselves. In the early 10th century, the Sallarids captured the mountain castle of Semiran, from where they subsequently reached Tarom. This dynasty has been called by different names such as Mosaferian, Kangriyan, Langarian, Solarian, and Sallarids. Tarom was the capital of the dynasty. The rule of its monarchs, however, in different periods went beyond the Tarom region, and included parts of Deylaman as well as Gilan. The head of the Mosaferian dynasty, Muhammad Ibn Musafer, had made this castle his base. The castle had several houses as well as summerhouses and was magnificent. As the discussed region enjoys a special crossroad position, it has always been among the most important and influential routes of cultural exchanges and developments at the regional, national, and international levels. In July 2016, a survey was conducted in the north and northwest of the city-castle site in order to identify and record possible paths and structures that remained visible. Three defensive baileys, three cemeteries, a barrel-drain ceramic path, and a round stone barbican were identified during this study. The archaeological study of this city-castle revealed its growth and development in the early Islamic centuries.

Улуг битикчи — тюрко-монгольский институт, интегрированный в систему мусульманской администрации чингизидских государств XIII–XIV вв. (по материалам «Дастур ал-катиб»)

Introduction. The article examines a yarliq from the medieval Persian treatise Dastur al-Katib to characterize the institution of ulug bitigchi that used to be widespread in the Mongol Empire and states of Genghis Khan’s descendants. Goals. The study attempts an interdisciplinary analysis of the historical monument — one yarliq appointing an ulug bitigchi (head of scribes) and contained in Dastur al-Katib fi Tayin al-Maratib (A Scribe’s Guide to Determining Ranks) compiled in the mid-14th century by Persian official Muhammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani. Materials and methods. The paper focuses on Dastur al-Katib and the mentioned yarliq proper, involves related medieval sources on Mongol Iran and other Chinggisid states, including works by Juvayni, Rashid al-Din, Fasih Khwafi, etc., official documents of the Chinggisid chancelleries. The work employs a series of historical and legal research methods, such as those of source criticism, diplomatics analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal and comparative legal analyses. Results. The paper introduces the yarliq appointing an ulug bitigchi from the medieval Persian treatise Dastur al-Katib into Russian-language scientific discourse and supplements it with a detailed interdisciplinary analysis. The work clarifies specific features of an ulug bitigchi’s legal status — including his functions, rights, requirements for candidates in Chinggisid chance­lleries — and traces its evolution. It also shows reasons for the survival of the institution in those states even after the official conversion to Islam and shaping of a corresponding government system in accordance with traditions that had existed across the Volga Region, Iran and Central Asia long before the Mongol conquest. Conclusions. The fact that the institution of ulug bitigchi did survive the subsequent Islamization was to primarily position of Ilkhans as heirs of the Mongol Empire where it had first been established as well as to seek a compromised approach in governing their various subjects — nomadic and sedentary peoples, Turko-Mongols and those who spoke Iranian languages, Moslems and adherents of other religions.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ НАУКОВОГО ЗНАННЯ НА МУСУЛЬМАНСЬКОМУ СХОДІ У ПЕРІОД РАННЬОГО СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧЧЯ

This article examines the formation of science and scientific knowledge in the Muslim East in the early Middle Ages. During this period, the Muslim world was a center of intensive cultural development. Rich libraries, universities, and research centers were established where research was conducted in various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, medicine, and literature. The works of ancient Greek and other ancient thinkers were translated into Arabic and circulated in the Islamic world. This combination of knowledge from different cultures contributed to scientific and cultural progress. The article also examines the role of scientific centers that existed in Baghdad, Cordoba, Damascus, Alexandria, Samarkand and other cities, which not only provided translations and preservation of knowledge from different cultures, but also created conditions for intellectual exchange, contributing to the development of scientific research and spread of knowledge in the medieval Muslim world. They became platforms for intellectual enlightenment and preservation of the heritage of past civilizations. Muslim scholars actively worked in various fields of science, such as mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, medicine, chemistry, history, philology and others. It was the era of such great encyclopedist scientists, titans of thought, poets as Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Ahmad al-Farghoni, Imam al-Bukhari, Abu Yakub al-Kindi, Abu Bakr al-Razi, Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan al-Beruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Abu Ala'a al-Maari, Abu Abdallah ar-Rudaki, and others. The medieval Muslim East left a significant mark on the modern world. Many achievements of that time find their application in modern sciences and technologies. It also influenced the formation of worldview and cultural heritage. His scientific and philosophical principles contributed to the development of critical thinking, the search for truth, and mental development. The unique combination of religious and scientific foundations created a special approach to understanding the world and human existence. The overall contribution of the Muslim East to the development of science and scientific knowledge is of great importance for understanding the history of scientific progress.

Gendering madness

In this article, I examine what narratives of enraptured madness (jadhb) and the figure of the mad female saint (majdhuba) reveal about the articulation of gendered saintly orthodoxy within the modern Moroccan hagiographical compendium Salwat al-Anfas wa-Muhadathat al-Akyas bi-man Uqbira min al-‘Ulama’ wa’l-Sulaha’ bi-Fas (The entertainment of souls and the discourse of the wise concerning the scholars and the Sufis who in Fez met their demise). Written by the nineteenth-century Moroccan historian and Sufi, Muhammad ibn Ja‘far al-Kattani, this text draws on and also plays with the genre of Sufi hagiography. Because it is arranged as a ‘tomb visiting guide,’ it appears to scatter traditional vestiges of Sufi hierarchies and rhetorical organization strategies, presenting a composite picture of Sufi sainthood. However, al-Kattani also reaffirms entrenched gendered hierarchies of spiritual authority. Throughout Salwat al-Anfas, al-Kattani’s depiction of the majdhuba acts as a literary foil for the paradigm of the ‘good Sufi woman’ or normative female sainthood. Although al-Kattani includes narratives of the majdhuba that depict potentially transgressive gender performances experienced within the state of enraptured madness – such as uncovering the body, growing a beard, babbling, gossiping, and acting aggressively in public spaces – these deviant performances serve to solidify normative modes of sainthood. Or, in other words, enraptured madness sticks to certain saints more than others, creating gendered hierarchies of spiritual authority.

THE CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF FAKHR-I MODABBIR

Among the Muslim texts of the first half of the XIII century, one should highlight the narrative known to researchers as «Shajarai-e ansab-e Mobarakshah-i» («The Tree of the genealogies of Mubarak Shah») or «Bahr al-ansab» («The Sea of genealogies»). This work belongs to the pen of a Persian historian of the late XII - first half of the XIII century. Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Sa'id or Fakhr-i Moddabir (Mubarak Shah). After the publication of the Persian text of this source, carried out in the first half of the XX century. By Edward Denison Ross, scientists have paid close attention to this work itself, as well as to the biography of its author. However, the most significant attention was focused on those sections of «Bahr al-ansab», where the author described the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchak, as well as those where Fakhr-i Moddabir outlined the history of the Muslim dynasties that ruled in northern India. Much less attention was paid by specialists to the initial section of the introduction to "Bahr al-Ansab", in which the author proposed cosmography or a description of the world known to people at that time around them. For our part, I would like to understand first of all how, in the author's opinion, this world was arranged, into which regions it was divided, and what place the Caucasus and adjacent lands occupied in it. Here I would like to draw attention to what toponyms associated with the Caucasus Fakhr-i Moddabir mentions and what he reports about them. An equally important task of this study will be to identify the connections of this part of the text «Bahr al-Ansab» with earlier monuments of Muslim geographical and historical literature, which will make it possible to identify borrowings, but also independent reports of Fakhr-i Moddabir regarding the structure of the world known to mankind at that time. We hope that this work will be of interest to specialists in the history of Muslim geographical literature, as well as to researchers of the history of the Caucasus and adjacent regions in the pre-Mongol period.

THE CAUCASUS AND ADJACENT REGIONS IN THE COSMOGRAPHY OF FAKHR-I MODABBIR

Among the Muslim texts of the first half of the XIII century, one should highlight the narrative known to researchers as «Shajarai-e ansab-e Mobarakshah-i» («The Tree of the genealogies of Mubarak Shah») or «Bahr al-ansab» («The Sea of genealogies»). This work belongs to the pen of a Persian historian of the late XII - first half of the XIII century. Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn Sa'id or Fakhr-i Moddabir (Mubarak Shah). After the publication of the Persian text of this source, carried out in the first half of the XX century. By Edward Denison Ross, scientists have paid close attention to this work itself, as well as to the biography of its author. However, the most significant attention was focused on those sections of «Bahr al-ansab», where the author described the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchak, as well as those where Fakhr-i Moddabir outlined the history of the Muslim dynasties that ruled in northern India. Much less attention was paid by specialists to the initial section of the introduction to "Bahr al-Ansab", in which the author proposed cosmography or a description of the world known to people at that time around them. For our part, I would like to understand first of all how, in the author's opinion, this world was arranged, into which regions it was divided, and what place the Caucasus and adjacent lands occupied in it. Here I would like to draw attention to what toponyms associated with the Caucasus Fakhr-i Moddabir mentions and what he reports about them. An equally important task of this study will be to identify the connections of this part of the text «Bahr al-Ansab» with earlier monuments of Muslim geographical and historical literature, which will make it possible to identify borrowings, but also independent reports of Fakhr-i Moddabir regarding the structure of the world known to mankind at that time. We hope that this work will be of interest to specialists in the history of Muslim geographical literature, as well as to researchers of the history of the Caucasus and adjacent regions in the pre-Mongol period.

TEOLOGI WAHABI: SEJARAH, PEMIKIRAN DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA

Wahabi’s school of thought was pioneered by Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab’s thought who was indirectly inspired by Ibn Taimiyyah’s spirit of renewal in the context of purifying the faith. In its existence, this school has emerged and developed inseparable by the support from Saud family on symbiosis mutualism behind it. Paradigmatically, this school has a tendency not to adhere to any schools in fiqh and tasawwuf, but in its faith, it adopts the concept of Ibn Taymiyyah’s trilogy of aqidah, namely: Rububiyah, Uluhiyah, and Asma wa Sifat. Dialectically, it’s a puritanist, literalist, revivalist, and tends to be rigid in practice. This thought has a blur limit of worshiping which consequently has a tendency of being takfiri. Consequently, it cannot be separated from its pros and cons in its journey even when they have changed their way of spreading to be more diplomatic nowadays.

Examples of Illusion-Based Hadiths According to Ibn Khuzaymah - May Allah have Mercy on him - an Applied Study


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 Through this research, I concluded that Ibn Khuzayma Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mughirah al-Sulami al-Nisaburi was born in Safar in the year two hundred and twenty-three and died on the Saturday night after the last dinner of the fifth of Dhul-Qa’dah in the year three hundred and eleven and was buried on Saturday after the first at eighty-eight years. Ibn Khuzaimah, despite the delay of his death to the year (311 AH), is the sheikh of the two imams Al-Bukhari and Muslim outside the two Sahihs, Ibn Khuzaymah did not mention the hadith only in his Sahih, rather he came up with the methods that mentioned this hadith, then he explains the effected path, mentions the reason in it and clarifies the correct one from these methods, the number of hadiths in which the cause of illusion was mentioned was (15) hadiths, and the number of hadiths in which the word “waham” was mentioned reached (9) hadeeths, and their number with the word delusion was (2) hadiths, and their number with the word “whama” (3) hadiths, and their number with the word “whim” (1) New.
 
 
 

MERWIYAT IBN WARA (D. 270 AH) In The GREAT SUNAN Of IMAM Al-NASI (303 AH) COLLECTION And STUDY

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, the messenger, a mercy to the worlds and his family and companions, who have preserved the Book of their Lord, and who have spoken the Sunnah of their Prophet and have communicated it to the pure and pure people .After: The Noble Sunnah is the second source of legislation in Islam after the book of Allah, it is an explanation and explanation for it, and this is why the Prophet peace be upon him, the world even between the people what came down to them from their Lord and left them on the clear argument for the night of Knharha. God has created from this nation, men of science and virtue saved the Sunnah of the Prophets, and wrote it, and showed them to the people, and defended them, and Mahsouha, and drove out of what was an outsider, and so in every generation until it reached us pure free of impurities and falsehood, and will remain with permission God is safe and reserved for the hour, as the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told him: "A group of my faithful people are still not harmed by those who have failed them until the Hour is over. They are the owners of the hadeeth. Their benefits, we recognize them thanks to them, and share with people their beautiful exploits and great deeds, and What prompted me to write in the science of the Hadith, wishing God Almighty to serve the Sunnah purified, and reviving the biography of the flag of the honorable Sunnah, Imam Ibn Wara, may God have mercy on him, who spent his age in the service of this religion, has been limited to study Merawiat in the Great Sunan For the Imam of women, to clarify the science of the Sunnah of the Prophet, and to highlight its importance through the personalities who transferred to us the conversations of the Prophet peace be upon him, and the collection of these conversations among the books that included these ahaadeeth, and the statement of the personality narrator of these ahaadeeth, , To stand on the validity of these ahaadeeth And so on and so on, to benefit him and others in the application of the Sunnah of the Prophet's purification, so I opted for (Marwaat Imam Ibn Wara in the great Sunan Al-Imam women gathering and study), and dealt with research and study, this research after this introduction to three investigations and conclusion, In conclusion, we would like to mention the most important results that we have reached through this study, namely that Imam Ibn Wara (may Allaah have mercy on him) is Imam Muhammad ibn Muslim Ibn Othman bin Abdullah Al-Razi, who was educated by many imams of the media, Al-Mubarak, and Al-Haytham ibn Jameel), as well as on his hands Or many, as (Ibn Abi Asim and Women), has praised him is one of the scholars, pampered so his confidence and sincerity and health Achtharh between the imams and scholars and maintain, and that the Imam Women's Almighty God's mercy is the Imam Ahmad bin Shoaib bin Ali female judge. And was taught by many of the imams media such as (Qutaybah Ibn Said, Ibn Wara), as taught by the flags of many, such as (Abu Qasim Kanani, Muhammad ibn Qasim Andalusian), and praised by one of the scientists, and thus to his confidence and honesty And the validity of his fame among the imams and scholars and conservation, and that the study included Marwaites Imam Ibn Wara may Allah have mercy on him through the great Sunan of Imam women (3) newly, and the result was after the study of the verses of the hadiths as follows: (1) 1) a good bond, and (1) a weak bond. Finally, I ask Allaah to make us who are the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and the Sahaabah and the followers, may Allah be pleased with them all, their good voices, And our last prayer is that the Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and God prayed to our master Muhammad and his family and companions and gave him a great recognition to the Day of Judgment.

The Efforts Of Al-maddeb In Phonetics In His Book Dhaqa'ak Altasrif ‘detailed accounts of Morphology’


 
 
 
 This paper is centred on studying the phonetic investigations that are included in the book Minutes of Conversion by Abu al-Qasim Muhammad Ibn Saeed al-Maddeb (died after 338 AH). With phonetic investigations that were, and currently still, the basis of every phonemic study to this day. What has prompted the researcher to choose this book from all other morphological books is that the book “Dayaqat al-Tasrif” is considered the first author in the fourth century of migration in morphology, as he has completed writing it in a year (338 AH). He mentioned in his conclusion, while the closest exchange book at a time is the book “Al-Tasrif” by Al-Ramani who died in the year (384 AH). After the research, the validity of this hypothesis was found, as the researcher found topics related to the exits of letters and their characteristics, and studies on phonemic phenomena, such as inclination and hamz. , While the topics of phonetic phenomena (pronounced and inclined) have expanded in them compared to other topics, but they contain something of brevity compared to those topics in all other morphology books. The researcher has found that there are problems in the propositions of Al-Modeeb: related to the number of Arabic letters, their exits and attributes, and the terminology. The researcher concluded that the negative aspects that he diagnosed in this book may be due to several possibilities and hypotheses, including: Perhaps the disciplined had finished writing the draft of his book (Day’aq al-Tasrif) and died before he published it, and made up for what had fallen from it and made up for what he had missed. As for the second hypothesis, it is attributing these problems to the investigation, as it includes misrepresentation, distortion, error, omission, and so on.
 
 
 

The Book of theAl-Hajar Stone and the Book of Permission from the Book of Mu’in Al-Mufti on the Answer of the Questioner of Imam Shams Al-Din Muhammad Bin Abdullah Bin Ahmad Bin Muhammad Al-Khatib Al-Tirtashi Al-Ghazzi Al-Ghazzi Al-Hanafi, who died in the


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions. And yet:
 Among the blessings of Allah Almighty upon the Muhammadan nation is that he has prepared for the service of this religion secure and honest men who are the predecessors of this nation, they harnessed all their energies to establish the pillars and rules of this religion, so they preserved for us the bond and the text, and a valuable jurisprudential store, through the manuscript books that are the treasury of knowledge and science ,the science of jurisprudence, which is the regulator of all aspects of people's lives. In terms of loyalty to these distinguished men from the righteous predecessors who bequeathed us this valuable scientific wealth, it is necessary for us to perform our religious duty, to manifest this wealth from the folds of oblivion into existence. Among those notable men who preserved our scientific heritage for us (Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Khatib al-Tirtashi al-Ghazzi al-Hanafi, died in 1004 AH, through the book Mu’in al-Mufti on the answer of the questioner), which is one of the important books in the jurisprudence of Imam Abu Hanifa (May Allah have mercy on him), and Imam Al-Tirtashi’s compiler has a distinguished scholarly position among the later Hanafi jurists. So I choose to do my best to take up a small but important part, as I choose (the curfew and the Permission) from this book to see the light of an aspect of our jurisprudential heritage. Our last prayer is that praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions.
 
 
 

Mention of what is Stopped by the ha’ and t’s in the Book of Allah, the Exalted be His Praise, by Muhammad ibn Al-Qasim Al-Anbari (d. 328 AH) Study and Verification


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 Praise be to Allah, prayer and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah and after:
 This research is a manuscript extracted from Ibn Al-Anbari’s book in the chapter on what is stopped by the ha’ and t’s in the Holy Qur’an. I have Verified this manuscript according to the rules and scientific principles, so the Qur’anic verses were extracted from the Mushaf of Medina, then Ibn Al-Anbari’s sayings came out of their fluorescence, relying on solid scientific sources, I presented in this verified a study in which Imentioned the life of the author, and his most important writings are mentioned briefly for fear of prolongation, so that this research comes out far from cumbersome abbreviation and boring lengthening.
 
 
 

COMMITMENT Of One Of The DOCTRINES SHAYKH AHMED IBN Al-SAYYID MUHAMMAD IBN Al-S SAYYID YASSIN SON Of SHEIKH ABDUL GHANI Al - HUSSEINI Al - SHAFIE(1224 H)


 
 
 
 This is a short message in the fundamentals of jurisprudence on the doctrine of Imam Shafi'i (may Allah have mercy on him) to Sheikh Ahmad Ibn al-Sayyid Muhammad Ibn al-Sayyid Yassin al-Habrawi, nicknamed the second Shafi'i, from the people of Aleppo Al-Shahba, the work of God's mercy in this letter of the important doors in the fundamentals of jurisprudence; And the second is the general obligation of a specific religion. It is not secret to the scholars of the importance of these two issues in the chapter of fatwa. This is the intention of the matter, relying on Allah Almighty To achieve this message, as for the board of the manuscript has dominated the work P (may God have mercy on him) highlights the tradition of the general to strive in the matter of what is his reference to the other Mufti? , And the disagreement in that detailed, and then the second question and the views of scientists in the commitment of a certain doctrine between the transferees and the abstainers and the conditions of this detailed, in addition to the issue of (tracking licenses).
 In conclusion we ask conciliation and repayment, God arrived on our master Muhammad and his family and companions.
 
 
 

Imam al-Hafidh Abu Yahya Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahim al-Baghdadi, Known as Sa'iqa (Thunderbolt) d. (255 AH), a Narrator and Critic, and His Impact on the Emergence of the Muslim Individual

Imam Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahim (may God have mercy on him) lived at the end of the second century and the middle of the third century AH, characterized by the maturity and prosperity of the scientific movement. Therefore, competition in seeking knowledge and traveling for it was a visible matter, and classification, teaching, and travel were some of the prominent features of the people of that era. He was a student of the best scholars of his time, the most distinguished of whom was Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (may God have mercy on him), and he took great care of his company. He, may God have mercy on him, was praised by scholars and eminent imams. He has narrations in the books of the Prophetic Sunnah, such as the Sahih of Imam Al-Bukhari, the Sunan of Imam Abi Dawood, the Jami` of Imam Al-Tirmidhi, the Musnad of Imam Ahmad, and the Sunan of Imam Al-Nasa'i Minor and Great, the Sahih of Imam Ibn Khuzaimah, the Sahih of Imam Ibn Hibban, and Al Mustadrak on the two Sahihs by Imam Al-Hakim, as well as in Al-Muntaqa by Ibn Al-Jarud, Sunan al-Bayhaqi al-Kubra, Sunan al-Daraqutni, Musnad al-Bazzar, the three dictionaries of al-Tabarani, and much more. Imam Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahim (Sa'iqa) was considered one of the imams of al-Jarh and al-Ta'deel who relied on their sayings, through his knowledge of the narrators' names and their kinships, his control over them, his attention to the narrators' headphones, his proof of that, and his approval of the audience of critics in documenting or weakening the narrators and his knowledge of them. Through a review of his students, we found that many of them had a leading position in the sciences of Islamic law, as they learned a lot from the sciences of their Sheikh. The follower of the sciences of Imam Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahim (Thunderbolt) will find that his critical statements about narrators, archeology, and his sciences drew a clear approach for students of knowledge who came after him, and left a great scientific impact on their upbringing and their emergence in various sciences, especially the science of hadith, narration, and knowledge.
 Keywords: Prophetic hadith, Muslim individual, thunderbolt, Abu Yahya al-Baghdadi, criticism

The density of the rich meaning and the ease of formulations in the words of wisdom texts of Imam al-Baqir (peace be upon him) The knowledge words of wisdom as a model

The critics evaluated the speeches of the preachers and indicated their weaknesses and strengths based on an important critical criterion, which is that “the best speech is that which is too little to dispense you with a lot.” Accordingly, this research intends to study the words of wisdom texts on the concept of knowledge of Imam al-Baqir Muhammad ibn Ali (pbuh), to show the rich meanings and easy verbal formulation in them, through the relationship of grammatical functions and linking them to semantic functions in examples of them.The importance of the research is represented by showing the outstanding knowledge and cognitive effort of the imam in his wisdom related to knowledge, due to his status (pbuh), as the founder of the knowledge school, in promoting the culture of knowledge effort in his era.The method in this research is descriptive and analytical. It relies on the tools of deduction, interpretation and accuracy to clarify the intended meaning of the grammatical significance that corresponds to those words and the grammatical formulation according to the opinions of grammarians.The most important findings of the research are that the Qur’anic vision is clear in the methods of ruling the Imam (pbuh) and its meanings, and that he (pbuh) chose uncomplicated linguistic methods that are known to the general public, and he used more than the use of short phrases and the use of the imperative and conditional methods to urge learning and abundance Questioning and relying on the principle of cause and effect, which is consistent with urging science and taking its causes.

الشاعر شهاب الدين بن الخيمي (ت 685هـ) دراسة في سيرته وثقافته

This research dealt with the Egyptian poet Shehab al-Din Muhammad ibn Abd al-Moneim al-Khaymi، who lived in Egypt during the Mamluk rule during the period from 602 AH to 685 AH from the seventh century AH. Which shows his standing with the people of his time and who came after him. By looking at Ibn Al-Khaymi’s Diwan and reading his poetry that he was at the peak، of high quality and was influenced by the mystic poet Ibn Al-Farid (d. 632 AH) and others، his poetry came with a strong smear from the ways of the people of Sufism and their view of life and the universe.

The making of black inks in an Arabic treatise by al-Qalalūsī dated from the 13th c.: reproduction and characterisation of iron-gall ink recipes

For the first time, this paper systematises the medieval preparation of black writing inks found in the important thirteenth century Andalusian technical treatise written by Muhammad ibn Idrīs ibn al-Qalalūsī (1210–1308). We present the Arabic version of this extraordinary text (‘The gifts of the wise men on the curiosities of the substances’), and its first English translation, as well as discuss key aspects of the processes that remain missing or are unclear indications. In this work, we studied the iron gall inks based on galls, where no other phenolic source is present. In this pedagogical treatise, the recipes for these black iron-gall inks are organised and classified by the gallnuts extraction method used: boiling (decoction), squeezing and infusion, with water being the only solvent used. The inks selected were reproduced and characterised through a multi-analytical approach. Quantification was performed by HPLC–DAD (high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detectors in the UV–VIS), showing that gallic acid is a minor compound in the gall extracts prepared following al-Qalalūsī instructions. In all the recipes, the higher concentration compounds in the gall extracts are the gallotannins pentagalloylglucose and hexagalloylglucose, ranging from 79 to 50% of the phenolic compounds. This supports the results of Raman and infrared spectroscopies. A comparison with medieval Iberian recipes was also done, which served to reinforce our previous results that show water as the sole solvent extracts with much lower yields than mixed solvents (water plus white wine or vinegar).

Issuing fatwas in the Hanafit mazhab

The article briefly touches upon four legal schools and the importance of legitimacy today. The qualities that a mufti should possess are given. It talks about how the Koran calls on ordinary citizens to look for answers regarding any area of their life; Companions of the Prophet Muhammad also did this. Based on the analysis of classical works: Zahir ar-riwaya by Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, Khulasat al-fatawa by Tahir ibn Ahmad, Fatawa as-sirazhiyya by Sirajuddin, Fatawa Qazi Khan by Hussein ibn Mansur, Al-Fatawa at -Tatarkhaniyya by ‘Alima ibn al-‘Allah’, Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyya by a group of Indian theologians, analyzes the consistent development of fatwa-creating activities, the rules established by Muslim jurists when issuing fatwas, the reasons for preferring one opinion over another, the circumstances that must be taken into account when issuing fatwas, as well as circumstances that may cause a change in fatwas. The article presents the fatwas adopted by the ulema of modern Russia and the methods for issuing them. It was revealed that a person who has all the qualities of a mufti and is competent in this area has the right to make a decision, which indicates the need for organizations that will train these specialists.