Development Of Motor Abilities Research Articles

THE USE OF WEIGHTENING IN SPEED-POWER TRAINING OF ATHLETES IN CLIMBING

A special place in the development of an athlete's motor abilities is occupied by speed-power qualities, a high level of development of which plays an important role in achieving high results.The meaning of the use of weights by an athlete in rock-climbi

The Role of Mobile Games in the Process of Physical Education of Young School Children

Key words: physical education, physical development, upbringing, motor activity, ability, health In recent years, there has been an aggravation of health problems among the growing generation, including children of primary school age. Diseases of the locomotor system (scoliosis, etc.) occupy the first place in terms of the prevalence of diseases among children studying in primary school. The number of children with low height, underweight, physical development level and biological age discrepancy has increased. The number of functional deviations occurring with age is increasing. The above-mentioned data prove that the development of motor abilities among children is currently at a relatively low level, which, in fact, cannot meet the modern requirements for solving educational, health-improving and upbringing problems presented to physical education at school. Therefore, the education problem of children’s motor skills in public schools through outdoor games is very relevant and requires the search for effective ways to further improve it. Primary school age is the most favorable time to include outdoor games as a means and method in the educational process. In this regard, the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and pedagogical observations show that the most important effect and result of the game is the joy and emotional uplift of children that create a purposeful educational environment for the effective assimilation of motor actions. Thus, the study and analysis of literary sources on the problem showed that the role of outdoor games in the system of physical and sports education is great. Outdoor games not only strengthen health and develop the body, but are also a means of cultural, moral education and integration of a person into society.

Pengaruh Bermain Playdough Melalui Youtube Terhadap Perkembangan Motorik Halus Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Hang Tuah Padang

Fine motor skills are aspects that play an important role in earl@childhood. Good motor/ability@are*drag that use the fingers mini*muscles that*require*eye-hand coordination. The research problem is*that children's*good*motor*ability, especially hand-eye coordination, have not developed optimally when moving their fingers and wrists in Hang Tuah Padang Kindergarten because the training in fine motor skills is still low. The research purpose was to reveal the extent to which the playing playdough through YouTube impact at Hang Tua Padang Kindergarten has on fine motor development. This research uses an approach in quantitative through of quasi-experiments. The research population were all children of Hang Tuah Padang Kindergarten and included a sample of 10 B2 children and 10 B3 children. The technique for data collection uses a test of five-item statement. The techniques for data analysis used the test of normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis by SPSS 25 application with a level in significance of 5% (0.05). The research result shown that playing playdough via YouTube has a more significant effect on the children's good motor ability development. Compared with the control class playing playdough through teacher demonstrations. The research result indicated that the class for experimental had a score in pre-test of 120 and a score in post-test of 176, while the class for control had a score in pre-test of 126 and a score in post-test of 159. With a sig (2-tailed) score of 0.012 <0.05.

THE MODEL CHARACTERISTICS
 OF MILITARY-APPLIED PHYSICAL FITNESS OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE UNITS

This article defines the model characteristics of military-applied physical training of military intelligence units
 based on the requirements for the level of their physical training necessary for the effective performance of military
 personnel of military intelligence service standards for combat training.
 
 In the course of the study, the requirements for the level of development of motor abilities and the formation
 of military-applied skills of military intelligence units, necessary for the effective implementation of standards for combat
 training were determined. Based on the results obtained, the model characteristics of military-applied physical training
 of military personnel of military intelligence units have been developed.
 
 The model was the special and physical qualities, motor abilities and military applied skills necessary to fulfill
 the standards for combat training, and the characteristics were the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the
 implementation of these standards for a positive assessment.

INFLUENCE OF STATIC DIRECTIONAL PHYSICAL EXERCISES
 ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR ABILITIES OF STUDENT WRESTLERS

In the process of improving the effectiveness of the training process before specialists and coaches in freestyle
 wrestling, there are questions about the need to constantly improve the methodology of sports training to identify tools
 and methods for developing special endurance, which is manifested in static and dynamic work.
 
 The article examines the results of using the methodology of complex development of motor abilities in the control
 group of wrestling students in the educational-training process and the methodology of emphasized use of static exercises
 in the experimental group. The results of the studies show the effectiveness of the use of static exercises in the educationaltraining
 process, expressed in statistically significant (p < 0,05) improvement of the studied indicators at the end of the
 experiment.

An intervention study of VR sports games on the perceptual and motor abilities of children with incomplete intellectual development

Abstract Childhood is a critical stage for the development of perceptual and motor abilities, and strengthening the training of children with incomplete mental development at this stage will affect the development of motor skills during their growth. In this paper, we take VR technology as a starting point to build a perceptual model and introduce a convolutional sparse representation algorithm. First, a sparse representation with few non-zero elements is found to optimize a function consisting of a data fidelity term and a sparse induced penalty function. Then, the sum of the convolution of the filter and the convolution sparse feature map, i.e., the convolution operation, is computed to generate the translation invariants. Then the convolutional sparse coding method is introduced to the traditional unsupervised problem by calculating the minimization objective function and solving it in an iterative manner alternatively. Finally, the constituents of the signal are analyzed and the discrete equivalence of the convolution is derived based on the Fourier transform to derive the intervening variables. The experimental results showed that the mean value of the post-test of motor ability compared with the pre-test increased by 4.6 through an eight-week VR sports game training intervention study test on different children with incomplete mental development. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to understand the characteristics of perceptual and motor abilities of children with incomplete intellectual development and to develop corresponding programs for VR sports game training according to their characteristics.

Physical perfection of students is in group псм from volley-ball. Relevance of the study

The main objective of "Physical Education" in higher education institution is the development of students' physical qualities and motor abilities. The solution of this problem is facilitated by the students involvement in various sectional activities, in particular, volleyball. The aim of this work is to highlight the main means of ensuring the optimal level of development of the physical qualities of students involved in the volleyball section. Methods of analysis: analysis of scientific sources, comparison, synthesis. Results: Motor activity in volleyball is characterized by a variety of actions, in particular: running of different intensity, walking, jumping, hitting the ball, stopping, falling, serving, passing, blocking, etc. Therefore, special attention in the process of training should be paid to the development of physical abilities: speed, strength, agility, endurance, flexibility and jumping ability. A fast player can win the time and space compare to the opponent who has the ability to successfully solve tactical problems. The combination of speed and strength allows the player to perform successfully various game combinations. A strong player is able to overcome external resistance or counteract it with the help of muscular efforts. Agile - masters new techniques easily, adapts to different game conditions better, able to perform new motor learning accurately, economically, quickly. During the game, athletes perform multiple accelerations, so the presence of endurance is equally important for them. In volleyball, the elasticity of the muscles and ligaments of the lower extremities and the spinal column is important, therefore, in the classroom, special attention should be paid to the development of flexibility. No less important motor ability of a volleyball player is jumping ability. It depends on the level of development of speed-strength qualities and is based on the strength of the muscles, the speed of their contractions and coordination of movements. Therefore, jumping exercises should be used on every lesson. Conclusions: teaching and training in volleyball is an integral part of a single pedagogical process, in which one should keep the basic provisions, and excellent results can only be achieved with a high level of physical and technical preparedness of the players. Properly chosen teaching methodology and successful organization of classes are quite important in the preparation of the team.

Influence of Strength Fitness Classes on the Development of Motor Abilities of High School Students

The purpose of study is to determine the effectiveness of the influence of strength fitness on the development of motor abilities of high school students.
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of secondary school No. 55 Kharkiv in several stages. During the study, two groups were created: experimental and control. The control and experimental groups included 10 boys of 10 grade each. In the control group, lessons were held on the module “Gymnastics” according to the thematic plan. And in the experimental group the lessons content included: strength fitness, stretching exercises and aerobic combinations. Special attention was paid to the preparation of muscles for performing the exercises of the main part of the lesson - strength training. Research methods: study, synthesis and comparative analysis of literature and other sources on the research issue; observation; questionnaires, diagnosis of well-being, activity, mood according to the WAM method, testing of motor readiness, methods of mathematical statistics.
 Results. According to the study results, in the experimental group was found a probable improvement in the state of activity by 11.3 points (p<0.01) and mood by 12.7 points (p<0.01). This indicates the positive impact of strength fitness exercises, modern music accompaniment and the corresponding load on these indicators. In the control group under the program of the variable module “Gymnastics” we observed an improvement in strength abilities such as flexion and extension of the arms in the abutment position by 3.8 (p<0.05). Indicators of motor abilities of students in the experimental group at the end of the trial had probable shifts towards improvement: shuttle run 4×9 m by 0.9 sec. (p<0.01), flexion and extension of the arms in the abutment position by 3.9 times (p<0.05), flexion and extension of the arms in suspension by 1.5 times (p<0.05), bent suspension by 7.4 sec. (p<0.001), jump in length from the place by 7.4 cm (p<0.05), flexibility (torso inclination) by 3.1 cm (p<0.001).
 Conclusions. The use of recreational fitness in physical education classes in high school students not only contributes to an increase in the level of motor abilities, but also improves the emotional state of students. Through a combination of physical education, aerobic exercise, stretching, strength fitness, breathing exercises, visualization, high school students noted an improvement in well-being, mood, and activity.

ANALYTICAL PRESENTATION OF THE 2020 NATIONAL CORE CURRICULUM IN HUNGARY

ABSTRACT. The Physical Education and Health Development learning area of the National Core Curriculum (NCC) 2020 and the framework curricula that form a coherent unit with it includes a set of goals and contents that meet the challenges of the 21st century. One of the prominent components of the 21st century image of man is that the individual is active, but at the same time capable of reflective deliberation. A person of action is characterized by the right attitudes related to movement, a physically active lifestyle, realistic self-acceptance, autonomy combined with social responsibility, openness to innovative initiatives and the ability to apply reliable solutions. A physically and mentally healthy person experiences the state of health and a harmonious life as a value. The abilities and skills related to movement as a basic competence, as well as the motor abilities and skills that are mobilized according to the given situation, are the basis for the individual to become an active member of society, and are characterized by safety in movement throughout life. A significant positive of NCC 2020 is that, in addition to speaking, reading, writing, text comprehension, orientation to quantitative, spatial-visual and temporal conditions, movement is also found among the basic competencies. There are learning areas (subjects) in NCC 2020, in the following system: Hungarian language and literature (literature, Hungarian language); Mathematics (mathematics); History and civic knowledge (history, civic knowledge, country and people knowledge); Ethics/faith and morality; Natural science and geography (environmental knowledge, natural science, integrated natural science, biology, chemistry, physics, geography); Foreign language (first and second foreign language); Arts (singing and music, drama and theatre, visual culture, motion picture culture and media literacy); Technology (technique and design, digital culture); Physical education and health promotion (physical education); Community education (class head teacher's lesson). The learning area of NCC 2020 Physical Education and Health promotion follows the following structure: first, the general principles and goals of the learning area and the physical education subject are formulated; after that, specific characteristics of the teaching of the subject can be found in chapters 1-4 and 5-8 and 9-12 projected by grade; the next point contains the main topics, also divided into four grades. In the NCC, certain characteristics of physical education learning and teaching are also presented by education stage. The educational process takes place along seven development areas: movement culture development; motor abilities development; development of motor skills – learning to move; games; contests, competitions; prevention, lifestyle; healthy physical development, health promotion. These development areas are closely aligned with the main topics of the subject, as well as with the learning outcomes (general requirements) set as overall goals and related to the development areas.

Study and Assessment of Motor Abilities of Older Children of Pre-school Age With Speech Disorders

Objectives: The urgency of the given study is in the lack of knowledge of various types of motor abilities of older pre-school children with speech disorders and the need to realize an individually differentiated approach to provide the environment for their development. In the current study, it was tried to identify and assess the level of development of motor abilities in older pre-school children with speech disorders. Methods: The study included 200 older pre-school children, 100 children with a healthy level of speech development, and 100 with a speech disorder in the Belgorod and Belgorod region (Russian Federation). The study looked at scientific sources using motor abilities testing (motor coordination, speed, strength, strength, plasticity, and stamina). Methods of mathematical statistics (student's t-test) using the SPSS software, version 26 were used to calculate the statistic problems. Results: The study and assessment of motor abilities of older pre-school children showed the predominance of an insufficient level of development of motor and coordination abilities in both neurotypical children and those with a language disorder. In both groups, children performed the worse left-hand task (the insufficient level was noted in children with speech disorders in 100% of boys and girls; in the group of children with a healthy level of speech development – in 84.1% of boys and 81.5 % of girls). When performing the right task hand, an insufficient level was noticed in children with speech disorders in 95.5% of boys and 96.4% of girls; in the group of children with a healthy level of speech development–in 77.3% of boys and 74.1% of girls. Diagnosis of other motor abilities states the dominance of the insufficient level only in children with speech disorders: strength abilities (70.5% of boys and 72.3% of girls), speed and strength abilities (68.2 % of boys and 67.9 % of girls), stamina (77.3% of boys and 75% of girls), and plasticity (65.9% of boys and 62.5% of girls). The veracity of the results was confirmed through the student's t-test. The observed differences were statistically significant. Discussion: The obtained findings and assessment of motor abilities confirm developmental lag in older pre-school children with speech disorders. In children, low indicators in the level of development of motor-coordination abilities and stamina prevailed.

Effects of closed-skill bodyweight strength exercises on jumping skill in youth soccer players

Background: Participation in soccer training is beneficial for the development of energetic motor abilities and coordination abilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of closed-skill bodyweight resistance exercises which differ in their jumping movement structure, on jumping skills in youth soccer players. It was hypothesized that the examined exercises provide a better stimulus than soccer training for jumping development. Methods: Twenty-six young soccer players participated in the study. They were assigned to a strength training soccer group (SSG, n = 15) or a soccer group (SG, n = 11). The SSG realized a 9-week strength training in addition to soccer training. The following measurements were taken: countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJas), countermovement jump without arm swing (CMJ), an indicator of coordination of the upper limbs (CMJas – CMJ), and anaerobic power of CMJ (Pmax CMJ). Results: The obtained results showed similar improvements in jumping skills in both SSG and SG groups. Moreover, the results revealed a difference between both groups in pre- and post-training conditions for correlation coefficients observed between jumping variables. Conclusions: The strength exercises used in this study are not more beneficial for developing jumping skills than conventional soccer training among youth soccer players. Moreover, the strength training sessions should be based on a model of motor control in soccer players.

Relationship between Body Composition and Specific Motor Abilities According to Position in Elite Female Soccer Players.

Contemporary top-division soccer is characterized by high-intensity activity throughout the entire match, which also requires high levels of a wide range of the players' functional and motor abilities. Furthermore, motor and functional requirements vary in relation to the players' position on the pitch. In view of the above, the objective of this study was to determine any differences in body composition and specific motor abilities in relation to position. Twenty elite female soccer players (age: 20.90 ± 3.70 years; height: 166.95 ± 5.83 cm; weight: 58.97 ± 7.50 kg; training experience: 9.50 ± 4.11 years) were recruited for the purpose of this study. Based on their position within the team, the players were divided into three groups: defenders (N-7), midfielders (N-6), and forwards (N-7). The instruments used included the InBody770 (for body composition assessment), Optojump and Polar for the assessment of specific motor abilities. The results obtained indicate a strong link between the parameters body composition and specific motor abilities; however, the level of significance varies, as do the variables concerning specific motor abilities and body composition in relation to the players' position on the pitch. In accordance with these results, coaches and others working in the soccer industry should be apprised of the necessity of a tailored approach when it comes to planning the development of specific motor abilities, as well of with the importance of balanced body composition as prerequisites for achieving top results.

EFFECT OF BABY SPA (SOLUS PER AQUA) ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GROSS MOTOR ABILITIES OF BABY UMUR 3-6 MONTHS

Background: Motor development is a process of Maturity or motion that directly involves the muscles to move and the neural process that a person can move his body. WHO states that 20-40% of babies experience delays, while Indonesia reaches 16%. One way that can be used to meet the needs of motor development is to do a baby spa.
 Objective: The purpose of this study is to see if the treatment carried out can improve the motor development of infants aged 3-6 months at the Suryati Midwife Independent Practice in Jayapura Regency.
 Methods: The design of this study uses Pre-Experimental Design with the design Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The population in this study was all babies aged 3-6 months with sampling techniques using Non-Probability Sampling selected by Purposive Sampling consisting of 30 respondents. The variable measured in this study was the motor development of the baby. This study used the Wilcoxon signed rank test (a<0.05).
 Result: The results showed that the development of babies after a baby spa was higher than before the baby spa. with a value of p=0.002. Thus it can be concluded that the accepted hypothesis means that there is an influence of baby spas on the motor development of the baby.
 Conclusion: there is an Effect of Baby Spa (Solus Per Aqua) on the Development of Gross Motor Abilities of Babies UNut 3-6 Months
 Keywords : Baby spa, Motor development

DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXIBILITY OF THE STUDENTS ENGAGED IN THE FOOTBALL SECTION BY MEANS OF THE SPECIAL COMPLEX OF EXERCISES

Introduction. Physical training aimed at the development of motor skills, in accordance with the requirements of the theory and methodology of physical education, which provides appropriate conditions for the formation of motor skills and skills necessary for playing football. Modern football makes high demands on the body of students, especially in the development of motor abilities, which will serve as an important factor in the future to achieve high results. The article analyzes and substantiates the need to develop the flexibility of students involved in football in the section. Exercises have been developed to increase joint mobility and improve muscle elasticity, the most important for football students. Aim. Analyze indicators of flexibility development of students aged 18-20 under the influence of the proposed methodology. Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data from scientific and methodological literary sources and the Internet, the pedagogical experiment was conducted to test and evaluate the effectiveness of using sets of exercises to develop flexibility. Results. During the study, a set of exercises with and without a ball was used to develop the flexibility of 18-20 year old students who played football. All students of the II - III years had the same level of preparation at the time of the beginning of the study and studied with the same coach-teacher. Accordingly, the number of training sessions and the conditions for their implementation were the same for everyone. For a comprehensive assessment of the impact of using a set of exercises, tests have been selected that allow assessing the level of flexibility development. The following tests were used: "Torse tilt forward while sitting", "Twisting of straight arms with a stick back - forward", "Longitudinal splits (left leg in front)", "Longitudinal splits (right leg in front)", The twine is transverse. Angular measurements of the amplitude of movements in the joints were carried out using a goniometer consisting of two branches (movable and fixed), connected by a hinge, and a semi-arc with a graduated measuring scale from 0 to 180 or to 360 degrees; "Flexion of the hip joint", "Bending the knee joint, Flexing the ankle joint." It has been proven that the results of the test "Torse tilt forward while sitting" increased most significantly by 56,9%. Test indicators "Longitudinal split (left leg in front)" improved by 18,2%, "Longitudinal split (right leg in front)" – 15,5%. According to the "Ankle flexion" test, the results were better by 10,1%. This is due to the fact that special exercises were used to develop flexibility. The lowest growth rate of the results was determined by the results of the hip flexion test -5,4%. Conclusions. As a result of the application of the developed set of exercises, positive dynamics of the tested flexibility indicators were revealed. Complexes of exercises can be recommended to teachers and students for use during physical education classes in institutions of higher education.

EFEITOS DE TREINAMENTO COMPOSTO SOBRE A MOTRICIDADE ENTRE JOGADORES DE BASQUETE

ABSTRACT Introduction: In kinematics, one can measure the strength of movement ability by the time it takes to move a certain distance and the speed of movement of a person by the speed of displacement. Objective: To study the effect of compound training on the mobility of basketball players. Methods: A comparative experimental study was carried out on the sensitivity of basketball players, lasting 8 weeks. There were 30 basketball-playing volunteers randomly divided into two groups, while the control group performed routine activities. The control group implemented a training protocol composed of a ladder and ropes allied to conventional training. Results: After the experiment, the technical level of motricity in the control group and the experimental group showed differences over the result before the experiment (P<0.05), and the experimental group showed a very significant difference (P<0.01), improving their performance after the experiment. There are significant differences in the effects of different sensitivity training methods, the experimental group using rope ladder training methods greatly improved their foot agility and motor skill. Conclusion: Composite training involving a ladder and rope has a superior effect on the development of motor skill, ability, and foot agility in basketball players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

The relationship of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency in preschool children – pilot study

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive abilities and motor skills in a selected group of preschool children. Material and methods: We measured 56 children (27 girls, 29 boys; average age 5.97±0.42). The level of motor proficiency was measured using the short version of the BOT-2 test, and cognitive abilities were measured using the colored trail making test for children. Results: Girls scored better on all test items, and the observed differences were not statistically significant, except for the difference in fine manual control. For this category, the results for girls were significantly better than those for boys (p<0.01). The effect size of the observed differences in cognitive and motor skill levels between girls and boys had a large effect. The results showed a strong correlation between the level of cognitive abilities and the level of motor profieciency in preschool children (r=0.61; p<0.01) in the whole group as well as when assessing correlations separately for the group of boys (r=0.64; p<0.01) and the group of girls (r=0.50; p<0.01). Moderate to moderately strong correlations have been proved between the level of cognitive ability and the level of motor profieciency in particial motor categories: manual coordination (r=0.65; p<0.01), fine manual control (r=0.52; p<0.01), and body coordination (r=0.50; p<0.01). The relationship between the level of cognitive ability, strength, and agility was weak (r=0.34; p<0.05). Considering all test limits, the process of testing, and preschool age specifics, we can state that there is a strong correlation between motor and cognitive abilities. Conclusions: Motor and cognitive ability development are closely related. The results of this study demonstrated the importance of complex development and early screening. The results of this study can serve as another useful insight related to previous claims in the field of the development of cognitive abilities and motor proficiency.

Developmental coordination disorder in school children- A systematic review

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is defined as a severe delay in perceptual-motor and psychomotor development that affects children who are intellectually normal and have no physical, sensory, or neurological conditions. It is described as a deficiency in the development of gross and fine motor abilities that cannot be accounted for by a lack of general education or exposure to equivalent opportunities to develop motor skills as their peers. Between May 2000 and May 2021, systematic reviews were published; these were included. The articles were shortlisted for full-text review after the reviewers independently read each title and abstract and determined that they looked at motor interventions intended to enhance movement skills in kids with developmental coordination disorder to improve fitness levels for the heart and lungs. This study looked at 72 review articles in total. The study included articles that offered advice on how to improve someone's cardiovascular and respiratory fitness. Activities such as organized sports, exercise, movement, balance training, and motor interventions were defined as motor interventions. According to the study's findings, kids with DCD have trouble moving about and are generally inactive. Conclusion: Improving motor skills and cardiorespiratory fitness have a significant impact on DCD children's quality of life.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF BODY MASS INDEX AND MOTOR ABILITIES OF EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS

The aim of this research was to examine the connection of body mass index of eighth grade students and their results in motor abilities test, with the purpose of gaining insight in which tests is that connection more or less expressed, or there isn’t any. The sample of subjects consisted of 66 male and 64 female students from four elementary schools from the Varaždin city area, who attended eighth grade in the school year of 2018/2019 For data analysis, the results of the final testing of motor abilities were used. The sample of variables consisted of six motor tests and two anthropometrical measures, student’s age and their body mass index. For all 10 variables the basic descriptive parameters were calculated (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum), both for female and male students. Further data processing was done by linear regression analysis – 6 x regression analysis for each motor ability. The results of the regression analysis in male students showed statistically significant connection of body mass index and four variables (standing long jump, shuttle run with carrying objects, sit and reach and pull-up hold), while in female students the connection was significant only in two variables (standing long jump and pull-up hold). Overweight and obesity of children and adolescents is a growing phenomenon all over the world. Motor abilities are an important indicator of physical activity and one of the possible indicators of the level of fitness. Overweight and obesity, as well as underweight, negatively influence the condition and development of motor abilities, and the role of Physical education classes are of great importance in prevention and promotion of healthy living habits of students.

A Creative way to Stimulate Children Motoric Skill: Improving the Writing Ability of Students with Mild Intellectual Disorders in Saudi Arabia

This research aims at examining the effectiveness of the Finger Sand Painting Alphabet Media in helping children with dysgraphia to improve their writing skill. The study uses quasi experimental design with control and experimental group. This study's results might be used as a jumping-off point for defending the position that children's right to free expression is not crucial. This study's findings indicating the amount of improvement in learning outcomes is practically the same provide confidence to this concept and lend support to its believability. In contrast, this conclusion is hasty since much more in-depth study is needed to determine how the freedom of expression effects the development of motor abilities. This collection of studies concludes that a more organized method of teaching may have the same positive effects.

The Positive Effects on Volleyball Receiving Skills When Training with Lighter Balls

The purpose of this study was to investigate the receiving ability and efficacy of volleyball players, which can be effectively improved after practicing with volleyballs of different weights. In this study, 36 elite male volleyball players were recruited and participated in a four-week training program in four groups: a lighter-ball training group (LBTG), a heavier-ball training group (HBTG), a normal-ball training group (NBTG), and a control group (CG). All subjects were required to evaluate their receiving ability during the initial training (week-0) and then to reevaluate it after two (week-2) and four (week-4) weeks of training. The statistical analysis revealed that the time factor (F2, 64 = 209.346, p < 0.001) and the time × group factor (F6, 64 = 17.463, p < 0.001) were significant but the group factor (F3, 32 = 0.340, p = 0.797) was not. The results revealed that the LBTG experienced a significant positive effect on the receiving test after four weeks of training, with an 8.6% improvement in skill performance after two weeks and a 16.4% improvement after four weeks. The HBTG, NBTG, and CG improved by 2.6%, 5.3%, and 3.8% after two weeks and by 6.3%, 9.3%, and 4.3% after four weeks, respectively. The main findings were that four weeks of volleyball training with a lighter ball resulted in significant improvements in player performance. In contrast, training with a ball with 70 g of added mass did not effectively enhance motor ability development.