Behavior Motivation Research Articles

Bullying Behavior in Generation Z Youth: Case Study at Palu City DP3A Children's Forum

This research aims to determine bullying behavior among Generation Z youth at the DP3A Children's Forum in Palu City. This research used qualitative research methods with a case study design. There were 10 informants in the research using purposive sampling techniques. Data management using matrix techniques. The results of research on the behavioral belief variable were that the perpetrator understands the dangers of bullying quite well, but bullying behavior was still carried out. Regarding the evaluation variable or behavioral impact, most did not know and did not feel the impact of bullying. In the behavioral motivation variable, the perpetrators were motivated to bully because it was fun for them and had thought about stopping bullying because they had received warnings and advice from those closest to them. It is suggested that the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Service (in Indonesia known as DP3A) of Palu City should find out about providing maximum education and guidance to the parents of the perpetrators so that bullying behavior by those who become administrators or new members in the Palu City Nosarara children's forum does not occur. Parents should pay attention and always ask about the activities they are carrying out and understand their children's feelings so that they trust them and do not hesitate to talk about their children's problems

Individual Characteristics as Motivators of Sustainable Behavior in Electronic Vehicle Rental

This study investigates the understudied area of motivational factors influencing the rental intention of electric vehicles (EVs) within the context of their integration into urban transportation to combat air pollution and reduce carbon footprints and explores the critical factors influencing consumer behavior towards EV rental, focusing on hedonic motivation, service level, consumer habits, and willingness to pay. Utilizing multiple linear regression analysis on 302 valid samples from Texas, USA, the research identifies the significant impact of these factors on rental intention. Notably, the service level emerges as the most influential predictor while emphasizing the unique and less studied role of hedonic and personal characteristics as essential antecedents of rental intention. The findings, supplemented by a Monte Carlo simulation, reveal that these personal and motivational characteristics are pivotal in shaping rental intentions, accounting for approximately 47.2% of the variance in rental intention. The study contributes valuable insights into the EV rental market, offering theoretical implications for the EV literature and practical strategies for car rental enterprises to tap into consumer patterns effectively.

Economic behavior of agricultural land market subjects

The purpose of the study is to build the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior models. The formation of rational land use in the agrarian sphere indicates influence of institutional factors – motives and interests of land owners that allow to ensure land distribution included in the market turnover between the most efficient users. The structural scheme of the agricultural land market subjects’ behavior motives has been proposed. The motives of sellers in the land market are to optimize income that is achieved by increasing a land plot attractiveness. Buyers are guided by the possession motives, use and disposal of land by acquiring a land plot. Sellers and buyers of land plots are individuals and legal entities. Agricultural organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms, personal subsidiary plots, and citizens (rural population) participate in land sailing. Buyers in the market are owner, land user, landowner, and tenant. The functions of sellers and buyers have been systematized considering the purpose and action of the actors. Destructive and rational models of the agricultural land market actors’ economic behavior have been presented and developed. The application of the destructive model is associated with negative consequences characterized by land withdrawal from economic turnover, change of its intended purpose, and land transfer to another category. The rational model includes finding an optimal alternative under a set of constraints and provides for a high level of human intelligence and knowledge to make right decisions. Factors of this model are coordination of land ownership institutions and creation of a legal framework. It is characterized by strict administrative and legal regulation that contributes to eradication of shadowing in land relations. The area of application of the developed rational model of the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior is scientific organizations, agro-industrial complex management bodies at the regional and municipal levels, and agricultural producers.

The Influence of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Intrinsic Motivation

Employee performance and its antecedents have always been exciting research topics as employee performance impacts organizational success. Concerning this, leaders are considered to have a significant role in influencing employee performance. Despite being extensively discussed in the literature, little research has investigated ethical leadership as a construct. This research examines the impacts of ethical leadership, organizational citizenship behavior, and intrinsic motivation on performance. The novelty of this research is that it uses two mediating variables that have never been used to examine the association between ethical leadership and performance. A quantitative method was used, and data was collected using a survey. Results indicated that ethical leadership affected organizational citizenship behavior and intrinsic motivation but did not affect employee performance. Ethical leadership influences employee performance if mediated by organizational citizenship behavior. These results may provide new insights for scholars and leaders. Theoretically, this study is one of a few attempts to understand the link between ethical leadership and performance, especially in Eastern culture. Our study suggests leaders should demonstrate ethical leadership to promote OCB and employee motivation.

Freedom as a Key Value of the Volunteer Movement

Purpose of the article is to find out the main content and ways of embodying freedom as a value of the volunteer movement in the context of analyzing the social motivation of human behavior in general. Theoretical basis. The theoretical basis of the research is the philosophical and anthropological understanding of freedom as a person’s creative overcoming of obstacles to establish his or her eccentric essence. Such a vision is embedded, in particular, in Karl Jaspers’ philosophy of existence, Helmuth Plessner’s philosophy of positioning in the world, and Paul Ricœur’s philosophy of rational choice of life path. Originality. The importance of freedom as a value, as well as other social values, is revealed and specified through the analysis of the values of the volunteer movement. In the desire of people engaged in volunteer work to achieve freedom through other values, the content of freedom as a basis for self-reproduction of the individual, community and society is revealed. Conclusions. Representatives of various humanities and social sciences have distinct research interests in analyzing the values inherent in volunteers. As members of a certain society and certain communities in this society, volunteers do not act outside the economy, politics and other spheres of public life, but reveal their freedom through creative and non-standard solutions to economic, political, and other problems. At the same time, research psychologists focus attention on the personal self-realization of a person, theorists and practitioners of social work study volunteers’ desire to gain recognition from peers and other small social groups, and representatives of sociology, political science and other social sciences focus their attention on such socially significant values of volunteering as patriotism, solidarity, etc. The task of social philosophy is to justify the desire to contribute to the public good, which is common to all volunteers. Representatives of philosophical anthropology look for the best social intentions inherent in a person as a member of society in volunteering. Analysis of the values of volunteering as a motivator of human behavior provides knowledge of socially significant values inherent in every member of society to a greater or lesser extent.

The Influence of Participatory Leader Behaviour, Achievement Orientation and Work Motivation on Teacher Job Satisfaction in Madrasah

This study explores the factors influencing teacher job satisfaction in Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) in Riau Islands Province. The study focused on participatory leader behaviour, achievement orientation, and work motivation as the main variables affecting teacher job satisfaction. The research method used is quantitative with a statistical analysis approach to test the hypothesis that has been set. Three schools with the same accreditation status (A) in the western, central, and eastern research areas were selected as samples through area sampling techniques. The total sampling technique was used to take 136 teachers from these schools. The results showed that participatory leader behaviour and achievement orientation significantly influenced teacher job satisfaction directly or indirectly through work motivation. The pathway analysis confirmed that participatory leader behaviour, achievement orientation, and work motivation significantly affected teacher job satisfaction in MTsN in Riau Islands Province. The implication is to develop effective and holistic management strategies to improve the welfare of educational organizations.

TRAINING OF TRAINERS METHOD FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS TO IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE

Introduction: Many school children suffered from dental caries, which causes children to skip school because of toothache. The involvement of teachers in schools is considered important. The teacher is a model for children who can provide motivation for proper dental health behavior. The purpose of this study is to provide training to elementary school teachers, to increase their dental health knowledge, in order to educate their students. Materials and Methods: This is a pre-experimental design study, which provides dental health training to teachers. This activity involved 4 dentists as trainers, who had previously performed calibration. There are 2 schools involved, namely Saraswati 1 Elementary School and Saraswati 2 Elementary School in Denpasar Bali. A total of 31 teachers who signed the informed consent were included as samples. Dental health education materials are in the form of power points, animated educational videos, dental models, fluoridated toothpaste and toothbrush for children. The questionnaires were used as an instrument. The educational theme is "prevent cavities by brushing your teeth morning and night. Visit the dentist before it's too late". Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. \ Results and Discussion: At the beginning of the study, it was found that 25.81% of teachers had the poor knowledge category, and 74.19% were in the middle category. There was no teacher with good knowledge category. However, at the end of the study, 100% of the teachers had good dental health knowledge. There are differences in knowledge of teachers before and after receiving training. Conclusion: Dental and oral health training method for elementary school teachers can improve dental health knowledge, so that teachers are worthy to teach dental health to their students.

AGING SUSTAINABLY: A PILOT STUDY OF OLDER MIDWESTERN ADULT PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR

Abstract Given their life experience and significant political power, the perspectives of older adults on environmental issues are crucial to addressing the climate crisis. Although unsupported by research, the general public tends to believe that older adults do not care about climate change. In seeking to overturn this belief, a qualitative responsive interview study was conducted. With a sample of 5 adults between 50 and 70 from North Dakota and Minnesota, this study is small, but can serve as a pilot study for more intensive research. Interview questions focused on older adults’ attitudes, personal behavior, and motivations for engaging (or not) in sustainable behavior. Although the sample size was small, findings showed that most older adults understand the need for sustainability and try to care for the climate in their own ways. Religion, financial incentive, and generativity can be strong motivators for sustainable behavior, but misinformation and distrust can act as de-motivators. Investigating older adults’ motivation to engage in sustainable behavior is a necessary step to involving more older adults in environmental advocacy. These interviews demonstrate that many older adults are willing to act on behalf of our shared planet, and future research may uncover more motivations and bring us closer to that goal.

Identification of neural circuits controlling male sexual behavior and sexual motivation by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Different techniques have been used to identify the brain regions that control sexual motivation and sexual behavior. However, the influence of sexual experience on the activation of these brain regions in the same subject is unknown. Using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI), we analyzed the activation of brain regions in the sexual incentive motivation (SIM) and the partner preference PP (tests) on weeks 1, 5, and 10 in male rats tested for 10 weeks. AIM. In experiment 1, we analyzed the possible toxic effects of 16 mg/kg of MnCl2 on male sexual behavior, running wheel, and motor execution. In experiment 2, subjects were tested for SIM and PP using MEMRI. In both experiments, a dose of 16 mg/kg (s.c) of chloride manganese (MnCl2) was administered 24 h before subjects were tested and placed immediately thereafter in a 7-Tesla Bruker scanner. In experiment 1, the dose of 16 mg/kg of MnCl2 did not induce behavioral alterations that could interfere with interpreting the imaging data. In experiment 2, we found a clear preference for the female in both the SIM and PP tests. We found a higher signal intensity in the olfactory bulb (OB) in week 1 of the SIM test compared to the control group. We also found increased signal intensity in the socio-sexual behavior and mesolimbic reward circuits in the SIM test in week 1. In the PP test, we found a higher signal intensity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in week 10 compared to the control group. In the same test, we found increased signal intensity in the socio-sexual and mesolimbic reward circuits in week 5 compared to the control group. Cohen's d analysis of the whole brain revealed that as the subjects gained sexual experience we observed a higher brain activation in the OB in the SIM group. The PP group showed higher brain activation in the cortex and subcortical structures as they acquired sexual experience. As the subjects gain sexual experience, more structures of the reward and socio-sexual circuits are recruited, resulting in different, and large brain activations.

Aetiology of bioethanol related burn accidents: A qualitative study

BackgroundSince insight into the motivation of behaviour in bioethanol related burn accidents is lacking, this study aimed to qualitatively examine influencing factors in bioethanol related burn accidents. In order to identify target points for effective burn prevention. MethodsPatients previously admitted with bioethanol related acute non-intentional burn injury to the three Dutch burn centres were eligible. One interviewer conducted fourteen semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and coded by two independent researchers. Conclusions were drawn based on generalised statements on the concerned topics. ResultsFour overall themes in influencing factors were found, namely 1) motivation; including non-designated use and impaired judgement, 2) knowledge and education; including unknown product and properties and information overload, 3) risk perception; including poor recognisability of risks and preferred trial and error and 4) thresholds; including easy availability and unclear liability. ConclusionTrust in consumers may be over-estimated, as proper use cannot be expected. To prevent future bioethanol related burn incidents, thresholds for obtaining and using bioethanol should be increased, safe alternatives to ignite open fires and wood stoves should be provided and knowledge and warnings should be improved.

Self-care Behavior Based on Integrated Behavioral Model in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

There is limited research exploring the behavioral intentions, beliefs, and application of theoretical models in relation to self-care in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). This study aimed to identify the factors that influence self-care behavior in patients with AF. The study used an integrated behavioral model and collected data from 216 patients diagnosed with AF. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS/WIN 24.0 to verify the fit of the hypothesis model, confirm factor analysis, and the validity of the hypothesis itself. Self-care behavioral intention (β = 0.433, p < .001) and habit (β = 0.395, p = .005) had a significant direct effect, while instrumental attitude (β = 0.077, p = .045), injunctive norm (β = 0.084, p = .037), and self-efficacy (β = 0.249, p = .011) had a significant indirect effect on self-care behavior, explaining 64.4% of the variance. The final model validated the factors that impact self-care behavior in patients with AF, highlighting the importance of fostering positive recognition of instrumental attitude, bolstering social influence and self-efficacy through significant individuals to improve self-care behavior. It is recommended to create an intervention program that encourages intentions and motivations for self-care behavior and incorporates tactics to make self-care behavior a habit. The study's path diagram can serve as a conceptual framework for designing strategies to enhance self-care behavior in patients with AF.

Semantic speech analysis using machine learning and deep learning techniques: a comprehensive review

Human cognitive functions such as perception, attention, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving are all significantly influenced by emotion. Emotion has a particularly potent impact on attention, modifying its selectivity in particular and influencing behavior and action motivation. Artificial Emotional Intelligence (AEI) technologies enable computers to understand a user's emotional state and respond appropriately. These systems enable a realistic dialogue between people and machines. The current generation of adaptive user interference technologies is built on techniques from data analytics and machine learning (ML), namely deep learning (DL) artificial neural networks (ANN) from multimodal data, such as videos of facial expressions, stance, and gesture, voice, and bio-physiological data (such as eye movement, ECG, respiration, EEG, FMRT, EMG, eye tracking). In this study, we reviewed existing literature based on ML and data analytics techniques being used to detect emotions in speech. The efficacy of data analytics and ML techniques in this unique area of multimodal data processing and extracting emotions from speech. This study analyzes how emotional chatbots, facial expressions, images, and social media texts can be effective in detecting emotions. PRISMA methodology is used to review the existing survey. Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), Random Forests (RF), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Logistic Regression (LR), etc., are commonly used ML techniques for emotion extraction purposes. This study provides a new taxonomy about the application of ML in SER. The result shows that Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are found to be the most useful methodology for this purpose.

The Development Strategy of Voluntourism in Tourism Villages at Badung Regency

World tourism before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic showed positive growth, especially with the birth of new tourism products such as voluntourism. Badung as one of the tourist destinations in Bali has the opportunity to develop voluntourism. This research aims to determine the perceptions, and motivations of tourists, managers, and tourist village communities in Badung Regency to make voluntourism an alternative tourism, as well as formulate strategies for developing voluntourism to support tourism development. This research was designed using a qualitative approach through data collection and analysis using observation, questionnaires, interviews, and literature study. Data were analyzed to understand the relationship between the structure of the voluntourism implementation process between organizers, tourists, and the community, and the impact of the voluntourism program. This research is based on voluntourism theory, voluntourist perceptions, motivation, supply and demand for voluntourism, consumer behavior, alternative tourism, and sustainable tourism. These theories are the basis for explaining the research concept clearly and measurably regarding the views of tourists, the community, and organizers or implementers of voluntourism to make voluntourism alternative tourism under the principles of sustainable tourism development in Badung Regency. The results and discussion show that the perception of tourists, the community, and tourist village managers regarding the implementation of voluntourism in tourist villages in Badung Regency is positive because it provides benefits to the community; The motivation of tourists to make voluntourism an alternative tourism in tourist villages in Badung Regency is well received because it can combine various holiday activities and social work activities with the community in tourist villages in Badung Regency; voluntourism is becoming a new force as alternative tourism that provides real and positive multi-effect benefits to the community; and voluntourism is used as a new strategy. This research concludes that voluntourism can be accepted as a potential alternative to tourism because it provides positive benefits for the community and managers of tourist villages in Badung Regency, and can be used as a strategy to support sustainable tourism development in tourist villages in Badung Regency.

A comparative study of motivations driving EV purchases in different-tier Chinese cities

Prevailing literature has largely focused on the motivations driving electric vehicle (EV) purchase intention instead of actual purchase behaviour, with a predominant emphasis on consumers in more developed cities. However, these insights may not be applicable to consumers in less developed ones and do not account for the intention-behaviour gap. Aiming to understand the motivations for actual purchase behaviour, a questionnaire was sent to both existing EV owners and potential consumers in different-tier Chinese cities. Results indicate regional variations in the motivations for purchasing EVs and reveal the presence of the intention-behaviour gap. Specifically, consumers in high-tier cities (first-tier and second-tier cities) are mostly driven by social norms but restricted by reduction in expenditure; consumers in low-tier cities (third-tier cities and below) are driven by technological interests. Environmental protection, privilege, and convenience may increase the purchase intention, but do not directly lead to purchase behaviour. This study will help governments and manufacturers to focus on the intention–behaviour gap and the different motivations in various target markets to introduce more practical policies and more effective marketing strategies.

Methods of forming a responsible attitude to the system of professional values in future teachers

The article describes the method of forming a responsible attitude to the system of professional values in future teachers. The essence of a responsible attitude to professional pedagogical activity is manifested in: the future teacher's awareness of the value of his profession, his own place in the professional environment, the formation of motives for professional behavior; the teacher has integrated subject and psychological-pedagogical knowledge, formed professional abilities and skills, experience in the practical implementation of professional activities; skillful organization by the teacher of his activity and effective management of it; the teacher's abilities to analyze pedagogical situations and pedagogical reflection; feelings of satisfaction from the results of pedagogical activity, striving for creative implementation of the teacher's duties and overcoming difficulties on the way to professional development. In the process of teaching the educational disciplines «Pedagogy», «Methodology of educational work», «History of pedagogy», «Fundamentals of pedagogical mastery», the methodology of forming a responsible attitude to the system of pedagogical values in future teachers was introduced. The requirements for the teacher's professional competencies were analyzed on the basis of modern documents on education. We determined the content of the educational material, identified semantic connections between its elements. The development of the procedural component consisted in the study of professional experience, the performance of cognitive and practical tasks. In the process of organizing educational activities, both traditional (lectures, practical, laboratory classes) and interactive (group work, business games, problem-based learning, project method) forms of work were introduced.

Hospital health care workers’ use of facial protective equipment before the COVID-19 pandemic, implications for future policy

Prepandemic routine use of facial (respiratory and eye) protective equipment (FPE) by health care workers was suboptimal. Understanding factors affecting routine use would facilitate escalation to high level use during infectious disease emergencies. This study explored health care workers FPE-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Mixed methods were used in a respiratory ward and adult and pediatric emergency departments (EDs), prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design and thematic analysis were based on the theoretical domains framework. Emergent themes were categorized, using the COM-B behavior model, into capability(C), opportunity(O) and motivation(M), which influence behavior(B). 22 emergent themes, representing factors influencing FPE use, were mapped to theoretical domains framework domains. Personal experience and departmental cultures influenced motivation. Compared with respiratory ward staff, ED clinicians were less knowledgeable about FPE; the unique ED environment and culture inhibited opportunities and motivation for FPE use. Eye protection was infrequently used. Optimal FPE use is challenged by ED care models and settings. Changes are needed to translate pandemic-related improvements into routine care of other respiratory infections. This study identified key determinants of FPE behavior. A review of context-specific FPE guidance for ED by infection prevention and control professionals would help to promote practicable, sustainable compliance.

Mayor re-election and earnings management: evidence from Portuguese municipalities

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate whether Mayors in Portugal engage in earnings management close to zero with the motivation of re-election.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this study were annual financial information from Portuguese municipalities from 2005 to 2016, as well as data on elections and Mayor re-elections involving three political cycles. The methodologies employed were quantitative, including graphical and panel data regressions.FindingsThe results indicate that municipalities used discretionary accruals to engage in earnings management to report net earnings close to zero, and re-election seems to be a motivation for earnings management behaviour. Furthermore, the results suggest that municipalities in which the Mayor is re-elected are less likely to report positive net earnings close to zero.Originality/valueThis paper makes a valuable contribution to the literature on earnings management in municipalities. At the theoretical level, it makes it possible to identify whether re-election is a motivation for earnings management and, in this sense, to identify patterns of behaviour by managers. On a practical level, the knowledge of a manager's behaviour patterns will help to anticipate his or her future behaviour and, consequently, may prevent inefficiencies.

Effects of morality and reputation on sharing behaviors in human-robot teams.

The relationship between robots and humans is becoming increasingly close and will become an inseparable part of work and life with humans and robots working together. Sharing, which involves distributing goods between individuals and others, involves individuals as potential beneficiaries and the possibility of giving up the interests of others. In human teams, individual sharing behaviors are influenced by morality and reputation. However, the impact on individuals' sharing behaviors in human-robot collaborative teams remains unclear-individuals may consider morality and reputation differently when sharing with robot or human partners. In this study, three experiments were conducted using the dictator game paradigm, aiming to compare the effects and mechanisms of morality and reputation on sharing behaviors in human and human-robot teams. Experiment 1 involving 18 participants was conducted. Experiment 2 involving 74 participants was conducted. Experiment 3 involving 128 participants was conducted. Experiment 1 validated the differences in human sharing behaviors when the agents were robots and humans. Experiment 2 verifies that moral constraints and reputation constraints affect sharing behaviors in human-robot teams. Experiment 3 further reveals the mechanism of differences in sharing behaviors in human-robot teams, where reputation concern plays a mediating role in the impact of moral constraint on sharing behaviors, and the agent type plays a moderating role in the impact of moral constraint on reputation concern and sharing behaviors. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the interaction mechanism of human-robot teams. In the future, the formulation of human-robot collaborative team rules and the setting of interaction environments can consider the potential motivation of human behavior from both morality and reputation perspectives and achieve better work performance.

REGIONAL ECONOMY AND MARKETING OF TERRITORIES: THE METHODOLOGY OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Interdisciplinary research allows to receive versatile and more profound scientific knowledge about a complex natural phenomenon or an ambiguous event of social life by using approaches and methods of diverse branches of knowledge. The main condition of using these approaches and methods of diverse branches of knowledge in one and the same research is the generality of the object and the subject, the core purpose. For example, studying the motives of labor behavior we may combine approaches and methods of economy, sociology, psychology; studying the causes of agression we may use knowledge in biochemistry of primate brain along with the rest. In every single case the researcher builds a unique and original methodology of research. Quite often interdisciplinary research are made in adjacent fields of knowledge (economic theory, labor economy, management theory). Fields of knowledge that can be called interdisciplinary are based on interdisciplinary research. Regional economy is an interdisciplinary branch of science. Its structure includes knowledge of economy, sociology, geography, geology, etc. In this article the idea of amplification the interdisciplinary branch of science “Regional economy” by methods of marketing the territories is proved. This way of regional econo

Understanding Collective Gaze in Social Media

Based on the previous Panopticon theory, this paper proposes new perspectives to observe the gazing behaviors on social media, attempting to regard the onlookers as the gazers who watch and judge specific social issues in cyberspace. To explore the culture and behavioral characteristics of the gazers, this paper resorts to the Virtual Ethnography research method to construct a feasible interpretative model to understand and describe the definition of the collective gaze. This paper finds a dynamic relationship between the gazers and the gazees being gazed at, which can help figure out the mechanisms of the collective gaze, including the motivation of the gazing behaviors and the communication channels among the gazers. In addition, this paper finds that the impacts exerted by the collective gaze are quite complex after quantitative and qualitative analysis of the statistical data, images, and textual information obtained during the research. Overall, this paper provides a reasonable and understandable description of the new media landscape on social media brought by the collective gaze.