Motor Cycle Research Articles

Medicolegal aspects of maxilofacial trauma associated with head injuries and its effect on the patients outcome in Upper Egypt: a retrospective study

Introduction: Trauma is a serious health problem. Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is a significant health problem because it results in negative long-term or permanent physical and emotional changes. Trauma to the maxillofacial region needs special attention. Aim of the study: To study the medico-legal aspects of maxillofacial trauma cases associated with head injury over one year. Methodology: The current study is a retrospective study was performed in the Trauma Unit of Assiut University Hospitals, it included two groups, groupI: maxillofacial trauma patients only. GroupII: maxillofacial trauma patients associated with head injuries. The collected data included, socio-demographic data, medico-legal aspects of cases: cause, pattern and outcome of injuries. Types of maxillofacial fractures and types of head injury. Outcome of the cases. Results: Most of cases were in age group (18-40 years) and male-to-female ratios was (4:1) in both groups. Falling from height was the main cause of injury in groupI while in groupII it was motor cycle accident. As regards maxillofacial injuries, for both groups the most common injury was soft tissue injury. About 55.5 % of patients with head injuries had sustained cranial bone fractures. Concussion was the most common intracranial injury observed followed by intracranial hemorrhage. Only (34.5%) of groupI were required surgical treatment, while in groupII it was (60.3%). Concerning the outcome, a significant difference was found between both groups, improvement was the main outcome while death occurred only in 2.3% of groupI and 5.3% of groupII. Conclusion: In this retrospective study, there was a significant association between head injuries and maxillofacial trauma as number of maxillofacial trauma cases associated with head injuries were three times those with maxillofacial trauma only. So, every maxillofacial fracture patient must be carefully evaluated clinically and radiologically to rule out any underlying head injury and to decrease permanent infirmity and mortality rate.

Deep learning for tracing esophageal motility function over time

Background and Objective: Esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM) is widely performed to evaluate the representation of manometric features in patients for diagnosing normal esophageal motility and motility disorders. Clinicians commonly assess esophageal motility function using a scheme termed the Chicago classification, which is difficult, time-consuming and inefficient with large amounts of data. Methods: Deep learning is a promising approach for diagnosing disorders and has various attractive advantages. In this study, we effectively trace esophageal motility function with HRM by using a deep learning computational model, namely, EMD-DL, which leverages three-dimensional convolution (Conv3D) and bidirectional convolutional long-short-term-memory (BiConvLSTM) models. More specifically, to fully exploit wet swallowing information, we establish an efficient swallowing representation method by localizing manometric features and swallowing box regressions from HRM. Then, EMD-DL learns how to identify major motility disorders, minor motility disorders and normal motility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to use Conv3D and BiConvLSTM to predict esophageal motility function over esophageal HRM. Results: Test experiments on HRM datasets demonstrated that the overall accuracy of the proposed EMD-DL model is 91.32% with 90.5% sensitivity and 95.87% specificity. By leveraging information across swallowing motor cycles, our model can rapidly recognize esophageal motility function better than a gastroenterologist and lays the foundation for accurately diagnosing esophageal motility disorders in real time. Conclusions: This approach opens new avenues for detecting and identifying esophageal motility function, thereby facilitating more efficient computer-aided diagnosis in clinical practice.

Determinants of Accident Occurrence among Commercial Motor Cycle Riders in Kaloleni Sub-County, Kilifi County, Kenya

Motorcycle accidents remain one of the main global concerns despite extensive research and interventions. The African region has the highest road fatality rates globally, in spite of being the least motorized region. Kenya has an estimated road fatality rate of 20.9 per 100,000 people, higher than that of the European region. There has been an increased use of motorcycles in Kenya over the last decade, so has the number of deaths from motorcycle injury. This study was aimed to establish the determinants of accident occurrence among commercial motorcycle riders in Kaloleni sub-County, Kilifi County, Kenya. A self- administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 279 commercial motorcycle riders. Factors associated with accident occurrence were analysed using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results showed that 29.2% of the respondents had been involved in a road traffic accident in the past 12 months by the time of the study. Factors that were independently associated with motorcycle accidents included riding experience of more than 8 years (p = 0.040), alcohol use (p = 0.040), slippery roads (p = 0.020) and pot holes on roads (p = <0.001). Moreover, participants acquired their riding skills from friends (64.9%) or self-trained (33.6%). It can be concluded that motorcycle accidents is still a major public health problem in the study area due to the recorded high rate. Thus, it is recommended that all motorcyclists should be well trained and issued with riding license after attending formal training, and strict penalties imposed against anybody contravening road traffic rules. Moreover, roads should be continuously improved to reduce accident rates.

Rural–urban connectivity strengthens agrarian peace: Evidence from a study of gender and motorcycle taxis in Sierra Leone

AbstractRural‐based insurgencies disrupted the forest margins of Upper West Africa in the 1990s. A subsequent return to peace was accompanied by strong growth in small‐scale trade in foodstuffs and other agrarian produce in high demand in towns. Motor cycle taxis are a feature of this increased rural–urban market integration. It was a mode of transport pioneered by ex‐combatants. Where rural women were once attacked by rural young men without job prospects press ganged into fighting for the rebels, bike taxi riders now carry them to rural periodic markets, many of which are new since the end of conflict. The study provides an analytical account of these developments, drawing on discussions with villagers in three heavily war‐affected localities of Sierra Leone. The evidence indicates that communities divided by conflict have quietly built new cooperative links conducive to peace based on local agricultural production and petty trade.

Relationship between knowledge of acute respiratory tract infection and use of face masks in motorcyle online drivers

Background: Data in 2013 states that the prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is 25%. One of the factors that cause ISPA is air pollution. This factor is one of the risk factors for motorcycle taxi drivers who are always exposed to air pollution. Knowledge of ARI that is sufficient to influence the use of masks can help prevent ARI from occurring. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge of ARI and the behaviour of using masks among online motorcycle drivers. Methods: This study was an analytical observational with a cross-sectional design attended by 139 online motor cycle drivers around Grogol, Petamburan, West Jakarta, from July to December 2017. Data collection was done by filling out a questionnaire that includes demographic data, the use of masks, and knowledge of ARI. Data analysis used Fisher's test with significance level p<0,05. Results: A total of 139 respondents were collected, consisting of 131 (94.2%) men and 8 (5.8%) women. The average age of ≥ 30 years old is 77 (55.4%) people. Most respondents' education level was SMA/SMK/SLTA as many as 111 (79.9%) people. From the results of Fisher's test, it was found that the probability value p=0.362 was greater than the significance value (0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge about ARI and the use of masks among online motorcycle drivers.

A Study for Locations of Accident Prone on Some Provincial Roads in Province of Kalimantan Barat

Nowadays more than one million people become victim in an accident on the roads. Some efforts have already been done to reduce globally the number accident. This paper is to show the condition of some provincial roads as location study in province of Kalimantan Barat regarding with description, characteristic, and the causes of accident. The results indicate that the human error take part dominantly around of 65% accident number, meanwhile vehicle condition and road environment contribute less than 5 %. The provincial road is dominated by the two-lane two-way facility. The finding shows the frontal collision type around of 42 % on the accident number. Number of motor cycle dominate the type of vehicle on the road. It coincides with percentage of motor cycle significant involved at an accident around of 71%. The frontal collision at location of study is more than twice compared to national data. Ratio number of accidents to length of road is located on the road segment from Ketapang to Pesaguan around of 0.884 each kilometer

Study of Road Traffic Accidents and Strategies to Reduce their Impact on Lives and Limbs

Back ground: Accidents can be studied in terms of agent, host and environmental factors and epidemiologically classified into time, place and person distribution. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2017, Emergency medicine Department of Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, a tertiary care teaching hospital. Results: A total of 1000 cases were studied during the research period. Males were predominantly affected. Most of the cases were from urban areas. Occupants were most common victims. Two wheelers (Scooters, Motor Cycles, scooties etc) were most common vehicles involved in accidents. Majority of the accident patients had head injury. Less than 10 percent of the patients presented to the hospital within 1 hour of the accident (golden hour for management of trauma).

Auditory Alerts and Safety with Simulated Bicycles and Motor Vehicles

Bicycling has become an increasingly popular and environmentally friendly active transportation modality for many commuters across the nation. Consequently, as ridership increases so does the rate of bicycle–motor vehicle crashes, many of which are caused by reduced bicycle visibility and driver inattention. Therefore, one effective solution to improve bicyclist safety may be through the use of an audible bicycle alarm system to alert both the driver and the rider. A study was conducted to determine whether a unique auditory alert would be effective at reducing crash rates and whether a localized alert (i.e., an alert presented from the driver’s perspective) would improve the driver’s responsiveness in avoiding a potential collision. A driving simulator study tested car horn sounds, an experimental bike alert, and no auditory alert in different potential collision scenarios to measure collision rates and other collision avoidance metrics. Findings indicated that the experimental bike alert contributed to fewer relative crashes than the horn sound and no sound on bicycles, motor vehicles were struck more frequently than bicycles, collisions were more likely to occur from the front than the sides, and collisions were more likely for drivers going straight than when making turns. Taken together, the findings suggest that an alarm designed to be specifically compatible with bicycles is more effective than auditory alerts from other sources.

Numerical investigation on air-cooling enhancement of a motor cycle engine by varying fins geometry

Two-wheeler vehicles are equipped with an air-cooled cooling system. Internal combustion engines generate heat to obtain mechanical energy but non-convertible heat energy is dissipated from engine heat and walls. Air-cooled fins provide extra material with an extended surface area to enhance heat transfer rate. The performance of fins can be increased by changing different parameters like material, geometry, number of fins etc. Present work combines the changes in the fin geometry, shape, and pitch to maximize the heat transfer rate as compared to earlier available works. Modelling of 100 cc engine with cooling fins is recreated using CAD software SOLIDWORKS. A heat thermal analysis of original and modified models was done with Mechanical ANSYS and Fluent. In the thermal analysis, temperature variation along the length of the fins was analyzed. The modified model was able to achieve an 8.5 % increase in heat transfer rate with air-motion as compared to the existing original 100 cc engine cylinder.

The thermal and stress analysis of disc brake

Braking system has huge importance in vehicles. The disc brake is one of the most important amongst the brake rotors. Brake rotors generate opposing torque on the shaft of the wheel thus converts the kinetic energy of the wheel to heat. The braking components are used to decelerate the vehicle by friction developed on to the wheel when brake is applied. The heat is produced during friction, which will cause negative effects on the brake assembly. This study is to analyze the motor cycle disc brake, which affects the surface of the disc. In order to get those effects on the disc surface the thermal stress analysis and thermal deformation is analyzed using ANSYS. This analysis is used to avoid the damage of the disc due to heat generation. In this study, different materials are compared to choose optimum one for the better performance to deformation, temperature and stresses.

Development of discovery learning-based on online learning tools on momentum and impulse

Covid-19 pandemic affects all aspects of lives including, education. In line with large-scale social restriction policy, Education and Culture Ministry issued a policy to close schools and replace the face-to-face learning activity with online learning or known as distant learning. This research is aimed at developing discovery learning-based online learning tools on momentum and impulse. The learning tools that were developed are Lesson Plan, Student Worksheet, and Handout. Discovery learning model could improve students’ active learning as they find and investigate on their own. As the result, the comprehension they get will last long in their memory. This research uses ADDIE development model consisting of five stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The Data was analysed using descriptive analysis technique. The learning tools was tested at SMK Negeri 53 state vocational high school Jakarta by 35 students at tenth grade of Motor Cycle Business Technique (TBSM) class as well as through teacher’s response questionnnaire. The research resulted in online lerning media that is approporate for distant physics learning on momentum and impulse with subject expert’s validation at 85.38%, learning expert’s validation at 86.25% and media expert’s validation at 88.50%. The online learning tools is categorized as ‘good’ with validation result percentage at 86.71%.

ROAD SAFETY: A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE

ROAD SAFETY: A MAJOR PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE

An autopsy study of 328 cases of fatal motor cycle accidents

Background: In India Fatalities due to Motor Cylce Accidents is not uncommon and remained a major reason of Public Health Issue despite Government Measures. Aim: 1) To study the Pattern,Nature & Distribution of Injuries. 2) To Identify the Fatal Injuries. 3) The Age & Sex Distribution of the Victims. 4) To study the Impact of Helmet Law on preventing Head Injuries. Methodology: This Prospective Study was an Autopsy based Study done during the period 2013 to November 2020 in Bangalore, India. A Total of 328 cases were Studied during this period. The data obtained during Autopsy was Registered in Autopsy Reports and The Autopsy report Data was recorded in a Register and Then analyzed on Yearly Basis. Information also retrieved from Police Records. Only the Motorcycle Rider Fatalities are Studied. The Pillion rider Fatalities are Excluded in the present study. Results: A total of 2368 Autopsy conducted during the period of Study, of which 1169 were Death due to Road Traffic Accidents. Fatal motor Cycle Accidents Accounted for 328 cases,14% of Total Autopsies. Males Contributed to 84% of the Fatalities. Major number of Cases were reported from the age group 21-30years. Head Injuries accounted for 87%[n-285] of Injuries and were the major Fatal injury reported. Crush Injury to The Chest was least Reported. Majority of the Abdominal Injury resulted in Liver Lacerations in 42% of the Cases. Majority of the Injuries to the Extremities reported were Fractures involving the Upper Limbs in 39%[n-128] of the cases. Maximum Fatalities were reported from Motorcyclist without wearing the Helmet in 87.5% [n-287] of the cases despite the Legislation by the government. Conclusion: Head Injuries were the Major Cause of Fatality. Maximum Number of Fatalities reported due to Failure to Wearing Helmets. Males were Five times More Affected than Females. Major Fatalities reported between 21-30years.

Should Ghana Legalize the Commercial Use of Motor Bikes and Tricycles as Means of Public Transport? A Case Study of Five Selected Regions in Ghana

In the wave of raging debate, even on the floor of parliament, as to whether it would be expedient to commercialize Bikes’ usage in Ghana, it is important to look at its benefits or otherwise. Hence, the study sought to show whether Ghana should legalize the commercial use of motor cycles and tricycles operations. The design was a descriptive study which used quantitative tool to show public acceptance or rejection of commercializing the use of motorcycles and tricycles in Ghana. The study was based on the use of questionnaires for the data collection and were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The sample population considered was Five (5) Regions in Ghana which are Central, Greater Accra, Bono, Bono East and Northern Regions. Questionnaires of 460 were drawn for the study. It was found out, among others, that many of the riders do not possess licenses; riders are aware of robbery incidents perpetuated by their colleagues; police harassments and passenger pressure are strong reasons for not observing traffic regulations; unfavorable road architecture; the activity is a good source of income. It was therefore recommended that, the okada/pragia/keke/motor king/motor kia operations should be legalized for commercial use with regulations and strict compliance by actors or operators.

Experimental study of transmission ratio changing mechanism for motorcycle applications

Transmission ratio change in today’s motor cycle rubber belt Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) are based on centrifugal forces resulted from engine revolution. Compare to manual transmission, this kind of CVT needs higher engine revolution to start engaging the transmision ratio which in turn requiring more fuel consumption. A transmission ratio change concept based on an Electro-mechanical actuator consisting of cam, actuator gears and DC motor has been developed to eliminate the dependancy of transmission ratio on engine revolution. The DC motor rotates the cam through actuator gears. The rotation of the cam causes the primary movable pulley sheave to move in axial direction, which in turn changing the belt-pulley pitch radius and changing the transmission ratio. This research aims to design and implement an electronic measurement system based on Arduino Uno as a data acquisition system and Matlab/Simulink as a controller program to obtain the measurement data of primary pulley and secondary pulley speeds and primary pulley axial position. Based on these data, the transmission ratio can be determined and the relationship between transmission ratio and primary pulley posistion can then be obtained. For future development, these measurement data will be used as important references when developing and testing the transmission ratio controller programs.

Risk Factors, Pattern and Outcome of Motorcycle-associated Head Injury in Sokoto: An Analysis of 184 Cases

Abstract Background Road traffic accident (RTA) is the eighth leading cause of death worldwide. Motorcycle-associated head injury is the leading cause of road traffic associated morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Even though the incidence and mortality of head injury from motor cycle crash is on the increase in developing countries, especially in the African continent, most of the studies published in the literature on this subject matter took place in the developed Western countries. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of data from patients managed in our institution between December 2014 and November 2016. Results One hundred and eighty-four patients were analyzed. None of the patients used safety helmet for protection. The mean age was 27.6 ± 17.2 years with male female ratio of 6.7:1. Lone crash by cyclists and collisions accounted for 66.8% and 33.1% of the cases, respectively. Passengers and riders comprised 75% of the patients, while 25% were vulnerable pedestrians. The most frequently abused substance by the patients was tramadol (65.52%). Severe head injury and pupillary abnormality were found in 23.9% and 45.5% of the patients, respectively. Cranial CT scan showed abnormalities in 40.2% of the patients. Surgery was done in 28.3% of the patients with mortality rate of 20.7%. Conclusions The use of motorcycle as a mean of transportation has caused significant negative impact on the society. Young people, who constitute the workforce, are majorly affected, and this invariably leads to a serious economic burden on the concerned families and communities.

IoT based Smart Motor Cycle Helmet

The main purpose of this paper is to urge the two wheeler motor cycle riders to wear a helmet. In India, most of the death cases occur due to the two wheeler accidents. In most of the cases, rider suffers head injuries, which leads to death. In order to reduce the number of accidents, this research work proposes a smart helmet, which will be very useful for the two-wheeler riders. In general, two-wheeler accidents occur due to the high consumption of alcohol by the rider. The proposed smart helmet ensures the safety of the rider, while driving on the road. The proposed model comprises of an alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, hands-free device, solar powered module and fall detection. The proposed smart helmet will be connected to the ignition. Henceforth, if the rider does not wear a helmet, the ignition will not be triggered to start the two-wheeler. For handling an emergency situation, GSM module is used to send an alert message to the registered mobile number.

The Application Of Cooperative Learning Models To Children At Gmim Kindergarten Hosiana Tumatangtang

This research aimed to make the learning design possible for the development of motor cycle and the coordination of the eyes, hands, brain of the child and carry out the whole plan with the best. Through cooperative learning methods can improve the fine motor skills of children from an average result of fine motor skills of children in collaborative activities in groups. into a medium used in a game with the aim that children can train their fine motor skills. Through this game children are invited to be able to develop creativity through collaborative activities and can develop fine motor skills through these learning activities. This study uses the Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach according to the Kemmis model and MC Taggart. According to Kemmis and Mc Taggart (in Yunus, 2009: 105) describe action research as a set that aims to improve and evaluate decisions and actions aimed at implementing these actions. The discussion of the results of the study was directed at the implementation of the research cycle I and cycle II by following the 4 stages of research, namely planning, action, observation and reflection. Thus the learning achievement of children is 82% of the target of 80% who are successful, so this study in class II action research was declared successful and no longer needed to be continued in the next cycle. Finally, It can be conclude that Cooperative learning can add insight to the teacher in choosing the right learning model to be applied in class according to the objectives of each learning that will be carried out.Keywords: Application; Cooperative Learning Models; Children; Kindergarten

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENCARIAN KERUSAKAN SEPEDA MOTOR SISTEM ELECTRONIC FUEL IGNATION (EFI)

Have researched a sistym information about malfunction problems sitem search motor cycle which the device uses advanced methods of reasoning in expert systems . Troubelshooting on motor cycle generally used manually, by determining the symptoms theoretically derived from the experiences so that a technician and student / student often neglected problem finding time and accuracy in solving the problems of motor cycle with EFI sistem repair problems .The method used is the observation on trouble shooting to EFI sensor sistem and collect data from any symptoms of damage to television later in the evaluation of the raw data is entered into a database to an expert system by utilizing visual basic programming .The results will produce a search expert software system that can damage on EFI sensor sparepart can help the technicians and users of the motor cycle itself to recognize and deal damage that occurs EFI component sistem .

Analysis of fuel pressure on the performance of motorcycle engine with ethanol fuel

Gasoline engines fuel cannot be directly replaced with pure ethanol, moreover ethanol contains a lot of water. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of fuel pump pressure on performance of 4-stroke engine motor cycle by ethanol fuel. The independent variable is pressure of the fuel and the engine speed. The dependent variable is the engine power, torque, and specific fuel consumption. The power and torque test use inertia dynamometer. The results showed the addition of fuel pump pressure, at 3.5 bar pressure can produce higher power at each engine speed with a maximum power of 6 HP at 8000 rpm. As for the best results torque obtained at a pressure of 3.5 bar which is 5,5 Nm at 7500 rpm, besides that the lowest specific fuel consumption SFC at a pressure of 3,5 bar is 0.409 kg/HPh. The results of this study can be concluded that gasoline vehicles can use ethanol fuel by increasing the fuel pressure up to 3.5 bar.