Analysis Of Movement Patterns Research Articles

Mandibular movement patterns relative to food types in common tree shrews (Tupaia glis).

Although common tree shrews have long been considered a model system for early eutherian mastication, little information on mandibular movement patterns relative to specific food types has been reported. Detailed analysis of mandibular movement patterns when related to resulting attrition facets may permit more accurate extrapolations regarding the dietary habits of primitive mammals. Marker beads were sewn to chins of five animals that were placed in a restraint system and filmed while they fully masticated mealworm larvae and standardized pieces of banana, almond, and commercial cat chow. These sequences were divided into early, middle, and late thirds of food reduction. Mandibular positions from both frontal and lateral perspectives were digitized frame by frame to yield plots of orbits in three dimensions as well as graphic display of displacements, velocities, and accelerations. Plot coordinates were averaged to generate composite orbital shapes. Significant (p less than 0.01) findings included: (1) shortest orbital durations and greatest peak closing velocities and accelerations in early third of reduction; (2) smallest maximum gape, smallest maximum lateral excursion from midline, and longest duration of powerstroke relative to orbital duration in late third of reduction: (3) shortest orbital durations and smallest maximum gape during mastication of chow; (4) greatest maximum lateral excursion during mastication of mealworm larvae; and (5) smallest peak closing accelerations during mastication of banana. Significant differences were also found among subjects for all parameters examined. Capacity for complex jaw movement may have been critical for allowing primitive molars to be used for trituration of a variety of food types, and may have preceded evolution of more specialized molar forms.

Movement Pattern Analysis on the Horizontal Ladder among Children 4 to 9 Years

Children 4 to 9 yr. ( N = 356) were assessed on movement pattern characteristics while moving across a horizontal overhead ladder Movement was identified and categorized within five pattern classifications. Few 4-yr.-olds were physically capable of moving across the ladder without falling; the rhythmic time-step pattern was the most frequent mode of movement among children 6 to 9 yr.

Prediction of the Structure of Functional Regions within Seoul City

This paper examines the formation of functional metropolitan regions within the City of Seoul, and addresses the problem of forecasting such trends based on use of the OD matrix and analysis of movement patterns with defining complex linkage systems. For such purposes, the daily movements of people in Seoul have been taken as an analytic indicator of functional linkages. The OD data were collected in 1977 as part of a KIST (Korean Institute of Science and Technique) project.In the first stage of the analysis, prediction models are built using stepwise multiple regression analysis, using 19 explanatory variables about socio-economic characteristics and 12 dependent variables concerning generated/pulled trips for each individual's journey purpose (Table 2). The number of trips for 1991 is subsequently derived from prediction models for each zone.The next stage is a trip distribution process. The author has used a BPR-type model in various gravity models, with the following general form:tijp=Tip·ujpfp(Dij)·Kijp/n∑k=1ukpfp(Dik)·Kikpwhere: p=trip purposes;tij=total trips from zone i to zone j;Ti=total trips generated in zone i;uj=total trips pulled by zone j;Kij=constant for total trips from zone i to zone j; andf(Dij)=αdijβ exp (γdij), where α·β·γ are parameters, and dij is the road (or time) distance between zone i and zone j.Using the above model, the new OD matrix for 1991 is derived. 1991 is the targeted completion year for the Seoul city master plan. At approximately this time, the city's urban growth should enter a period of stability.The final step in the analysis involves the application of factor analysis rotation procedures, concentrating on the major patterns of common factors, and ignoring all other influences, due to problems concerning the diversity of the flows, and the limitations of cartographic methods. The matrix for daily flows of persons in Seoul consists of 100×100 elements. The Varimax rotation method is used here to facilitate the interpretation of latent factors. As a result of this application, seven functional regions can be identified in 1977 and 1991 respectively.For this study, only factor loadings greater than ±0.5 (1977) and ±0.4 (1991), and factor scores greater than ±2.0 (both years) are adopted as relevant indices. Inquiry into the seven sub-systems is done in a series of maps (Figures 4∼10), by linking each group of factor loadings (destinations) to its respective set of common factor scores (origins). However, zones with less 1% of total generated/pulled trips are excluded from linking objectives.Factor 1, accounting for 29.8% (1977) and 26.7% (1991) of the total variance, represents the most dominant nodal sub-system centered in the heart of Seoul, including the CBD and its surrounding areas. Factor 2, explaining a further 22% (1977) and 48.1% (1991) of the total variance, represents the secondary dominant sub-system centered in the Dobong area. These two factors, accounting for 52.5% (1977) and 48.1% (1991) of the total variance, represent the dominant sub-systems in the person flows of Seoul.The other five factors, accounting for 29.3% (1977) and 31.1% (1991), are as follows: Yeongdeungpo-Hwagog area, Cheonho area, Gwanag-Gangnam area, Cheongyangli area, and Sinchon-Eunpyung area. All of these seven sub-systems partly overlap each other at the periphery of each functional region. This is a result of a hierarchical pattern of functional regions.

Gill chamber ventilation and scaphognathite movements in Crangon crangon (L.)

Buried Crangon crangon (L.) produce, anterior to their gill chambers, an inhalant and exhalant channel in the substratum. The combined shape and disposition of the maxillipeds effects separation of the inhalatory and exhalatory streams, and this channelling allows the maintenance of a posteroanteriorly directed flow of water over the gills of buried animals. Impedance techniques have been used to obtain qualitative data on the movements of scaphognathites. Reversals were identified and seen to occur particularly during burying and at the onset of walking. Reversals begin by the anterior region of the scaphognathite missing a beat, and end with the middle and anterior regions pausing. Analyses of movement patterns of individual scaphognathites show that a beat comprises equally-effective depression levation phases, but the timing sequence of the movements differs slightly from that reported in Carcinus maenas.

Semi-automatic analysis of rapid eye movement (REM) patterns: A software package

This paper describes a collection of software programs interfacing a hardware sleep rapid eye movement (REM) automatic detection system with a general purpose digital minicomputer ( PDP- 8 e ) for the collection and further quantitative processing of sleep REM times of occurrence. The software to be described is divided into four categories: (a) acquisition of REM times, (b) REM burst detection and analysis, (c) density measurements, and (d) connectivity measurements.

Electromyographic Analyses of Basic Movement Patterns

Electromyographic Analyses of Basic Movement Patterns

Mechanism of Thermopositive Behavior in Larval Hookworms

The behavior of Ancylostoma tubaeforme (Zeder, 1800) larvae has been investigated in logarithmic thermal gradients of 20 C to 35 or 40 C over 1.5 cm. Larvae responded positively and when tracked in agar, the tracks were significantly straighter than those of the unstimulated controls. Tracks of larvae in the "2-heat experiment" showed a direct migration to the area between the heat sources and then a movement to either heat source, providing further evidence for a true thermotaxis. Distributional analyses have been developed as a rapid method for assaying tactic movements of nematodes when compared with "random walk" movements. The rate of movement of larvae responding up a steep gradient was more rapid than if warmed slowly at the same temperatures. Finally these results have prompted a hypothesis to explain the mechanism of thermopositive behavior of larvae of A. tubaeforme as a "behavioral overshoot," and the selective advantages are discussed. Among the conflicting reports of larval nematode orientation responses, the thermopositive movements of actively penetrating larvae of warm-blooded hosts have been considered one of the best substantiated (Payne, 1923; Wallace, 1961; Komiya and Yasuraska, 1966; Croll, 1970). Confusion and problems of interpretation still exist, however, because of the convection currents in some experimental designs, and the ambiquity between thermopositive and photopositive responses recorded using insufficiently cooled light sources (Parker and Haley, 1960). Surprisingly all reports of "thermotaxes" in nematodes have been based on distributional analyses following a period in a heat gradient. These designs have overlooked the possibility of aggregations occurring through kinetic changes in activity. Infective larvae have been tracked on agar and analyses of movement patterns attempted for Trichonema infective larvae (Croll, 1971) and for Ancylostoma tubaeforme (unpublished). From these and other tracks (Croll, 1969) it is known that arcs, caused by persistent asymmetrical biases in undulations, together with occasional reversal periods in which larvae move backwards for short distances, dominate larval movement patterns. The technique of accurately recording the movements of individuals is here applied to the behavior of A. tubaeforme larvae in thermal gradients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. tubaeforme were cultured in moist cat feces at 30 C and tracked individually on 2% ion agar Received for publication 17 February 1972. (Croll, 1971). The conditions for tracking are so critical that we are confident that the water content of the agar, the nature of the surface film, and the texture of the surface were constant in each case. Larval movement patterns were also obtained by copying the positions of individuals on a grid which corresponded to one on the bottom of an agar-filled petri dish. Confidence can be placed on this technique, although it is less satisfactory than laboriously copying tracks inscribed in agar. Larvae were tracked at constant temperatures in Fisons' 50/G2 controlled-environment chambers, in 9-cm diameter agar plates held horizontally in the dark. When tracked individually larvae were removed at the end of the period. Because of idiosyncracies in larval movement patterns (Croll, 1971) and the tendency for individuals to follow a repeatable form of tracks, individuals which were tracked responding to thermal gradients were included in the "controls" which moved in nondirectional conditions. If the distribution of many larvae after a controlled period was examined, the plates were rapidly flamed over a Bunsen at the end of the experiments to kill the larvae without altering their distribution. A thermal gradient was maintained by placing a resistance wire in a glass tube into agar to a depth of 0.5 cm. The gradient on the agar surface was measured using a thermistor probe, until it was constant (about 20 min). All larval movements in gradients were observed in even, cooled, tungsten illumination of 5 to 10 c/ft2, passing perpendicularly to the larval movement, through the agar. Two heat sources were established by burying resistance wire in a "U tube" of 2 mm diameter, such that the heated elements passed upwards through the agar surface 2 cm apart. Those experiments testing distribution in directional light parallel to the agar surface used a "cooled" tungsten bulb of 100 c/ft2 intensity at th dge of the agar plate. The "straightness" of tracks has been quantified using: (1) tortuosity, or displacement/length, where displacement is the shortest distance between the start and end of the

Computer analysis and display of movement patterns

A description is given of an automatic method for producing numerical and graphical statements about movement and inter-organism or organism-environment interaction patterns from observational records. The method is based on use of Cartesian co-ordinates to represent the position of each individual at each instant sampled. In addition to statistical computations regarding distances travelled, the frequency of entry into specified territories, sociometric and other parameters, movement maps can be produced with the aid of a plotting device connected to a computer. The program can be adapted for various investigations concerning social interaction, territoriality, equipment usage, activity habits, and architectural design.

The application of cephalometrics to cinefluorography: comparative analysis of hyoid movement patterns during deglutition in Class I and Class II orthodontic patients.

Abstract No Abstract Available. *This work was supported by Grant-in-aid No. DE-01650-04 of the National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland. From the School of Dentistry, Department of Radiology of the Center for the Health Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, and Saint John's Hospital Research Foundation, Santa Monica, California. Based on a thesis submitted for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, Jikeikai University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.