Movable Metal Research Articles

Black and blue printing ink analysis by XRF, DRIFTS and Raman spectroscopy of recently discovered Gutenbergian Ars minor fragments

ABSTRACTIn 2017 Princeton University Library’s Department of Rare Books and Special Collections acquired a 1483 Venetian edition of the Opera of Horace, preserved in a late fifteenth century German binding. The binding contained previously undetected vellum binding waste fragments derived from an early Gutenbergian edition of the Ars minor of Aelius Donatus. Extensive portions of the printed fragments were attached to each of the wooden boards and remained hidden beneath the book’s paper pastedowns. In the paper conservation laboratory of the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, the pastedowns were subsequently safely lifted from the boards via Gore-Tex damp packs to confirm the presence of unique remnants from an otherwise lost mid-fifteenth century Mainz edition of the Ars minor, a Latin grammar manual. The Ars minor was printed with the same typeface used around 1455 to print the Gutenberg Bible. The fragments featured black oil-based printing ink and a large Gothic two-line initial letter A printed in blue ink. The design of the typeface of the initial letter A mirrored the work of Johann Fust and Peter Schoeffer, one-time partners of Gutenberg. The pair produced the Mainz Psalter (1457), the first book printed in more than one color.The printing inks of the Ars minor were subsequently analyzed in the paper conservation laboratory in situ noninvasively by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and fiber optic Raman spectroscopy. The analysis found amounts of copper and lead, in addition to amber resin and linseed oil, in the black oil-based printing ink. The copper-lead aspect of the Ars minor’s black printing ink formulation appeared to be the same basic recipe composition conceived by Johannes Gutenberg for printing with movable metal type. Indigo (indigotin) and lead white (basic lead carbonate) were identified as the components in the blue printing ink of the two-line initial letter A, and vermilion (mercury sulfide) in manually rubricated red ink. The Ars minor represents a very important find of a previously unknown early Gutenbergian work.

英祖 御製書의 頒布 대상과 간행 방식

King Yŏngjo tried to become a leader in politics and scholarship by writing many instructive books. The books of King Yŏngjo were published in different ways depending on the readers to whom they were distributed. The books for the royal family were published in movable metal types, and the books for bureaucrats or people were published in printing woodblocks. Metal types were often used when the central government needed a small amount of printing. In contrast, woodblocks were a useful tool for printing a large number of books in central and provincial offices. The books that should be widely read by the local people were firstly printed in metal types by the central government, then reprinted using woodblocks in the local government. In addition, the books were translated into Hangeul for easy understanding by the lower classes. Some woodblocks, on the other hand, were kept in government archives, aimed at commemorating the king’s writings, rather than spreading copies to the local community. Some books translated in Hangeul were compiled for the purpose of dedicating them to honorable royal women rather than spreading them to the people.

Plasma Parameters Controlled by a Movable Ion Sheath

It is shown that plasma parameters, such as the electron density, electron temperature, and plasma potential, in multidipole discharge plasma can be controlled by a negatively biased movable metal plate. Here, plasma is produced in the target region by a flux of energetic electrons coming from the source region of a double plasma device. Further, the thickness of the ion sheath formed in front of the biased metal plate varies depending on its axial position inside the cage.

A human locomotion driven hybrid energy harvester for wrist wearable applications

In this work, a human locomotion driven hybrid energy generator has been proposed and experimentally validated for scavenging significant biomechanical energy from natural motion of arm swinging, to be used for wrist-wearable smart device applications. A proposed hybrid electromagnetic (EM) and triboelectric (TE) generator can deliver much higher output power than that of the individual harvesting device unit due to the combinational operation of EM and TE mechanisms under the same applied mechanical movements. A novel curved structural design based energy harvester is proposed from the comparative analysis of human hand swinging motion with double pendulum motion, which helps to enhance the output performance and design it fit to wear on wrist. The swinging of human arm during walking and running initiates a freely movable magnetic metal ball to oscillate inside the curved structure through both EM and TE part. The EM part consists of two coils wrapped around the curved body, one at each end and micro-structured Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is attached on the inner wall of curved body along with copper electrode for TE part. A prototype of the hybrid harvester has been fabricated and tested. The EM and TE devices are capable of delivering maximum 84.37mW peak power at 49.2Ω matching load resistance and 1.86μW peak power at 10MΩ load resistance respectively which are considerably higher than the trending state-of-the-art devices.

Impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester

Abstract This paper presents an indirect impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using a freely movable metal sphere as a proof mass and an MFC (Macro Fiber Composite) beam as a piezoelectric cantilever. The impact of the spherical proof mass and both end walls of the channel generates MFC cantilever vibration in response to low-frequency external vibrations such as human-body-induced motion. Size and position of the proof mass on an MFC beam have been optimized to generate higher output power effectively. A proof-of-concept device has been designed, fabricated and tested using vibration exciter. An analytical model has been developed by examining the behavior of indirect impact system and MFC cantilever. Moreover, the vibration mode of the MFC cantilever has been analyzed with finite element analysis and frequency domain analysis. With the developed model, theoretical open circuit voltage has been compared with experimental results. Maximum peak-to-peak open circuit voltage of 42.2 V and average power of 633.7 μW have been obtained at 3 g acceleration at 17 Hz. Long-term reliability of the device has been verified by cyclic testing. After the measurement of fundamental characteristics, we have proposed a new device with improved output performance which generated maximum average power of 963.9 μW at 3 g acceleration at 18 Hz. To improve the long-term reliability, a modified device with titanium alloy housing has been fabricated, which provided 11.9% power decrease after 489,600 cycles of operation.

Piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using indirect impact

This paper presents an impact-based piezoelectric vibration energy harvester using a freely movable metal sphere and a piezoceramic fiber-based MFC (Macro Fiber Composite) as piezoelectric cantilever. The free motion of the metal sphere, which impacts both ends of the cavity in an aluminum housing, ...

High-Performance PEBA2533-Functional MMT Mixed Matrix Membrane Containing High-Speed Facilitated Transport Channels for CO2/N2 Separation

A novel mixed matrix membrane was fabricated by establishing montmorillonite (MMT) functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG) and aminosilane coupling agents in a PEBA membrane. The functional MMT played multiple roles in enhancing membrane performance. First, the MMT channels could be used as high-speed facilitated transport channels, in which the movable metal cations acted as carriers of CO2 to increase the CO2 permeability. Second, due to mobility of long-chain aminos and reversible reactions between CO2 and amine groups, the functional MMT could actively catch the CO2, not passively wait for arrival of CO2, which can facilitate the CO2 transport. At last, PEG consisting of EO groups had excellent affinity for CO2 to enhance the CO2/N2 selectivity. Thus, the as-prepared functional MMMs exhibited good CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity. The functional MMM doped with 40 wt % of MMT-HD702-PEG5000 displayed optimal gas separation with a CO2 permeability of 448.45 Barrer and a CO2/N2...

A Fluidically Tunable, Dual-Band Patch Antenna With Closely Spaced Bands of Operation

We present a new technique for designing a dual-band patch antenna with closely spaced bands of operation, whose response can be changed dynamically using a fluidic tuning mechanism. Using this technique, a dual-band tunable patch antenna operating at around 2.5 GHz is designed and fabricated using 3-D printing. Two oil-filled channels are placed in the substrate of the antenna along the nonradiating edges of the patch and filled with movable metal cylinders. As the cylinders are introduced underneath the patch, it starts to exhibit a dual resonant behavior with both resonances having a similar electric current distribution. The separation between the two resonant frequencies is a function of the relative position of the metallic cylinders underneath the patch antenna. As the overlap volume between the metal cylinders and the patch increases, the frequency of the first band, f 1 , starts to decrease and that of the second band, f 2 , increases. The maximum separation between f 1 and f 2 is achieved when half of the lengths of the metallic cylinders are underneath the patch. The prototype device designed in this work can achieve frequency ratios in the range of f 2 /f 1 = 1.08-1.30. The antenna demonstrates similar radiation characteristics at both bands of operation.

Characteristics of the Shape of Jeungdoga Type(證道歌字) in View of the Movable Metal Types During the Late Goryeo and Early Joseon Periods

Characteristics of the Shape of Jeungdoga Type(證道歌字) in View of the Movable Metal Types During the Late Goryeo and Early Joseon Periods

In brief

PAGE 1222 A team working in Malaysia have developed a compact metamaterial antenna for ultra wideband applications. The antenna uses four metamaterial unit cells that show both negative permeability and negative permittivity, which allows the antenna to operate with a peak gain of 8.57 dBi. The antenna has an operating range of 3.07 GHz to 19.91 Ghz. PAGE 1229 A technique for designing a parasitic patch antenna array with a beam that can be steered dynamically is presented by a team working in the USA. The team fabricated a three element patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz, which uses a system of oil filled channels filled with movable metal cylinders and glass balls to steer the beam ±22.5°. The metamaterial structure allows the antenna to be compact while maintaining its performance PAGE 1286 A team working in China have fabricated high performance, fully transparent, bottom gate type calcium-doped zinc oxide thin film transistors on glass substrate. The team investigated the impact that substrate temperature had during active layer deposition on the electrical properties of the transistors. The antenna was fabricated using 3D printing PAGE 1251 A team working in the UK present their work on pedestrian motion tracking. To address the problems of abrupt changes in motion and delays in the tracking process, the team use a method based on simulations of the uncertainty of an electron's position around the nucleus. This allows tracking of abrupt motions with low delay. The team found a large improvement in transistors fabricated using the optimum temperature PAGE 1277 Photonic crystal cavities with a high Q factor of 200,000 have been produced using deep ultraviolet lithography. The team, from the UK, say that restrictions have prevented the realisation of high Q factor optical resonators. The team think the advance could help the mass-production of ultra-compact nanophotonic devices. The method propagates particles in areas a person is most likely to be Deep Ultraviolet Lithography is essential for the mass production of silicon devices

Fluidic beam steering in parasitically coupled patch antenna arrays

A technique for designing a parasitic patch antenna array whose beam can be steered dynamically using a fluidic tuning mechanism is presented. Using this technique, a three-element patch antenna array operating at 5 GHz is designed and fabricated using 3D printing. Two oil-filled channels are placed in the substrate of the antenna along the radiating edges of the patches and filled with movable metal cylinders and glass balls. The parasitic elements are mutually coupled to the centre element in the H-plane. As the train of metal cylinders and glass balls are moved from the left or right with respect to the centre-driven patch element, the beam is steered towards the opposite direction. The proposed parasitic patch array is able to steer the beam ±22.5° with maintained impedance matching.

Joshua Marshman and the First Chinese Book Printed with Movable Metal Type

Abstract In 1998 in an essay published in Lishi yanjiu, I once discussed the pioneering efforts of Joshua Marshman and Joannes Lassar in the early nineteenth century to produce a Chinese translation of the Bible in Serampore, India. In this essay I mentioned that the Gospel of John 若翰所書之福音, translated and printed by Marshman and Lassar in 1813, “was in fact the first Chinese book printed using movable metal type.”Today, fifteen years later, I have not yet seen any new discoveries requiring that I revise my assertions, and recently I had an opportunity to visit Serampore, to inspect what remains of the old Mission Press, and to collect some books and materials preserved there. This experience greatly enhanced my understanding of this episode of history. Hence, here I would like to use the materials I have at hand to discuss in more detail the early Chinese books printed with movable metal type and the achievements of the missionaries at Serampore in printing Chinese.

Age determination of the world’s oldest movable metal types through measuring the “meog” using AMS

Abstract The fabrication year of a set of movable metal types that were thought to be used for printing “Jeungdoga” was investigated. Since the types were made from bronze and did not contain carbon, an organic black ink called “meog” was collected from the type surfaces to quantify their ages. The meog samples were collected from 34 metal types, and 27 ages were obtained. The youngest age was 798 ± 44 yrBP, and the oldest reasonable age was 1166 ± 43 yrBP. The weighted average after eliminating ages with poor statistics was 950 ± 28 yrBP. This age is 300 years older than that of the Jikji (AD 1377), which is a Buddhist document recognized as the world’s oldest document printed using metal types, and also older than that of the Gutenberg bible (AD 1450).

Print and electronic books and journals

The other day, we noticed to our delight, on the bookshelf in the residents’ office, Matson’s ‘Neurosurgery of infancy and childhood’ and Plum and Posner’s ‘Diagnosis of stupor and coma’, sitting alongside the latest edition of Youmans neurological surgery. We could not help but wonder what will become the fate of neurosurgery books in our Internet age; would it mirror that of vinyl records? Would tomorrow’s neurosurgery residents know the joy of holding in their hands a newly minted textbook and be inspired, as most of us have? Would we even have bookshelves in the future? The publishing industry is going through a paradigm shift, transitioning its focus from the long-cherished books and printed journals to electronic textbooks and electronic journals. It is said that the only constant in our world is change. Change inevitably has two sides. What are the advantages of electronic books and electronic journals? What might we loose with the demise of books? While neurosurgery is relatively young, it undeniably has a rich culture forged by many multi-talented surgeons. It is no coincidence that the father of modern neurosurgery, Harvey Cushing, was, besides, a pioneering surgeon, a Pulitzer prizewinning author. He was also an assiduous book collector. It is said that books and authors had been an integral part of his life [1]. Cushing along with his friends and fellow bibliophiles, Arnold Klebs and John Fulton offered to donate their superb book collections to the Yale University, provided that the university builds a facility to house them. On the 3 October 1939, while lifting a weighty volume of Andreas Vesalius’ anatomy text, Harvey Cushing had severe persistent chest pain for which he was hospitalized and, was diagnosed to have suffered a myocardial infarction. While he was in the hospital, he learnt that Yale University had accepted his proposal for the library. However, on the night of 7 October, he died in the hospital. The central medical library of YaleMedical School is now named the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library. Moreover, the book on Andreas Vesalius by Cushing saw publication posthumously in 1943. The long and distinguished history of books as a source of transferring knowledge precedes antiquity. The earliestsurviving Babylonian clay tablets and Egyptian papyrus scrolls date back to the third millennium BC. However, it was in China where the first clayand glue-based movable types were developed around 1040 AD by Pi Shang. In the West, Johannes Gutenberg from Mainz developed the movable metal press in 1454, heralding a revolution in publishing. However, now, books are in retreat in the face of growing demand for often cheaper electronic books. The popularity of electronic books owes much to the advent of tablet computers. The authors of this editorial are not against electronic academic media. There are enormous advantages to be had with them. They are cheaper to produce, easier to distribute and can be purchased and accessed at any time, provided you have secure Internet connection. Awhole collection of books could be held in a tablet computer, an ultra-portable library! Tablet * Ganesalingam Narenthiran g_narenthiran@hotmail.com

개량형 가동보에 적용하기 위한 하이브리드 강판/GFRP 패널 게이트의 강판게이트 표면형상에 따른 휨 및 계면 부착 특성 평가

The purpose of this study was to improved the durability of a improved movable weir by replacing the improved movable weir's metal gate with a hybrid steel/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites panel gate. Because the metal gate of a improved movable weir is always in contact with water, its service life is shortened by corrosion. This study made four type of hybrid steel/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites panel gate with different steel gate surface deformation (control, sand blast, scratch and hole), flexural. Fracture properties tests were performed depending on the steel gate surface deformation. According to the test results, the flexural behavior, flexural strength and fracture properties of hybrid steel/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites panel gate was affected by the steel panel gate surface deformation. Also, the sand blast type hybrid steel/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites panel gate shows vastly superior flexural and fracture performance compared to other types.

Foster Strength of Graphic Communications Industry and Make Print the Value Added Media

Graphic communications industry has a tradition of more than one thousand years. Not since the invention of movable metal type by Gutenberg in 1450 has the communication landscape been shaken at its foundation as today, when print media face competition from new and novel forms of visual communication. In this paper, the critical analysis and study is made as to why printing has weathered the onslaught of new forms of communication in the past and if, in fact, print media will yet again be able to prevail over radically different methods of dissemi¬nating information. Although printing jobs are still in much need today and printing presses everywhere are keeping busy with a steady influx of orders everyday, people in the graphic communications industry should adapt to the new changes of the internet ages and make fully use of print communications to prevail over different kinds of new media. Printed Electronics and postpress finishing also play key roles in creating new functional print products and adding more value to print media.

An improved coupling design for high-frequency TE011 electron paramagnetic resonance cavities

In high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy the sample is usually accommodated in a single-mode cylindrical TE(011) microwave cavity. This cavity stands out in terms of flexibility for various types of EPR experiments due to convenient control of its resonance frequency and easy waveguide-to-cavity microwave coupling. In continuous wave and in pulsed EPR it is, however, essential to be able to vary the coupling efficiency over a large range. We present a new mechanical design to vary the microwave coupling to the cavity using a movable metal sphere. This coupling sphere is shifted in the plane of the iris wall inside the coupling waveguide. The design allows for a compact and robust construction of the EPR probehead that can be easily accommodated inside a limited space of helium flow cryostat. The construction details and characterization of the coupling element for 95 GHz (W-band) EPR as well as for 34 GHz (Q-band) are presented.

문화유산을 활용한 패션문화상품 디자인 - 유네스코 기록유산 직지를 중심으로 -

Jikji, Memory of the World of UNESCO, the world`s oldest extant movable metal print book, is a cultural heritage to give motivation for IT power of Korea. Although the cultural value of Jikji is understood in Korea, the value of cultural assets is not satisfactory and the commercialization is not sufficient. Furthermore, most Jikji product designs on the market are simple and limited mainly for the old generation. The purpose of this study is to design fashion-cultural products suitable for young people who will be responsible for this cultural inheritance. The methods of this study were to make the design development through literature research and a case study for Jikji products on the market. For developing the products suitable for young people, 308 university students in Chungju were surveyed. To express end products, computer graphic program, Illustrator CS5, was used. The results of this study showed that the products on the market were not targeted for use by young people. The younger generations want modern and interesting design. Among the 8 design motives that are planned for design development, the most preferred motive numbers, 3, 7, and 8, were used. Design items, such as scarf, wallet and t-shirts, were selected by the result of survey and 3 scarves, 4 wallets, 3 t-shirts, a total of 30 items were developed. The designed products in this study can inform the cultural resource of Korea and contribute to raise the cultural value if they are commercialized.

Fluidically Tunable Frequency Selective/Phase Shifting Surfaces for High-Power Microwave Applications

We examine fluidically tunable periodic structures acting as highly-selective frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) or spatial phase shifters (SPSs) capable of providing phase shifts in the range of 0°-360°. These devices are multi-layer periodic structures composed of non-rePsonant unit cells. The tuning mechanism is based on integrating small, movable liquid metal droplets with the unit cells of the periodic structure. By moving these liquid metal droplets by small distances within the unit cell, the structure's frequency response can be tuned continuously. Using this technique, a fluidically tunable FSS with a fifth-order bandpass response is designed and its tuning performance is examined for various incidence angles and polarizations of the incident EM wave. Additionally, electronically tunable counterparts of the same structure are also designed and their tuning performances are examined under short-duration high-power excitation conditions. It is demonstrated that such electronically tunable FSSs/PSSs demonstrate extremely nonlinear responses. Since the fluidically tunable structure examined in this work does not use any nonlinear devices, its response is expected to remain linear for such short-duration high-power excitation conditions. The tuning performances of these fluidically tunable periodic structures are also experimentally demonstrated by fabricating three prototypes and characterizing their responses in a waveguide environment.

Bedload transport measurements at the Erlenbach stream with geophones and automated basket samplers

ABSTRACTIn the Erlenbach stream, a pre‐alpine steep channel in Switzerland, sediment transport has been monitored for more than 25 years. Near the confluence with the main valley river, stream flow is monitored and sediment is collected in a retention basin with a capacity of about 2000 m3. The basin is surveyed at regular intervals and after large flood events. In addition, sediment transport has been continuously monitored with piezoelectric bedload impact and geophone sensors since 1986. In 2008–2009, the measuring system in the Erlenbach stream was enhanced by installing an automatic system to obtain bedload samples. Movable metal baskets are mounted on a rail at the downstream wall of the large check dam above the retention basin, and they can be moved automatically into the flow to take bedload transport samples. The wire mesh of the baskets has a spacing of 10 mm to sample all sediment particles coarser than this size (which is about the limiting grain size detected by the geophones). The upgraded measuring system permits to obtain bedload samples over short sampling periods and to measure the grain size distribution of the transported material and its variation over time and with discharge. The analysis of calibration relationships for the geophone measuring system confirms findings from very similar measurements which were performed until 1999 with piezoelectric bedload impact sensors; there is a linear relationship between impulse counts and bedload mass passing over the sensors. Findings from flume experiments are used to discuss the most important factors which affect the calibration of the geophone signal. The bedload transport rates as measured by the moving baskets are among the highest measured in natural streams, with values of the order of several kilograms per meter per second. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.