Municipal Solid Waste Management Research Articles

Municipal solid waste management: Identification and analysis of technology selection criteria using Fuzzy Delphi and Fuzzy DEMATEL technique

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) poses a considerable challenge to developing countries like Bangladesh because of the rising waste generation rates and lack of effective management practices such as illegal open dumping and informal waste collection. One of the crucial factors in the successful management of MSW is to select the appropriate technology which is a complex multi-criteria and laborious process. Despite the global emphasis on the importance of MSWM in the literature, there is a lack of studies conducted in developing countries that effectively identify and analyze the critical performance criteria for appropriate technology selection. This research aims to address this shortcoming by identifying, and prioritizing the selection criteria and finally investigating the inter-relationship between them and the degree to which they affect or are affected by one another. First, a thorough literature review and expert consultation were employed to determine a set of 21 key criteria using the Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). Later, taking into account the imprecise and subjective nature of the DEMATEL method on human judgements, the Fuzzy DEMATEL technique was employed to investigate the cause-effect relationships among the identified criteria. The findings of the study demonstrated that 14 criteria were categorized as causal elements that have the most significant influence on the MSWM technology selection process and 7 criteria were categorized as effect. The selection of MSWM technology demands greater consideration of the top three ranked criteria, namely T4- Access to Technology (AT), T8- Feasibility (F), and the Ec6-Infrastructure requirements (IR). By identifying the pertinent criteria, structures and interrelationships, the outcome of the study can facilitate a better understanding of causal relationships among the criteria that require specific consideration from the decision-makers and allow them to select appropriate MSW management technology.

Magnitude of work related injury, associated factors and its disparity across selected occupations in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Globally, work related injury has been continued as a major public health problem. In Ethiopia there are few fragmented empirical studies particularly among workers of fast growing sectors and there is no a national representative study on work related injury. Therefore, this study aims to determine the magnitude of work related injury associated factors and its disparity among construction, textile and municipal solid waste management workers in Ethiopia. To determine magnitude of work related injury &associated factors and its disparity across selected occupations in Ethiopia. Both published and unpublished articles conducted in Ethiopia on work related injury were searched between the periods 12 October, 2019 to 15 December, 2019. Random effect model was employed to estimate the overall magnitude of occupational injury and its predictors. The overall magnitude of work related injury was 39.35% (95% CI: 27.40, 51.30 %). Subgroup analysis revealed that there was slight disparity across occupations and regions. Drinking alcohol, smoking cigarette, khat chewing habit, work related stress, level of education and utilization of PPE were significantly associated with work related injury. This study found that more than 1 in 3 workers had at least one occupational injury at work. There was slight disparity across occupations and regions. It is strongly recommend that health education programs about the risk of substance use on occupational injury and apply strict occupational safety practices regulations should be strengthened.

Quantification of Methane Emissions Rate Using Landgem Model and Estimating the Hydrogen Production Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site

In India, solid waste is deposited mostly in uncontrolled open landfills without proper segregation and handling methods. Organic wastes dumped in a landfill undergo anaerobic decomposition and emit landfill gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Landfill gases are a significant contributor to greenhouse gases and greatly impact climate change. In the interim, reducing gas emissions and controlling and recycling such gasses is important from environmental hygienic, and global perspectives. Landfill gas has tremendous potential to convert as a source of alternative fuel. The present study estimates the CH4 (Methane) and CO2 (Carbon dioxide) emissions and quantifies the renewable energy available and hydrogen production potential using the LandGEM 3.02 empirical models for the Kanuru, Vijayawada landfill. It was observed that methane emission peaked in 2042 with an emission rate according to the model was 2.51E+08 Metric tons CO2 equivalents. The gas-recovery system is an essential component in landfills for extracting energy with 75-80% efficiency; the generation rate of greenhouse gases will reduce to around 1.78E06 Mg of CO2 eq. The predicted methane emissions vary from 1.33E6-9.22E6 cu.m per year for the period of 2010-2042. It was also estimated that annual energy production from LFG emissions was from 1.8-130 GWh per year, and hydrogen production potential was 0.6-43.3 Gg per year. The study concludes that projected scientific data will assist policymakers in creating sustainable MSW management by bridging the gap between sustainable renewable energy production and protecting the environment. The basic objectives of the study include the quantification of landfill gas production using the LandGEM model for Vijayawada, assessing the electricity generation potential of the landfill methane gas emitted, methane and carbon dioxide recovery from landfills with energy conversion could reduce GHG emissions, and estimation of hydrogen generation potential from the landfill methane emissions.

Research on Service Design of Garbage Classification Driven by Artificial Intelligence

This paper proposes a framework for AI-driven municipal solid waste classification service design and management, with an emphasis on advancing sustainable urban development. This study uses narrative research and case study methods to delve into the benefits of AI technology in waste classification systems. The framework includes intelligent recognition, management strategies, AI-based waste classification technologies, service reforms, and AI-powered customer involvement and education. Our research indicates that AI technology can improve accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in waste classification, contributing to environmental sustainability and public health. However, the effectiveness of AI applications in diverse city contexts requires further verification. The framework holds theoretical and practical significance, offering insights for future service designs of waste management and promoting broader goals of sustainable urban development.

Underground Logistics Network Design for Large-Scale Municipal Solid Waste Collection: A Case Study of Nanjing, China

The challenges arising from the management of municipal solid waste (MSW) have a profound impact on the sustainable development of urban areas. As a sustainable solution, the transportation of MSW underground offers the potential to alleviate traffic congestion and reduce environmental pollution. In this study, we propose the implementation of a large-scale underground waste collection system (UWCS). To begin, a comprehensive operational process for the UWCS is designed based on an intelligent technology system, including facility operation, processing workflow, and technical parameters. Additionally, network planning methods for the UWCS are presented. A mixed-integer linear programming model is formulated with the objective of minimizing total cost. This model determines the optimal location and allocation of nodes within the network, as well as the pipeline layout and flow direction. Given the computational complexity, a hybrid optimization method, namely the genetic greedy algorithms and genetic variable neighborhood search algorithms (GGA-GVNS), is devised to obtain high-quality solutions for the model. Finally, to validate the efficacy of the proposed method, a simulation is conducted in the central city of Nanjing, China. The results demonstrate that the implementation of the UWCS network in Nanjing’s city center can yield an annual benefit of USD 5.99 million. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis reveals further MSW management-related insights and long-term planning strategies.

Characterization for optimizing the integrated management of solid waste for energy recovery and circular economy.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management poses a significant environmental challenge in municipalities across developing nations worldwide. Our studies were focused on characterizing the waste and analyzing the chemical properties of mixed waste fractions to assess their potential for waste-to-energy conversion. The objective of our study was to scrutinize the existing state of the MSW management system and gauge its waste generation rates. Specific ASTM methods were employed to carry out both physical and chemical characterizations. The outcomes reveal that the city generates a daily volume of 1155 tons of domestic solid waste (DSW), translating to a generation rate of 0.51kg-1 capita-1day-1. When analyzed by source, organic matter emerged as the predominant constituent, accounting for 73.74% of the waste, followed by combustible content waste at 15.17%. The moisture content of MSW ranged between 26 and 58% throughout the seasons, while volatile solids varied from 22.35 to 99.74%. Among the components screened, carbon and oxygen stood out as the dominant elements. The calorific values encompassed a broad range, ranging from 14.87MJkg-1 for leather waste to a substantial 25,629.27MJkg-1 for organic waste. To alleviate the escalating burden of increasing solid waste generation, alternative treatment approaches were recommended. These include composting, biomethane plants, the establishment of recycling facilities, and the enhancement of existing landfill sites to scientifically designed landfills. In summary, the findings from this study provide valuable insights for regulatory bodies and municipal authorities. These insights can guide the formulation of policies concerning waste sampling, characterization, segregation, and the implementation of education and awareness campaigns.

ComLife cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management systems in Ho Chi Minh City

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems. In this article, the authors apply the LCA method to investigate the best solution for the MSWM system in Ho Chi Minh city, supported by GaBi software. The LCA results from three scenarios of waste-to-energy, composting, and landfilling reveal their effects on global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential. Overall, the results indicate that waste-to-energy and composting scenarios are competitive options.Waste-to-energy is environmentally friendly with a total environmental impact of 62%, which is only a quarter of the impact of landfilling. The composting scenario in the mechanical-biological treatment plant shows promising results of 81% reduction in environmental impact, while landfilling is the most polluting scenario with a total environmental impact potential of 257%. In this study, the scenarios are only investigated from an environmental perspective, for the economic and social impacts of waste management, other decision-making tools should be considered.

The development of an integrated GIS-based optimization framework for power generation from municipal solid waste-to-energy facilities

Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the municipal solid waste (MSW) management pathways that can reduce waste volumes while recovering energy. There has been considerable focus on using MSW for energy production; however, there are few integrated assessments of the optimal location and scale of the conversion of MSW to energy. This research develops a novel framework that integrates the analysis of candidate sites for MSW gasification facilities using a geographical information system (GIS) through a multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) model with a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to determine optimal scale and location. The most suitable candidate locations were identified through a GIS-based location-allocation analysis. A MILP model integrated with GIS was then used to determine the minimum per-unit electricity production costs by optimizing the numbers, locations, and sizes of the proposed WtE and preprocessing facilities. The key inputs to the optimization model are actual road and railway transportation distances, WtE gasification and preprocessing facility capital and installation costs, operation and maintenance costs, gate fee and tipping fees (the fee for disposal of ash at the landfill), and the municipal guidelines. The proposed integrated framework was applied in a case study for Alberta, a western province in Canada. The results indicate that at a 10% rate of return, electricity production is cost-competitive with current electricity prices. The per-unit cost of electricity production (COEP) was found to be only 16.14 $/MWh when the gate fee was treated as a revenue component. The optimal plant location was in Edmonton and the optimum plant size was 175 MW. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was conducted to understand the critical input parameters that impact the COEP. The results indicate that the COEP is most sensitive to changes in tipping fees, plant efficiency, capital cost, discount rate, and transportation cost. The developed framework is critical for investment decisions and policy development, and it can be applied globally with adjustments to data and assumptions.

Investigating the variance in the adaptation pathways of U.S. municipal solid waste management systems to the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has presented significant challenges to municipal solid waste management systems (MSMWSs). To adequately serve their communities, MSWMSs have implemented different adaptive measures over time. During such a trying situation, the architecture of systems plays an important role in their successful adaptation. However, due to its unprecedented nature, there remains a limited understanding of how different MSWMSs adapted themselves in relation to their unique system architectures. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by empirically investigating nine MSWMSs across three U.S. states severely impacted by the pandemic: New York, California, and Florida. A baseline structure was initially mapped for each MSWMS, encompassing three main system characteristics: composition, topology, and control. Subsequently, the adaptation pathways adopted by the examined MSWMSs during the initial 12 months of the pandemic were tracked, and their variance was examined. The findings demonstrate that the system characteristics of MSWMSs had an impact on their resilience performance in terms of (i) enabling or constraining the capacity of an MSWMS to implement response measures [resourcefulness] and (ii) accelerating or delaying its overall adaptation process [rapidity]. Ultimately, these insights can serve as a foundation for enhancing the resilience of MSWMSs to future pandemics and other disturbances.

Strategic approach towards sustainability by promoting circular economy-based municipal solid waste management system- A review

The evolution of population and swift urbanization has augmented the quantum of municipal solid waste (MSW) across the globe. The MSW has numerous problems, such as health issues, climate change, societal imbalance, etc. Decision-makers continuously investigate a practical and viable solution for eradicating the solid waste management issue. The circular economy offers a critical solution for managing solid waste with a more organized and constructive approach. The study proposes the key facets to design a solid waste management system driven by the circular economy. The circular economy framework emphasizes the 4 R’s- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Recover. The review instils the importance of a waste collection and sorting station, waste treatment methods, and recovery of valuables from waste. The importance of policies and legislation in solid waste management systems with cases of developed countries are also discussed. The study further elaborates on the various aspects of the circular economy, including economic, social, and environmental paradigms. An insight into achieving sustainability through a circular economy-based MSW management system is presented. CE-based waste management offers eco-friendly business models, environmental justice, and upliftment of social well-being. The paper acknowledges the worldwide business groups that have adopted the circular economy and are trying to achieve sustainability. The opportunities cited by globally renowned organizations to limit waste generation and observe material recycling and reuse in their workspace and products have also been highlighted. The study offers an understanding of the system that brings prosperity and harmony to society.

Identification of bacterial community in a rapid composting method using 16SrDNA genes sequencing.

Composting is a process of microbial degradation of organic waste and is commonly applied for waste management. This is a slow process and requires a lot of land and human resources. The present study investigated mechanical augmentation with required microbial culture for composting municipal solid waste (MSW). Thirty isolates were subjected to 16S rDNA PCR amplification and gene sequencing. The isolates' sequencing from the compost samples was processed on BLASTn. Fourteen strains were identified for further experiments. The results divulge that Empedobacter (04), Bacillus (02), Proteus (02), Lactiplantibacillus (01), Klebsiella (01), Citrobacter (01), Brevibacillus (01), E. coli (01) and one unidentified strain were growing during composting. Eleven combinations of bacterial consortium and respective additives were applied for the organic waste decomposition in the next stage, resulting in varied completion periods ranging from 3 to 14days. Two combinations were completed within 3days, which are considered ideal combinations for composting. The microbial consortium was significantly diverse, which is a reason for rapid biodegradation. The present study reveals that the technology will be highly feasible for municipal solid waste management in tropical/subtropical countries.

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste in Sub-Saharan Africa via sustainable waste management: An economic benefit assessment

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a major challenge for cities worldwide, particularly in Africa. This study used an emission-reduction framework to assess the economic benefit of sustainable MSW management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over a 60-year period (2000–2060). Two waste-to-energy (WTE) methods, sanitary landfills and anaerobic digestion, were used to assess the potential electricity generation from MSW under four waste collection scenarios. The assessment was compared to the potential economic damage from cumulative methane (CH4) emissions under business-as-usual waste management practices for the same period. The results show that energy recovery from current MSW generation forecasts can contribute to 100–245 kWh per capita electricity generation between 2025 and 2060, depending on the WTE technology employed. The net present value (NPV) of WTE technologies is less than half the dollar cost of the potential economic damage from methane emissions. These results have significant policy implications for increasing access to sustainable and clean energy in SSA countries. Given that the current average per capita electricity generation in SSA is 158 kWh and that several countries in the area are experiencing energy problems, MSW electricity generation offers untapped economic development prospects. These findings highlight the economic advantages of effective waste management in SSA to mitigate future environmental and climate change consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, this study underscores the need for stakeholders to develop cost-effective and sustainable waste management strategies to avoid possible future economic and environmental damage in SSA.

Sustainable utilization of nutmeg fruit rind waste for Cr(VI) removal and resource recovery from industrial wastewater: An integrated approach

The present study demonstrates an innovative circular economic process to repurpose agricultural waste, nutmeg fruit rind into an effective adsorbent followed by its value addition/safe disposal, thereby seamlessly aligning with the principles of green chemistry and sustainable waste management. Low-cost bio-sorbents are one of the most promising substances for pollutant removal in water treatment research. Fruit shells and peels are annoying to the environment because they contribute to solid trash after consumption and add to the daunting challenge of municipal solid waste management. This study investigated the potential of nutmeg fruit rind waste, a readily available agricultural byproduct, for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated streams. The findings highlight the significant removal efficiency of Cr(VI) ions through adsorption onto the nutmeg fruit rind waste, underscoring its potential as an affordable and eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment. The study showed that pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, contact time, and temperature significantly influence adsorption. The insights into the adsorption mechanism revealed that the electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, and surface complexation primarily contributed to the removal of Cr(VI) ions. The kinetics studies matched well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the sorption fits the Sips isotherm, while thermodynamic studies confirmed the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the process. The quantitative removal of Cr(VI) and other co-existing heavy metals from real textile wastewater samples was demonstrated. Finally, the spent adsorbent was subjected to anaerobic digestion to recover biogas and Cr(VI), which offers a sustainable solution to mitigate the contamination risk associated with discarding the spent adsorbent while contributing to resource recovery.

Enzyme-powered waste valorization: Simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation of kitchen waste for biofertilizer production

The study introduces a systematic process aimed at the production of a biofertilizer formulation utilizing kitchen waste as the primary bioresource. This process effectively tackles challenges associated with the management of municipal solid waste and the economical synthesis of environmentally sustainable biofertilizers. The employed approach, known as simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation, incorporates a highly efficient in-house developed multi-enzyme preparation derived from Aspergillus niger P-19 along with a consortium of plant growth-promoting microorganisms, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae KMB-407, Micrococcus luteus AS-17, and Azotobacter chroococcum AZ-1. The outcome is the creation of a stable liquid biofertilizer formulation with a viable count of 1.78 × 1015 CFU/mL. Upon applying this biofertilizer formulation to Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato) plants, significant improvements were observed in both plant productivity and soil quality. Additionally, positive effects were noted in terms of enhanced flowering and fruiting of the treated plants compared to the control group.

Assessing the social cost of municipal solid waste management in Beijing: A systematic life cycle analysis

The increased municipal solid waste generation poses ponderous pressure on the economy, environment, and public health. The current waste treatment process has multiple limitations. To inform policymakers on the best practices and feasibility, we develop a more comprehensive social costing model to assess the impacts of municipal solid waste management throughout its life cycle. The prominent findings show that the life cycle social cost of municipal solid waste in Beijing in 2021 is 12.4 billion yuan. Incineration has the highest social cost, totaling 10.172 billion yuan. The social cost per unit of waste incineration is 2,045 yuan/t, which is higher than that of landfill (1,288 yuan/t), composting (1,132 yuan/t), anaerobic digestion (1,057 yuan/t), and recyclables resource utilization (-344 yuan/t). The life cycle assessment results show that economic costs, including collection, transportation, and treatment costs, account for about 61%, and health loss costs account for about 37%. The scenario analysis suggests a significant potential for social cost savings from food waste and recyclables utilization. Ideally, a social cost reduction of almost 38% could be achieved. Error analysis examines the influence of variation in uncertain parameters on the evaluation results. This paper provides scientific strategies for optimal investment and decision-making on the comprehensive municipal solid waste management. These findings could provide an essential reference for policymakers and stakeholders in municipal solid waste management, replicated in different cities and other emerging economies.

Estimating Zero Waste Index and Resident Waste Participation in Indonesian Middle City

The municipal city has tried to provide the best solid waste services as possible, but the increase in these services does not necessarily increase public participation in managing waste. The objective of this research is to measure the performance of municipal solid waste management while Banda Aceh – Indonesia. The research method uses the Zero Waste Index tool and community surveyed to get a more comprehensive picture of performance in overcoming waste problems. The results can be concluded that the Banda Aceh city government is still achieving a small Zero Waste Index which is 0.28. The majority of the population does not get waste socialization (76.07%), does not sort (75.21%), does not recycle waste (68.31%) and only 54.70% of the community collect used items for resale. The results of the two studies show that it is hard for Banda Aceh to achieve the goal of 30% waste reduction by 2025.

Insights into the urban municipal solid waste generation during the COVID-19 pandemic from machine learning analysis

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has become an important issue for cities around the world. Waste generation prediction plays an important role in MSW management. It can provide strong support for decision-makers to optimize collection and treatment plans, formulate policies, and design long-term strategies for waste reduction. This study develops a district-level predictive approach for MSW generation using machine learning, with a case study for New York City. Commencing in 2020, the year of the pandemic's outbreak with an abnormal fluctuation in MSW generation, the prediction model exhibited a notable accuracy reduction compared to preceding years. In response to this challenge, we have identified and examined four proxy variables pertinent to the socio-economic repercussions of the pandemic and discerned that variables relating to residents' working status can ameliorate the model performance, both before and after the pandemic. We find that the area with the largest abnormality in MSW generation in 2020 is Manhattan and its vicinity. Given the pronounced prevalence of commercial land use in these localities, they warrant heightened scrutiny and strategic focus. It is imperative for policymakers and stakeholders to channel their efforts towards these specific regions and proactively formulate contingency strategies to facilitate expedited and efficacious responses.

An Overview of Solid Waste Management Scenario and a Comparative Analysis of its Related Legislation in India

Solid waste poses a major threat to the environment, aesthetics, and human health which also includes the spread of various communicable diseases. Due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and uncontrolled population growth, India is witnessing an unresolved problem in terms of solid waste management (SWM). The appropriate execution of SWM can play a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development and is highlighted in many global agendas, visions, and charters. A sustainable SWM may help achieve some of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is also known as Agenda 2030. It is a set of 17 interlinked global goals that are to be achieved by the year 2030. However, the government is putting in various efforts in terms of bringing various sector-specific stringent laws that make authorities more powerful in the proper enforcement of the rule, and Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (SWMR) is one among them. This paper presents a general overview of the solid waste generation and management scenario of our country and a comparative analysis of prevailing SWMR with the Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.

Towards integrated, and sustainable municipal solid waste management system in Shashemane city administration, Ethiopia

Solid waste generation is attested to be unavoidable product of human activities. Sustainable management of such waste is a pressing challenge faced in many developing countries today. The study was motivated by the fast growing population and the inefficient waste management system threatening the public health and the image of Shashemene city in Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were: to explore the existing household solid waste management practices, to examine the current governance system of municipal solid waste management, to investigate the contemporary challenges and opportunities of municipal solid waste management, and forward integrated and sustainable municipal solid waste management system for Shashemene city. Data were collected from sampled households, key informants, focus groups, and the city's environment. Data were analyzed by employing quantitative and qualitative methods. 94.8 % of the respondents opined that the solid waste generated in their city is organic in nature (Ash, and sweeps; leftover food, and vegetable peels; paper, and cardboards; green leaves, and grass; and cattle dung). 96.7 % of respondent households opined that they have temporary waste storage in their yards and trash bags were asserted to be widely used (87.6 %) in handling the trash in the courtyard. The waste sorting and recovering practices among the residents is very low and is certainly the major cause for inefficient and unsustainable management system of municipal solid waste in Shashemene city. Generally, a grand mean of 2.23 confirmed the absence of good governance in municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. Moreover, the significant proportion of responses ( ≥ 50 %) for each of the nine principles of good governance as either poor or very poor asserted governance failure of the municipal solid waste management system in Shashemene city. The results of the study confirmed that low public awareness on waste management; inadequate collection capacity; poor integration and coordination of stakeholders; environmentally unsound dump site; and illegal dumping by key stakeholders are the major challenges underpinning the unsustainable municipal solid waste management in the city. It is recommended that Shashemene city must adopt integrated sustainable municipal solid waste management system to substantially enhance the waste management service in the city leading to ultimate advancement of public health and environmental quality.

Municipal solid waste management in regency area in Indonesia: a review of Deli Serdang

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Indonesia is increasingly complex for various reasons. The quantity of solid waste is expected to increase substantially due to an increasing population and rapid urbanization. Each municipality in Indonesia has a distinct technique and method to manage solid waste, depending on the peculiarities and problems. Cities and regencies have different characteristics. Research on municipal solid waste management conducted in regency areas is still limited. This study aims to investigate the implementation of MSWM in Indonesian regency areas. This study is based on a literature review and the relevant policies, but it also incorporates simple statistical analysis to support the points and arguments in this paper. The review found differences characteristic of MSWM in regency areas and city areas, such as waste generation, waste composition, and source of waste. MSWM solutions vary according to each municipality and rely heavily on local governments’ commitment and their financial, technical, and institutional capacity. The existing waste problem must be addressed holistically from upstream to downstream with a ‘cradle-to-grave’ mindset to create tangible advances in Indonesia’s solid waste management.