Analysis Of Movement Patterns Research Articles

Analysis of movement patterns and work-to-rest ratios for different panels of South African Rugby Union referees during matchrefereeing

The objective of this study was to determine the movement patterns, heart rate recordings and work-to-rest ratios for different refereeing panels of South African Rugby Union referees during match-refereeing. The referees were monitored during play by means of a video camera in a total of 16 matches within a tournament. The frequency and duration of the different movement patterns were analysed using different functions of the Dartfish 5.5 TeamPro software package. Heart rates (HR) were recorded by a Suunto Team pack HR monitor system to determine the intensity of the movement patterns. The mean frequency of movement activities revealed a moderate practical significant difference between referee panels for jogging (d=0.51) and the mean duration indicated a moderate practical significant difference for jogging (d=0.43) and sprinting (d=0.43). The intensity of movement activities indicated a large practical significant difference for the anaerobic threshold (d=3.68) and sub-threshold (d=1.36) heart rate zones. A work-to-rest ratio of 1:4 was revealed for both referee panels during match-refereeing. The study revealed that contender panel referees completed more jogging activities and spent more time on jogging and sprinting activities than the provincial referees, and regarding intensities the contender panel referees also spent more time in low intensity heart rate zones.

An analysis of visitor movement patterns using travel networks in a large marine park, north-western Australia

Good management of tourist destinations can be enhanced by understanding the movement patterns of visitors. Different itinerary types and the concept of distance decay have been explored but there has been little application to within-destination movements or, more broadly, to protected areas. Coastal marine parks offer a challenging location for such research given the connectivity between the water and adjacent land components. The aim of the study was to describe, and quantify, within-destination movement patterns of visitors travelling for recreation throughout Ningaloo Marine Park, in north-western Australia, using various modes of travel. Data were collected using 1208 site-based interviews over a 12-month period. Results revealed visitors were highly dependent on the road network and, once at their accommodation, more than a third did not travel any further to participate in recreation. Conversely, some sites had such a strong attraction that respondents, especially first time and international visitors, travelled long distances for recreation at these sites. These findings contribute to a small, but growing, body of research on within-destination patterns. Such information is essential for protected area planning and to help managers efficiently allocate their often-limited resources.

Report on the first workshop on Movement Pattern Analysis MPA10

This paper reports on the 1st Workshop on Movement Pattern Analysis, held as a pre-GIScience 2010 workshop in September 2010 in Zurich, Switzerland. The report outlines the scientific motivation for the event, summarizes its main contributions and outcomes, discusses the implications of the gathering, and indicates directions for the road ahead.

Report on the first workshop on Movement Pattern Analysis MPA10

Report on the first workshop on Movement Pattern Analysis MPA10

Baseball Pitching: Understanding the Mechanics of Throwing a Baseball May Help Protect the Shoulder and Elbow

Whether you are the pitcher, coach, or concerned parent, the health of the athlete's throwing arm is very important. A better understanding of the forces that occur during different types of baseball throws could lead to improved guidelines, helping to boost performance while preventing injuries. A study published in the May 2011 issue of JOSPT provides new insight into the forces placed on the shoulder and elbow during flat-ground and long-toss throws.

Do solitary foraging nocturnal mammals plan their routes?

Large-brained diurnal mammals with complex social systems are known to plan where and how to reach a resource, as shown by a systematic movement pattern analysis. We examined for the first time large-scale movement patterns of a solitary-ranging and small-brained mammal, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), by using the change-point test and a heuristic random travel model to get insight into foraging strategies and potential route-planning abilities. Mouse lemurs are small nocturnal primates inhabiting the seasonal dry deciduous forest in Madagascar. During the lean season with limited food availability, these lemurs rely on few stationary food resources. We radio-tracked seven lemurs and analysed their foraging patterns. First change-points coincided with out-of-sight keystone food resources. Travel paths were more efficient in detecting these resources than a heuristic random travel model within limits of estimated detection distance. Findings suggest that even nocturnal, solitary-ranging mammals with small brains plan their route to an out-of-sight target. Thus, similar ecological pressures may lead to comparable spatial cognitive skills irrespective of the degree of sociality or relative brain size.

Analysis of behavioral changes of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) in response to formaldehyde using Self-organizing map and a hidden Markov model

Two computational methods were applied to classification of movement patterns of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) to elucidate Markov processes in behavioral changes before and after treatment of formaldehyde (0.1 mg/L) in semi-natural conditions. The complex data of the movement tracks were initially classified by the Self-organizing map (SOM) to present different behavioral states of test individuals. Transition probabilities between behavioral states were further evaluated to fit Markov processes by using the hidden Markov model (HMM). Emission transition probability was also obtained from the observed variables (i.e., speed) for training with the HMM. Experimental transition and emission probability matrices were successfully estimated with the HMM for recognizing sequences of behavioral states with accuracy rates in acceptable ranges at central and boundary zones before (77.3–81.2%) and after (70.1–76.5%) treatment. A heuristic algorithm and a Markov model were efficiently combined to analyze movement patterns and could be a means of in situ behavioral monitoring tool.

The Reliability and Validity of Subjective Notational Analysis in Comparison to Global Positioning System Tracking to Assess Athlete Movement Patterns

Subjective notational analysis can be used to track players and analyse movement patterns during match-play of team sports such as futsal. The purpose of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Event Recorder for subjective notational analysis. A course was designed, replicating ten minutes of futsal match-play movement patterns, where ten participants undertook the course. The course allowed a comparison of data derived from subjective notational analysis, to the known distances of the course, and to GPS data. The study analysed six locomotor activity categories, focusing on total distance covered, total duration of activities and total frequency of activities. The values between the known measurements and the Event Recorder were similar, whereas the majority of significant differences were found between the Event Recorder and GPS values. The reliability of subjective notational analysis was established with all ten participants being analysed on two occasions, as well as analysing five random futsal players twice during match-play. Subjective notational analysis is a valid and reliable method of tracking player movements, and may be a preferred and more effective method than GPS, particularly for indoor sports such as futsal, and field sports where short distances and changes in direction are observed.

Analysis of Movement Patterns by Elite Male Players of Beach Volleyball

The aim of this study was to analyse and compare movement pattems and direction of locomotion in professional men's beach volleyball. A quantitative analysis of beach volleyball play was carried out for 10 players in the European Beach Volleyball Championship 2005. Video recordings were made of the 1,997 movements in 4 matches. Analysis showed that male players used more offensive than defensive movement patterns. Defensive movement patterns were more blocks and defense than receptions. Offensive movement patterns were more attack and placements than attack preparation moves. Advance was the direction of locomotion most used. Identifying and understanding such movement patterns are vital to defining specific, effective training strategies for men's beach volleyball players.

Net-based phase-analysis in motion processes

Back in the 1990s, one of the major problems when analysing motion processes often was a lack of data. In recent times, the situation has completely changed. Data are available nearly unlimitedly, and the problem now is to detect the important information hidden in that huge amount of automatically recorded data. Data-mining approaches are often not really helpful as long as it is not clear what to look for or what the striking features are. During the last 10 years, artificial neural networks of type Kohonen Feature Map (KFM) became more and more helpful in the area of motion data analysis by reducing data and classifying them to useful information [see W. Schöllhorn and J. Perl, Prozessanalysen in der Bewegungs- und Sportspielforschung, Spectrum der Sportwissenschaft 14 (1) (2002), pp. 30–52 and J. Perl, A neural network approach to movement pattern analysis. Hum. Mov. Sci. 23 (2004), pp. 605–620]. It should be added that for some of the described applications, in particular in the case of two-level analysis in Section 2.3, the special KFM-derivate Dynamically Controlled Network (DyCoN) is necessary [see J. Perl, DyCoN: Ein neuer Ansatz zur Modellierung und Analyse von Sportspie-Prozessen mit Hilfe neuronaler Netze, in Sportspiele Erleben, Vermitteln, Trainieren, K. Ferger, N. Gissel, and J. Schwier, Hrsg., Czwalina, Hamburg, 2002, S. 253–265]. In the following sections, some concepts and current approaches in the field of net-based data analysis are presented, and a case study demonstrates how it works in practice.

Stereotactic implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes: a review of technical systems, methods and emerging tools

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become increasingly important for the treatment and relief of neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, tremor, dystonia and psychiatric illness. As DBS implantations and any other stereotactic and functional surgical procedure require accurate, precise and safe targeting of the brain structure, the technical aids for preoperative planning, intervention and postoperative follow-up have become increasingly important. The aim of this paper was to give an overview, from a biomedical engineering perspective, of a typical implantation procedure and current supporting techniques. Furthermore, emerging technical aids not yet clinically established are presented. This includes the state-of-the-art of neuroimaging and navigation, patient-specific simulation of DBS electric field, optical methods for intracerebral guidance, movement pattern analysis, intraoperative data visualisation and trends related to new stimulation devices. As DBS surgery already today is an information technology intensive domain, an "intuitive visualisation" interface for improving management of these data in relation to surgery is suggested.

Cluster Analysis of Movement Patterns in Multiarticular Actions: A Tutorial

The present paper proposes a technical analysis method for extracting information about movement patterning in studies of motor control, based on a cluster analysis of movement kinematics. In a tutorial fashion, data from three different experiments are presented to exemplify and validate the technical method. When applied to three different basketball-shooting techniques, the method clearly distinguished between the different patterns. When applied to a cyclical wrist supination-pronation task, the cluster analysis provided the same results as an analysis using the conventional discrete relative phase measure. Finally, when analyzing throwing performance constrained by distance to target, the method grouped movement patterns together according to throwing distance. In conclusion, the proposed technical method provides a valuable tool to improve understanding of coordination and control in different movement models, including multiarticular actions.

Uncovering the structure of 3-D shape representations in human vision through analyses of eye movement patterns in object recognition

Uncovering the structure of 3-D shape representations in human vision through analyses of eye movement patterns in object recognition

Dissociation between eye-movements and right perceptual biases in chimeric face processing in right hemisphere lesioned patients

Using blended chimeric facial stimuli, where the left and the right sides of the face are different, we have previously shown that both young and older observers tend to bias their responses significantly toward the information on the left, supposedly reflecting a right-hemisphere advantage in this task (Butler, Gilchrist, Burt, Perrett, Jones & Harvey, 2005, Neuropsychologia, 43, 52-59; Harvey & Butler, 2004, Perception, 33, 106). Analyses of the eye movement patterns further indicated a tendency for both groups to initially scan to the left side of the chimeric image, presumably reflecting the tendency to first inspect the side of the face better suited to face analysis (left side of face/right hemisphere). As expected, patients with right hemisphere lesions based their gender decisions mainly on the right side of the chimeric face and this was not only the case for patients who suffered from spatial neglect (Mattingley, Bradshaw, Phillips, Bradshaw, 1993, Brain and Cognition, 23, 145-165). More interestingly though, there was no clear relationship between perceptual and eye-movements biases to chimeric stimuli. Although most patients showed more right-sided saccades and longer rightward fixations this was not necessarily reflected in the rightward perceptual bias. One patient in particular showed rightward saccades only, yet based his gender decision on the left hemi-face half the time when he should have shown 100% rightward hemi-face judgements. We would argue that although in healthy subjects face biases and eye-movement biases are tightly coupled, this relationship breaks down with brain damage and that for such patients eye-movement patterns are not a good indicator of perceptual processing (see also Ferber, Danckert, Joanisse, Goltz, Goodale, 2003, Neurology, 60 1826-1829 and Harvey, Olk, Muir, K, 2003, Neuropsychologia, 41, 1114-1121 for supporting evidence).

Arginylation-Dependent Neural Crest Cell Migration Is Essential for Mouse Development

Coordinated cell migration during development is crucial for morphogenesis and largely relies on cells of the neural crest lineage that migrate over long distances to give rise to organs and tissues throughout the body. Recent studies of protein arginylation implicated this poorly understood posttranslational modification in the functioning of actin cytoskeleton and in cell migration in culture. Knockout of arginyltransferase (Ate1) in mice leads to embryonic lethality and severe heart defects that are reminiscent of cell migration–dependent phenotypes seen in other mouse models. To test the hypothesis that arginylation regulates cell migration during morphogenesis, we produced Wnt1-Cre Ate1 conditional knockout mice (Wnt1-Ate1), with Ate1 deletion in the neural crest cells driven by Wnt1 promoter. Wnt1-Ate1 mice die at birth and in the first 2–3 weeks after birth with severe breathing problems and with growth and behavioral retardation. Wnt1-Ate1 pups have prominent defects, including short palate and altered opening to the nasopharynx, and cranial defects that likely contribute to the abnormal breathing and early death. Analysis of neural crest cell movement patterns in situ and cell motility in culture shows an overall delay in the migration of Ate1 knockout cells that is likely regulated by intracellular mechanisms rather than extracellular signaling events. Taken together, our data suggest that arginylation plays a general role in the migration of the neural crest cells in development by regulating the molecular machinery that underlies cell migration through tissues and organs during morphogenesis.

Lumbar spine movement patterns during prolonged sitting differentiate low back pain developers from matched asymptomatic controls

Little is known about how lumbar spine movement influences mechanical changes and the potential injurious effects of prolonged flexion associated with seated postures. The purpose of this study was to examine the postural responses and pain scores of low back pain sufferers compared with asymptomatic individuals during prolonged sitting in order to understand the biomechanical factors that may be associated with sitting induced low back pain. Sixteen participants with sitting-aggravated low back pain were age- and gender-matched with 16 asymptomatic participants. Tri-axial accelerometers were used to monitor lumbar spine angles during 90 minutes of seated computer work. Lumbar spine postures were examined using a movement pattern analysis of two types of postural adjustments, termed shifts (step-like adjustments larger than 5 degrees and fidgets (small change and return to approximately the same position). The LBP group reported large significant increases (P < 0.0001) in low back pain while asymptomatic individuals reported little to no pain. On average, every participant fidgeted every 40 to 50 seconds. However, only the LBP sufferers demonstrated a significant increase (P=0.04) in the number of shifts over 90 minutes of seated work; the LBP group shifted every 4 minutes in the last 30 minutes of sitting compared to every 10 minutes for the asymptomatic group. LBP sufferers also demonstrated larger amplitudes of shifts and fidgets when compared to the asymptomatic group. Greater and more frequent movement was not beneficial and did not reduce pain in individuals with pre-existing LBP. Future work to understand the biomechanical effects of proactively inducing movement may help to explain the paradox of the relationship between movement and pain.

The influence of long-range transport on atmospheric mercury on Jeju Island, Korea

The concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and relevant environmental parameters were measured at a remote area on Jeju Island, Korea from May 2006 to May 2007. The hourly mean concentration of Hg for the entire study period was 3.85 ± 1.68 ng m − 3 (range of 0.10–17.9: n = 7450). The temporal patterns of Hg at the island site were characterized by the relative dominance in spring/fall over summer/winter and in daytime over nighttime. The possible impact of Asian dust (AD) on Hg distribution was examined by assessing its relationship with PM 10 data. Because of a strong inverse log–log correlation between Hg and PM 10 levels (above 200 µg m − 3 ), a direct relationship between the two parameters is difficult to account for. However, the analysis of air mass movement patterns confirmed that the Hg levels on Jeju Island were affected most by the combined effects of major source processes in the surrounding areas: industrial and AD (China), industrial (Korea), and volcanic activity (Japan).

On predictive routing of security contexts in an all‐IP network

AbstractWhile mobile nodes (MNs) undergo handovers across inter‐wireless access networks, their security contexts must be propagated for secure re‐establishment of on‐going application sessions, such as those in secure mobile internet protocol (IP), authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services. Routing security contexts via an IP network either on‐demand or based on MNs' mobility prediction, imposes new challenging requirements of secure cross‐handover services and security context management. In this paper, we present a context router (CXR) that manages security contexts in an all‐IP network, providing seamless and secure handover services for the mobile users that carry multimedia‐access devices. A CXR is responsible for (1) monitoring of MNs' cross‐handover, (2) analysis of MNs' movement patterns, and (3) routing of security contexts ahead of MNs' arrival at relevant access points. The predictive routing reduces the delay in the underlying security association that would otherwise fetch an involved security context from a remote server. The predictive routing of security contexts is performed based on statistical learning of MNs' movement pattern, gauging (dis)similarities between the patterns obtained via distance measurements. The CXR has been evaluated with a prototypical implementation based on an MN mobility model on a grid. Our evaluation results support the predictive routing mechanism's improvement in seamless and secure cross‐handover services by a factor of 2.5. Also, the prediction mechanism is shown to outperform the Kalman filter‐based method [13] as a Kalman Fiter‐based mechanism up to 1.5 and 3.6 times regarding prediction accuracy and computation performance, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Investigating Dandy-Walker Syndrome: Integrating Conversation Analysis and Reading Eye-Movements

This paper presents an investigation into the reading eye movements of a 12-year-old child with Dandy-Walker syndrome and late onset stuttering. Conversation Analysis, video analysis, and Eye Movement Miscue Analysis (Paulson, 2000) were employed to evaluate visual sampling and oral production of this individual during a 27-second moment of difficulty during her reading of authentic texts. Initial clinical interpretations of this child's behavior during the period of difficulty suggested that she had opted-out of the reading process. However, fine-grain analysis of eye movement patterns during the selected segment of text demonstrates the structural and sequential ordering of her active engagement with the text throughout the period in question. Additionally, use of these multiple analyses revealed the meaningful confirmation strategies utilized by the child as she worked to make sense of print.

Changes of movement patterns from early dispersal to settlement

Moving and spatial learning are two intertwined processes: (a) changes in movement behavior determine the learning of the spatial environment, and (b) information plays a crucial role in several animal decision-making processes like movement decisions. A useful way to explore the interactions between movement decisions and learning of the spatial environment is by comparing individual behaviors during the different phases of natal dispersal (when individuals move across more or less unknown habitats) with movements and choices of breeders (who repeatedly move within fixed home ranges), that is, by comparing behaviors between individuals who are still acquiring information vs. individuals with a more complete knowledge of their surroundings. When analyzing movement patterns of eagle owls, Bubo bubo, belonging to three status classes (floaters wandering across unknown environments, floaters already settled in temporary settlement areas, and territory owners with a well-established home range), we found that: (1) wandering individuals move faster than when established in a more stable or fixed settlement area, traveling larger and straighter paths with longer move steps; and (2) when floaters settle in a permanent area, then they show movement behavior similar to territory owners. Thus, movement patterns show a transition from exploratory strategies, when animals have incomplete environmental information, to a more familiar way to exploit their activity areas as they get to know the environment better.