Movement Variables Research Articles

The association between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function in adolescents with major depressive disorder

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the relationship between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). MethodEyeLink 1000 eye tracker was used to obtain eye movement data in free-viewing and smooth pursuit tasks. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for inter-group comparison of demographic and clinical data. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between eye movement characteristics and cognitive function. ResultsAdolescents with MDD showed lower saccade amplitude in the free-viewing task and more fixations and saccades in the smooth pursuit task. In the free-viewing task, fixation count, saccade duration and saccade speed were found to be positively correlated with immediate memory and attention; fixation duration was negatively correlated with immediate memory. In the smooth pursuit task, saccade count was positively correlated with the faux pas test; fixation duration and saccade duration were significantly correlated with memory and attention. ConclusionAdolescents with MDD showed abnormalities in several indices of eye movement, and altered eye movement variables were also correlated with cognitive deficits. Eye-tracking technology helps illustrate the diverse cognitive strategies employed by individuals during cognitive tasks, allowing researchers to explore subtle differences in cognitive processes.

Kinematic Analysis of Elite Indian National-level Sprinters: a Comprehensive Analysis

A comprehensive research study was undertaken involving ten national-level sprinters selected purposively from the athletics ground of Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in New Delhi. The primary objective was to identify the key angles influencing movement during predefined steps in sprinting. The age range of the participants was 19 to 27 years, and the selection process followed purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics were employed to interpret the collected data, providing a summary of the sprinters' performances. The study considered various biomechanical aspects, including angles related to knee movement, hip articulation, and other relevant variables. The correlation between angular and linear variables was explored, and KINOVEA software was utilized for precise angle measurements, ensuring high accuracy in recording sprinters' movements. This technological approach facilitated a thorough examination of the kinematic aspects of their performance. Data collection employed a judgmental sampling method, and the results revealed significant relationships. Notably, there was a significant correlation between the angle at the right ankle joint and the angle at the right wrist joint at the 1st step. Additionally, a significant correlation was observed at the right knee joint at the 3rd step, indicating its contribution to the athletes' overall performance.

Rat movements reflect internal decision dynamics in an evidence accumulation task.

Perceptual decision-making involves multiple cognitive processes, including accumulation of sensory evidence, planning, and executing a motor action. How these processes are intertwined is unclear; some models assume that decision-related processes precede motor execution, whereas others propose that movements reflecting on-going decision processes occur before commitment to a choice. Here we combine and apply two complementary methods to study the relationship between decision processes and the movements leading up to a choice. The first is a free response pulse-based evidence accumulation task, in which stimuli continue until choice is reported and the second is a motion-based drift diffusion model (mDDM), in which movement variables from video pose estimation constrain decision parameters on a trial-by-trial basis. We find the mDDM provides a better model fit to rats' decisions in the free response accumulation task than traditional DDM models. Interestingly, on each trial we observed a period of time, prior to choice, that was characterized by head immobility. The length of this period was positively correlated with the rats' decision bounds and stimuli presented during this period had the greatest impact on choice. Together these results support a model in which internal decision dynamics are reflected in movements and demonstrate that inclusion of movement parameters improves the performance of diffusion-to-bound decision models.

Research Trends and Usability Challenges in Behavioral Data-Based Cognitive Function Assessment

The prevalence of dementia, a condition associated with high social costs, is rising alongside the aging population. Early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a precursor to dementia, is essential for effective intervention. Recent research has focused on diagnosing cognitive function in the elderly by analyzing behavioral data, such as gait and hand movements. Compared to traditional neuropsychological assessment methods, behavioral data-based assessments offer advantages, including reduced fatigue for patients and examiners, faster testing procedures, and more objective evaluation of results. This study reviews 15 research projects from the past five years (2018–2023) that have utilized behavioral data to assess cognitive function. It examines the specific gait and hand movement variables used, the technologies implemented, and user experiences reported in these studies. As these types of assessments require new technologies or environments, we analyzed usability issues that should be considered for accurate cognitive assessment. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes future directions for research in the field of behavioral data-based cognitive function assessment.

The acute hypoalgesic effects of active head-mounted display virtual reality games.

The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether physically active virtual reality (VR) games exert an acute hypoaglesic effect on the thigh and bicep compared to a non-active VR game and an exercise only condition matched for exercise intensity in healthy individuals, and (2) whether movement variables during gameplay are associated with the hypoalgesic effect of the games. Twenty young adults completed five separate study sessions, with each session devoted to playing one head-mounted display VR game or stationary cycling for 15 minutes. The games included Holopoint at level 2 and level 3, Hot Squat, and Relax Walk. Pressure pain thresholds at the thigh and bicep were measured pre and post VR gameplay and cycling. Participants wore a heart rate monitor and accelerometers on the wrist and thigh during play to measure the intensity and quantity of movement. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that pressure pain thresholds on the bicep increased from pre to posttest for each condition. The results also revealed that pressure pain thresholds on the thigh increased only for the conditions eliciting the greatest cardiovascular response, which included Holopoint at level 3, Hot Squat, and cycling. Bivariate correlations indicated that moderate to vigorous physical activity of the thigh was associated with pain reduction at the thigh during Holopoint. These results revealed that active VR games and exercise exerted a more widespread hypoalgesic effect compared to the non-active VR game, which was likely driven in part by the intensity and quantity of movement during gameplay.

Unravelling arthropod movement in natural landscapes: Small-scale effects of body size and weather conditions.

Arthropod movement has been noticeably understudied compared to vertebrates. A crucial knowledge gap pertains to the factors influencing arthropod movement at habitat boundaries, which has direct implications for population dynamics and gene flow. While larger arthropod species generally achieve greater dispersal distances and large-scale movements are affected by weather conditions, the applicability of these relationships at a local scale remains uncertain. Existing studies on this subject are not only scarce but often limited to a few species or laboratory conditions. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a field study in two nature reserves in Belgium, focusing on both flying and cursorial (non-flying) arthropods. Over 200 different arthropod species were captured and released within a circular setup placed in a resource-poor environment, allowing quantification of movement speed and direction. By analysing the relationship between these movement variables and morphological (body size) as well as environmental factors (temperature and wind), we aimed to gain insights into the mechanisms driving arthropod movement at natural habitat boundaries. For flying species, movement speed was positively correlated with both body size and tailwind speed. In contrast, movement speed of cursorial individuals was solely positively related with temperature. Notably, movement direction was biased towards the vegetated areas where the arthropods were originally caught, suggesting an internal drive to move towards suitable habitat. This tendency was particularly strong in larger flying individuals and under tailwind conditions. Furthermore, both flying and cursorial taxa were hindered from moving towards the habitat by strong upwind. In conclusion, movement speed and direction at patch boundaries are dependent on body size and prevailing weather conditions, and reflect an active decision-making process.

The clinical utility of the prone hip extension test in the diagnosis of motor control impairments associated with low back pain: A cross-sectional study using motion capture and electromyography

BackgroundThe prone hip extension test is used as a clinical tool to diagnose specific motor control impairments that have been identified in individuals with chronic low back pain. However, conventional protocols for performing the test are subjective and lack evidence for their effectiveness. The objective of the current study was to quantify lumbopelvic motion and muscle activation during this test and identify which motor control patterns best distinguish individuals with low back pain from asymptomatic controls. Methods18 individuals with sub-acute or chronic low back pain and 32 asymptomatic controls performed the prone hip extension test while a 3D motion capture system measured lumbar and pelvic movement patterns and an electromyography system measured the muscle activation patterns of the paraspinal, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscles. A three-stage statistical analysis was performed, the final stage being a stepwise logistic regression analysis aimed at identifying the movement and muscle activation pattern variables that best distinguished the two groups. FindingsThe final regression model included three lumbar kinematic variables and several electromyographic amplitude variables for the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles during right-sided prone hip extension. The final model correctly classified 86.7 % of the control group and 83.3 % of the low back pain group. InterpretationThe subject of asymmetrical gluteus maximus and hamstring muscle activation appears to be a potentially interesting area for future research on the utility of the prone hip extension test as a clinical tool in diagnosing motor control impairments associated with low back pain.

Predicting the potential distribution and coexistence of Chagas disease vectors in the Americas.

Predicting the potential distribution and coexistence of suitable geographic areas for Chagas disease vectors in the Americas is a crucial task for understanding the eco-epidemiological dynamics of this disease. The potential distribution and coexistence of 3 species-Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), Cavernicola pilosa (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), and Rhodnius pictipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were modeled. Presence records were obtained and environmental variables were selected based on correlation analysis, Jackknife analysis and knowledge of the biology and natural history of the species. The MaxEnt algorithm included in the kuenm package of R software was used for modeling the potential distribution, and various scenarios of the BAM diagram (Biotic, Abiotic, and Movement variables) were evaluated. The variables contributing to the final models were different for each species. Rhodnius pictipes showed a potential distribution in South America, particularly in Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname. Areas with environmentally suitable conditions for R. prolixus were located in southern Brazil, Peru, Colombia, southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, whereas for C. pilosa they were in southeastern Brazil, southeastern Central America, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Co-occurrence analysis revealed distinct patterns in the neotropical region, with some areas indicating the potential distribution of 1 or more species. In Brazil, occurrence and co-occurrence areas were concentrated in the northwest and southeast regions. Overall, this study provides valuable information on the potential distribution and coexistence of vectors, which can inform targeted vector control strategies and contribute to global efforts in combating Chagas disease.

Skeletal Anterior Open Bite Attenuates the Chewing-Related Increase in Brain Blood Flow.

The masticatory function of patients with skeletal anterior open bite (OPEN) is reported to be impaired compared with that of patients with normal occlusion (NORM). In this study, we compared brain blood flow (BBF) in patients with OPEN and NORM and investigated the factors related to BBF during mastication in patients with OPEN. The study included 17 individuals with NORM and 33 patients with OPEN. The following data were collected: number of occlusal contacts, jaw movement variables during mastication, and BBF measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy during chewing. The number of occlusal contacts, maximum closing and opening speeds, closing angle, and vertical amplitude were smaller in the OPEN than in the NORM group. Interestingly, BBF increased less in the OPEN group. Correlation analysis revealed that several parameters, including number of occlusal contacts and closing angle, were correlated with changes in BBF during mastication. These results suggest that not only occlusion but also jaw movement variables and factors related to masticatory muscles contribute to the chewing-related increase in BBF. In conclusion, BBF increases less during mastication in patients with OPEN than in those with NORM. In addition, the higher increase in BBF is correlated with jaw movement. Together, we discovered that OPEN exhibits significant adverse effects not only on masticatory function but also on brain function.

The Influence of Functional Movement and Strength upon Linear and Change of Direction Speed in Male and Female Basketball Players.

The present study aimed to analyse the relationship between functional movement and strength variables upon linear speed (Ls) and change of direction (COD) based on gender. It also aimed to identify the determinants of performance of Ls and COD according to gender. Fifty basketball players (54% female) completed the assessment in which the weight-bearing dorsiflexion test, the Y-balance test, the unilateral countermovement jump, the unilateral drop jump, the unilateral triple hop test, Ls and CODs were performed. Speed variables were divided according to time execution into "low-performance" and "high-performance" to establish a comparison between performance groups. Strength variables significantly influenced speed tests' performance in both genders (p < 0.05). For males, the greater the Ls, the higher the change of direction deficit (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that a long and vertical stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) was the most influential physical ability for speed performance in females (45-65% variance explained; p < 0.001), while in males, a short and horizontal SSC played a significant role (30-61% variance explained; p < 0.022). These results suggest that gender should be considered in programming strength training to improve speed, as each gender will benefit most from the application of different force-orientations and different SSC. Also, the faster the male players were in Ls, the less efficient they were in the COD performance. This is why for men, it would be recommended to perform eccentric exercises along with deceleration and technique drills to improve COD speed.

Cell-type-specific representation of spatial context in the rat prefrontal cortex

The ability to represent one's own position in relation to cues, goals, or threats is crucial to successful goal-directed behavior. Using optotagging in knock-in rats expressing Cre recombinase in parvalbumin (PV) neurons (PV-Cre rats), we demonstrate cell-type-specific encoding of spatial and movement variables in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during goal-directed reward seeking. Single neurons encoded the conjunction of the animal's spatial position and the run direction, referred to as the spatial context. The spatial context was most prominently represented by the inhibitory PV interneurons. Movement toward the reward was signified by increased local field potential (LFP) oscillations in the gamma band but this LFP signature was not related to the spatial information in the neuronal firing. The results highlight how spatial information is incorporated into cognitive operations in the mPFC. The presented PV-Cre line opens the door for expanded research approaches in rats.

Calibrating Bayesian Decoders of Neural Spiking Activity.

Accurately decoding external variables from observations of neural activity is a major challenge in systems neuroscience. Bayesian decoders, which provide probabilistic estimates, are some of the most widely used. Here we show how, in many common settings, the probabilistic predictions made by traditional Bayesian decoders are overconfident. That is, the estimates for the decoded stimulus or movement variables are more certain than they should be. We then show how Bayesian decoding with latent variables, taking account of low-dimensional shared variability in the observations, can improve calibration, although additional correction for overconfidence is still needed. Using data from males, we examine (1) decoding the direction of grating stimuli from spike recordings in the primary visual cortex in monkeys, (2) decoding movement direction from recordings in the primary motor cortex in monkeys, (3) decoding natural images from multiregion recordings in mice, and (4) decoding position from hippocampal recordings in rats. For each setting, we characterize the overconfidence, and we describe a possible method to correct miscalibration post hoc. Properly calibrated Bayesian decoders may alter theoretical results on probabilistic population coding and lead to brain-machine interfaces that more accurately reflect confidence levels when identifying external variables.

A Decrease in Branched-Chain Amino Acids after a Competitive Male Professional Volleyball Game-A Metabolomic-Based Approach.

A competitive volleyball game is a highly metabolic and physically demanding event for professional players. This study aimed to investigate whether a single game at the end of a preseason promotes changes in the biochemical markers of physical exercise responses and the metabolomic profile of professional volleyball players. This cross-sectional study included 13 male Brazilian professional volleyball players. Food intake, body composition, heart rate, physical movement variables, and blood biochemical indicators were evaluated. For non-target metabolomic analysis, serum samples were subjected to 500 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Data analysis showed no significant difference in the biochemical indicators after the game (p > 0.05). The level of metabolites present in the groups of the main components (β-hydroxybutyrate, arginine/lysine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine) had decreased after the game. However, formic acid and histidine levels increased. Among the compounds not part of the main components, hypoxanthine and tyrosine increased, whereas low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein levels decreased. After the game, the metabolomic profiles of players showed significant negative variations in essential amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine). These decreases might be influenced by athlete diet and reduced glycogen storage due to lower carbohydrate intake, potentially impacting serum-essential amino acid levels via oxidation in skeletal muscle. The study provides insights for developing metabolic compensation strategies in athletes.

Analisis Pergerakan Kapal dan Peralatan Bongkar Muat Petikemas terhadap Kelancaran Arus Barang di PT Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok

Sea transportation as a means of moving goods from one island to another or from one country to another plays a very important role and also makes a significant contribution to supporting the country's economy. In this study, the research method used is quantitative. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of ship movements and loading and unloading equipment on the smooth flow of goods at PT Tanjung Priok Port. For variable X1 (Ship Movements), the calculated t-value of 3.816 is greater than the tabulated t-value of 2.019. For variable X2 (Container Loading and Unloading Equipment), the calculated value of 1.613 is smaller than the tabulated value of 2.019. In table 4.2.8, a result of 22.078 is obtained, which is greater than 3.22. It is concluded that the variables of ship movements (X1) and container loading and unloading equipment (X2) have a significant influence on the smooth flow of goods.

Identifying Clinical Phenotypes in People Who Are Hispanic/Latino With Chronic Low Back Pain: Use of Sensor-Based Measures of Posture and Movement, Pain, and Psychological Factors.

The aim of this study was to identify clinical phenotypes using sensor-based measures of posture and movement, pain behavior, and psychological factors in Hispanic/Latino people with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Baseline measures from an ongoing clinical trial were analyzed for 81 Hispanic/Latino people with CLBP. Low back posture and movement were measured using commercial sensors during in-person testing and 8hours of ecological monitoring. Magnitude, frequency, and duration of lumbar movements, sitting and standing postures were measured. Movement-evoked pain was assessed during in-person movement testing. Psychological measures included the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire. Random forest analysis was conducted to generate 2 groups and identify important variables that distinguish groups. Group differences in demographics, pain, psychological, and posture and movement variables were examined using t-tests and chi-square analyses. Two subgroups of Hispanic/Latino people with CLBP were identified with minimal error (7.4% misclassification ["out-of-bag" error]). Ecological posture and movement measures best distinguished groups, although most movement-evoked pain and psychological measures did not. Group 1 had greater height and weight, lower movement frequency, more time in sitting, and less time in standing. Group 2 had a greater proportion of women than men, longer low back pain duration, higher movement frequency, more time in standing, and less time in sitting. Two distinct clinical phenotypes of Hispanic/Latino people with CLBP were identified. One group was distinguished by greater height and weight and more sedentary posture and movement behavior; the second group had more women, longer duration of low back pain, higher lumbar spine movement frequency, and longer duration of standing postures. Ecological measures of posture and movement are important for identifying 2 clinical phenotypes in Hispanic/Latino people with CLBP and may provide a basis for a more personalized plan of care. Wearable sensors were used to measure low back posture and movement in Hispanic/Latino people with chronic low back pain. These posture and movement measures helped to identify 2 different clinical subgroups that will give physical therapists more information to better personalize treatment for chronic low back pain in Hispanic/Latino patients.

Nexus between the Exchange Rate Spill-Over Movement and Macroeconomic Variables in South Asian Countries

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the Exchange Rate spill-over and Macro Economic Determinants in selected South Asian Countries (Afghanistan, India and Pakistan). The study employed 10 years of data from 2011 to 2021 of macroeconomic variables such as TIN- Total Investment, INF - Inflation, IMP - Imports, EXP - Exports, GTE - Government Total Expenditure, GNL - Government Net Lending, ER – Exchange Rate. The result evidenced that selected macroeconomic variables changes doesn’t have any connection in the changes of ER of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The ER changes are highly autocorrelated and act highly independence in the last ten years. Moreover, the depreciation of currency values replicates economic instability and drastically straight fall. Asian countries operating their currency based on a managed floating ER regime. It’s marking a market-determined ER regime of the currency with provision for timely intervention by the central bank. Managed float regime is an international financial environment in which ERs fluctuates from day to day, but central banks attempt to influence their countries’ ERs by buying and selling currencies to maintain a certain range. This study would be useful to the retail investors to speculate and arbitrage and (economic policy) policymakers to monitor, Forecasting and Simulation the ER movements.

EFFECT OF MANIPULATION OF BASE OF SUPPORT ON CENTER OF PRESSURE: COMPARISON OF CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

The postural control (PC) of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) have been extensively studied; however, there is limited information available on the role of PC strategies during manipulated balance conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of manipulation of the base of support on the center of pressure in the children with and without intellectual disabilities. This study included 34 girls with mild intellectual disabilities and 30 typically developing children of the same sex and age (7-13 years old). The participants as stood as still on a platform and completed four tasks: feet-together on a firm surface, feet-together on a foam surface, tandem stance on a firm surface, and tandem stance on a foam surface. The displacement, sway, amplitude, root mean square (RMS), velocity, and acceleration of the center of pressure (CoP) were calculated. The results indicate significant differences between the two groups in spatial variables of CoP movement (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, sway and amplitude were found to be sensitive to changes in surface factors (p &lt; 0.05) and all variables to be sensitive to changes in stance position. There was significant interaction of stance*group in CoP velocity (p &lt; 0.05). Based on the results, children with intellectual disabilities demonstrated poorer postural control than the control group, particularly in more demanding PC tasks. However, the quantitative variables of CoP were less impacted by ID characteristics compared to spatial variables. Accordingly, it is suggested that the role of effective balance training on improving postural control strategies in ID children be investigated in future studies.

Does Soundpeaking Affect the Behavior of Chub (Squalius cephalus) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)? An Experimental Approach

Increased turbulent flow and sediment transport during flood or hydropeaking events often induces rapid changes in underwater sound pressure levels, which is here referred to as soundpeaking. This study is the first to investigate such a change in the underwater soundscape in relation to fish behavior using an experimental approach. Trials were conducted in an experimental channel stocked with either adult chub (Squalius cephalus) or brown trout (Salmo trutta). To mimic soundpeaking, the underwater soundscape of a small alpine river was recorded during a flood event and later played back through an underwater speaker during treatment trials. Furthermore, trials were recorded with a video camera, and based on the fish position, movement variables (swimming distance, number of movement direction changes, variance of the acceleration), the aggregation of individuals, the longitudinal and the lateral position in the experimental area were compared between control (no sound played) and treatment trials. During treatment trials, brown trout changed their movement direction significantly more often, chub showed a significantly higher variation of the acceleration, and individuals from both species were significantly more aggregated. Furthermore, the soundpeaking treatment had a significant effect on the longitudinal position of brown trout in the experimental area. However, the overall results did not provide any indication for a stronger soundpeaking effect in chub despite being equipped with much more refined hearing abilities in comparison to brown trout. Based on these results and findings from other studies, soundpeaking is discussed as a behavioral trigger as well as a source of acoustic stress.

Disruption of somatosensory cortex impairs motor learning and retention.

This study tests for a function of the somatosensory cortex, that, in addition to its role in processing somatic afferent information, somatosensory cortex contributes both to motor learning and the stabilization of motor memory. Continuous theta-burst magnetic stimulation (cTBS) was applied, before force-field training to disrupt activity in either the primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, or a control zone over the occipital lobe. Tests for retention and relearning were conducted after a 24 h delay. Analysis of movement kinematic measures and force-channel trials found that cTBS to somatosensory cortex disrupted both learning and subsequent retention, whereas cTBS to motor cortex had little effect on learning but possibly impaired retention. Basic movement variables are unaffected by cTBS suggesting that the stimulation does not interfere with movement but instead disrupts changes in the cortex that are necessary for learning. In all experimental conditions, relearning in an abruptly introduced force field, which followed retention testing, showed extensive savings, which is consistent with previous work suggesting that more cognitive aspects of learning and retention are not dependent on either of the cortical zones under test. Taken together, the findings are consistent with the idea that motor learning is dependent on learning-related activity in the somatosensory cortex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study uses noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation to test the contribution of somatosensory and motor cortex to human motor learning and retention. Continuous theta-burst stimulation is applied before learning; participants return 24 h later to assess retention. Disruption of the somatosensory cortex is found to impair both learning and retention, whereas disruption of the motor cortex has no effect on learning. The findings are consistent with the idea that motor learning is dependent upon learning-related plasticity in somatosensory cortex.

Pengaruh Program Gerakan Literasi Sekolah dan Penggunaan Smarthphone Terhadap Minat Baca Siswa

This study objectives to find out the influence of school literacy movement program and smartphone use on student reading interest in SMKN 2 Padang. Sample from this study were 97 respondents who were students at SMKN 2 Padang. Based on the partial t test, it can be determined that the variable of school literacy movement and smartphone usage has a significance value of 0,000 &lt; 0.05, The conclusion is that the variables of school literacy movement and the use of smartphones have a positive and significant influence on students' reading interests. Based on the simultaneous f test, it is obtained a significance value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05, the conclusion of the school literacy movement program and the overall use of smartphones had a significant influence on student reading interests. The amount of influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable is 69.6%, the remaining 30.4% is influenced by variables other than the research model.