Mothers Work Research Articles

Features Of Anthropometric Indicators Of Children Of The First Year Of Life Born Of Mothers In The State Of Hypothyrozis

During pregnancy, all organs of the mother work more intensely, since they have to be responsible for the vital activity of not only the mother, but also the child. This also applies to the thyroid gland, which provides hormones to both mother and baby until he has formed his own endocrine system. The vital hormones for both are the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). A lack of these hormones, called hypothyroidism, can affect both the course of pregnancy and the health of the expectant mother and her baby. However, with constant medical supervision, pregnancy and natural childbirth with hypothyroidism are quite real. With full control and following all the recommendations of doctors, pregnancy and childbirth with hypothyroidism will go well.

ENEDINA ALVES MARQUES: PRIMEIRA ENGENHEIRA NEGRA DO BRASIL

Enedina Alves Marques was born on January 13, 1913. She was the only girl among 10 brothers. Daughter of a maid, she was raised in the family home for whom her mother worked. In 1927, she started studying at the Escola Normal where she attended until 1931, graduating from the Normal course (Formation Course for Primary teachers). She was the first woman and the first black woman to graduate in Civil Engineering in Brazil, challenging academic and social standards.

Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kelengkapan pemberian imunisasi dasar lengkap pada balita usia 9-18 bulan

Immunization is the process of introducing antibodies into the body. Giving immunizations to children should follow a predetermined schedule. But until now the problem of immunization still exists, many mothers who do not come to the posyandu provide immunization to their children. This is caused by various factors between her mother's work. Lack of mother's knowledge about immunization, the benefits of immunization, the dangers if the child is not immunized, and the side effects of vaccines that also cause fear of parents, are also one of the factors that influence the completeness of Complete Basic Immunization in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to the provision of complete basic immunization in infants aged 9-18 months in Wonosari Pringsewu year 2019. This type of quantitative research is an analytic research design with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all toddlers aged 9-18 months in the Wonosari village of 78 toddlers. The sampling technique uses total sampling. Analysis of the data used using the chi-square test. The results of data analysis and processing found that there is a relationship between maternal employment status and complete basic immunization completeness obtained p-value 0.001 (less than 0.05) with an odds ratio of 7.295 (22,511-2,364), there is a relationship between maternal education, and complete basic immunization completeness obtained 0.0002 (less than 0.05) with an odds ratio of 5.588 (15.849-1.970) and there is a relationship between knowledge and completeness of complete basic immunization obtained P-value 0,001 (less than 0.05) with an odds ratio of 9.553 (31.895-2.861). It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as information to improve the understanding and insight of toddlers' parents about complete basic immunization, so parents can behave actively in providing basic immunizations.

The Rate of Exclusive Breastfeeding Success on Working Mothers in Klaten Regency

Work is often the reason for mothers not to have the opportunity to give exclusively breastfeeding for 6 months to their babies. This reason is motivated by the lack of sufficient time to breastfeed or express milk. This is also experienced by breastfeeding mothers in the Klaten region who already have regulations on exclusive breastfeeding. This study aims to determine the large percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for working mothers in Klaten district. This study uses a categorical descriptive method involving 117 respondents. Primary data were collected from the midwife clinics of Ni'ma and Warsiti, the Belang Wetan posyandu, and several TKs in Klaten, which were included in the inclusion criteria. A total of 63 mothers (54%) who worked successfully gave exclusive breastfeeding to their children, while unsuccessful were 54 mothers (46%). The success rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the age group of 17-25 years was 14 subjects (11.97%), at the age of 26-35 years was 44 (37.61%) and at the age of 36-45 was 5 (4.27%). The educational background of successful working mothers is D4 / S1 of 21 subjects (17.95%). The occupational groups that succeeded in providing exclusive breastfeeding were Teachers (54.5%), Entrepreneurs (75%), Civil Servants (80%), BUMN Employees (66.7%), and Health Workers (90.9%). The percentage of success of exclusive breastfeeding for mothers who worked for ≤ 8 hours amounted to 57.1%, while mothers who worked> 8 hours amounted to 36.8%. The higher the level of mother's education, the higher the success rate of exclusive breastfeeding. The longer the mother works, the lower the success rate of exclusive breastfeeding.

Mums with cameras: Technological change, entrepreneurship and motherhood

This article examines the discursive framing of motherhood and entrepreneurship in the context of the Australian photography industry. Drawing on interviews with both male and female professional photographers, we analyse framings of ‘the mumtographer’ and ‘mums with cameras’. Moving beyond the emphasis in the extant literature on mother business owners in general, our analysis delineates an industry‐specific articulation of the mumpreneur and expands debates around the gender politics of the juxtaposition of entrepreneurship and motherhood. In doing so, we offer insights into the hitherto neglected dimensions of technological change and feminization informing constructions of mumpreneurship. We elucidate masculine constructions of mumpreneurship, adopted in part by female interviewees, and highlight women's understandings of their experiences in the industry as occurring in response to this masculine framing. In concluding we argue that this industry framing not only situates mumpreneurship as feminized practice but demonstrates a broader politicization of motherhood and entrepreneurship in which the entrepreneurial work of mothers is negated if not vilified.

“Good Mothers Work”: How Maternal Employment Shapes Women's Expectation of Work and Family in Contemporary Urban China

AbstractDrawing on 70 in‐depth interviews, I investigated how maternal employment shapes urban young Chinese women's work–family expectation in a context of rapid social change. These interviews indicated that respondents attached strong moral meaning to mothers’ wage work, regarding it as integral to a “good” mother and an “ideal” woman. This moralization of maternal employment, in turn, led contemporary young Chinese women to view wage work as a taken‐for‐granted choice. Yet different from their own mothers, these young women were confronted with profound transformation across various domains of the postreform Chinese society. The normative expectation of women's wage work, coupled with slow‐to‐change expectations about women's roles at home and in a changing labor market, intensified young women's burden of “doing it all.” This research highlights the importance of bringing the macro‐level context back into the mother–daughter dyad to understand the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs and behavior.

Mothers’ Age and Education Who Work in Health Facility Influenced Nutritive Feeding Choice

The health worker services are a role model. Activities breastfeeding decline when mothers started to work after maternity leave. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors relating to the mothers on the reproductive age who works in the hospital. The method of the research was quantitative with cross-sectional. The research used questioners and held on January-March 2020. Total sampling with 40 respondents. The result showed two variables were significant. There are the age of the mothers with p-value with the p 0.044 < 0.05 and the level of mother education with the p 0.045 <0.05. The reproductive age and education significantly positive for history giving exclusive breastfeeding. The mothers had chosen mix feeding for nutritive their babies. The environment did not support, even mothers have enough for their knowledge so they decided to give formula. Although mothers have high of the level of education still give mix feeding because of back to work, have no support on breastfeeding and facility where the mothers work. Conclusion the health services such as in the hospital should give the employee specialized women who had reproductive age to support for example facilities for the breast pump, maternity leave policy, and finally could be breastfeeding exclusively.

Socioeconomic inequalities in children's health-related quality of life according to weight status.

This study explores the association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Portuguese children according to their weight status. A total of 1215 primary school-aged children (mean age 8.78 years) from three Portuguese districts (Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra) were assessed during 2016/2017. Father and mother's education (low, medium, high) and work status (employed, unemployed/retired) were used as SEP indicators. Self-reported HRQoL was assessed with the KIDSCREEN-27. Height and weight were objectively measured and body mass index categorized in normal, overweight or obese. Age, sex, and district-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to estimate associations between SEP indicators and HRQoL dimensions, according to weight status. We found that 24.9% of children were categorized as having overweight/obesity. The mean scores of the Physical Well-Being, and School Environment dimensions of HRQoL were lower among children classified with overweight/obesity compared to children with normal weight (57.21 vs 54.11, P < .001 and 57.85 vs 56.04, P = .010, respectively). Father's education was significantly associated with all HRQoL dimensions in children with a normal weight, but the same was not observed among children presenting overweight/obesity. An increase in the level of maternal education was also significantly associated with all HRQoL dimensions among children classified with a normal weight, and only for the School Environment dimension among children classified with overweight/obesity. These results suggest the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in self-reported HRQoL from early age, particularly among children with normal weight.

The effectiveness of literacy stimulation model based on multisensory development of the results of DDST

This research aims to study the effectiveness of literacy stimulation model based on multisensory development of the results of DDST in PAUD Aster 36, Jember. This type of research is Quasi-experimental design which is a form of experimental research that uses a control group but the control group unfunctionally to control external variables that can influence it. DDST assessment was carried out before and after treatment both in children who were given literacy stimulation or not. The research instrument used was the REEDA sign observation sheet with SOP tools. Respondent distribution data included gender, toddler age, toddler parent education, toddler parent age, toddler mother's work, toddler body weight, toddler head circumference and toddler upper arm circumference size. The result is the development of toddler overall assessment using DDST before treatment belongs to the normal category with different percentages. Development of toddler overall assessment using DDST After treatment was included in the normal category, but there was no statistical difference (p-value = 0.083) between the control and treatment groups.

Adolescent problematic internet use and parental mediation: A Bangladeshi structured interview study

Internet-related problems such as excessive internet use, problematic internet use (PIU), and internet addiction, are becoming increasingly studied among Bangladeshi adult students, but there has been little research among adolescents. In Bangladesh, there has been no research examining the role of parental mediation in their children’s internet use. Therefore, the present structured interview study investigated Bangladeshi adolescent PIU and its associated socio-demographics, internet use behaviors, and the parental mediation role among 350 high school students residing in Dhaka. The results showed that 84 of adolescents (24.0%) were classified as having PIU (cut-off score of ≥ 50 on the Internet Addiction Test) and nine adolescents (2.6%) were classified as having a severe dependency on the internet (cut-off score of >80 on the Internet Addiction Test). According to hierarchical regression analysis, significant PIU correlates included lower academic results, both parents’ lower education, mother working outside the home, more than four days’ weekly internet use, more than two hours daily internet use, and active mediation. Additionally, internet use behaviors (i.e., internet use locations, devices, purposes, and applications) and parental internet mediation dimensions other than active mediation (i.e., restrictive mediation, active mediation internet safety, monitoring, and technical mediation) were significantly related to PIU in t-tests and correlation analysis respectively. However, they were non-significant in the hierarchical regression analysis when included into equation altogether. The present study’s findings will be helpful in developing country-level policymaking decisions and facilitating future research in the country.

Effect of Family Characteristics on Stunting Events in Toddlers Aged 6-59 Months

Stunting is defined as a chronic condition that is a picture of stunted growth due to lack of nutrition in the long run and or due to other problems. Stunting, especially in infants, can slow down both physical and mental development of children, so special attention is needed. Many factors influence the incidence of stunting, including family characteristics such as family economic status, mother's education, parents 'height and parents' level of knowledge about toddler nutrition. The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution and determinant of stunting based on family characteristics in toddlers aged 6-59 months. This type of research is quantitative with casecontrol design. The research sample was taken by consecutive sampling. The sample used in this study is the case and control group selected by case and control ratio of 1: 1. The case group consisted of mothers of toddlers aged 6 - 59 months who experienced stunting and the control group consisted of mothers of toddlers aged 6 - 59 months who did not experience stunting (normal). The results showed that maternal age affected stunting, mother's education did not affect stunting, mother's work did not affect stunting, mother's knowledge affected stunting, parental height affected stunting.

Transnationalizing lifelong learning: taking the standpoint of Chinese immigrant mothers

ABSTRACT This paper examines the dynamic intersection of lifelong learning, transnational migration and migrant motherhood by locating Chinese immigrant mothers’ transnational learning and mothering experience. It aims to understand how Chinese immigrant mothers learn mothering skills, reconstruct identities, and practise mothering in transnational spaces. Based on 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese immigrant mothers in Canada, this paper finds three major dimensions of immigrant mothers’ transnational lifelong learning practice: (1) the good mother/bad mother binary and motherhood learning; (2) lifelong learning within transnational families; and (3) learning mothering as transnational cultural capital. This paper argues that taking Chinese immigrant mothers’ learning and mothering experience as a standpoint is critical to view transnational lifelong learning as non-linear, fluid, and dynamic. This perspective could assist scholars to acknowledge the experience, identity, work, and knowledge of immigrant mothers, to highlight the intersectionality of race, gender, and class, critically analyse the public/private binary and the learning space of lifelong learners, to reflect on the relationship between learning, mothering and transnational cultural capital, and to examine the race, gender and class relations underlying the changing meanings of lifelong learning in the context of transnational migration.

Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno em crianças de 6 a 23 meses de idade

Introdução: O período entre a gestação e os 24 meses de idade corresponde ao momento de oportunidades para o desenvolvimento e crescimento da criança. Objetivo: Analisar fatores associados ao aleitamento materno (AM) em crianças de 6 a 23 meses. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado na Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra Poliomielite 2012 em Guarapuava-PR com crianças de 6-23 meses, totalizando uma amostra de 1.750 indivíduos. Para a identificação dos fatores associados ao AM foram construídos modelos de regressão de Poisson, obtendo-se Razões de Prevalências (RP) e Intervalos de Confiança (IC) de 95%. Modelos bivariados foram elaborados abrangendo cada uma das variáveis independentes e a variável dependente. Resultados: Os fatores independentes associados à interrupção do AM em 1.355 crianças foram: fazer uso de mamadeira (RP 4,74; IC 3,45-6,52), usar chupeta (RP 1,47; IC 1,30-1,66), não ser amamentada na primeira hora de vida (RP 1,14; IC 1,05-1,25) e a mãe trabalhar fora (RP 1,12; IC 1,01-1,24). A escolaridade materna inferior a oito anos foi um fator de proteção para a continuidade do AM (RP 0,88; IC 0,80-0,96). Conclusão: O uso de bicos, não ser amamentado na primeira hora de vida e o trabalho materno interferiram na continuidade do AM, a partir desse conhecimento é possível propor recomendações de ações de promoção do AM em nível local.

Rodzinne obowiązki kobiety w świetle katolickiego periodyku „Gazeta dla Kobiet” z lat 1918–1938

&lt;p&gt;Przedmiotem artykułu jest ukazanie zadań wobec rodziny stawianych kobietom aktywnym zawodowo przez redakcję poznańskiego czasopisma „Gazeta dla Kobiet”, które było przez wiele lat organem Związku Stowarzyszeń Kobiet Pracujących, natomiast od 1936 roku Katolickiego Związku Kobiet – centrali kobiecej Akcji Katolickiej. Analiza 21 roczników tego periodyku wykazała, że kobietę postrzegano jako organizatorkę codziennego życia domowego oraz wykonawczynię wszelkich czynności zapewniających byt najbliższym. Widziano w niej osobę troszczącą się o rozwój więzi małżeńskich i harmonijne układające się kontakty z dziećmi. Wymagano od niej umiejętności pielęgnowania niemowląt i racjonalnego wychowywania potomstwa. Uważano, że jako świadoma wyznawczyni religii katolickiej powinna wprowadzać córki i synów w praktyki tej wiary. Ponadto oczekiwano od niej dbałości o swój wygląd zewnętrzny, wykazywania się intuicją, mądrością życiową i dobrym nastrojem. Periodyk połowicznie akceptował zaangażowanie zawodowe kobiet, z jednej strony doceniał ich wkład w wzbogacanie budżetu rodzinnego, z drugiej – dostrzegał kolizję między rolą gospodyni, żony i matki a ich wielogodzinną pracą poza domem. Stojąc jednak na stanowisku utrzymania dotychczasowego modelu rodziny, dostrzegał dodatkowe pola aktywności pań domu, które umożliwiały im rozwijanie własnych zainteresowań w postaci angażowania się w prace kobiecych stowarzyszeń, głównie katolickich.&lt;/p&gt;

Do Mothers’ Status, Autonomy, and Parenting Style Influence Their Children’s Initiation Into Smoking and Alcohol Use?

This study uses the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey (CLHNS) data set and Cox proportional hazards models to determine whether factors relating to mothers’ status and autonomy, as well as other parenting and socioeconomic/sociodemographic variables, are associated with the early onset of children’s risky behaviors, namely smoking and drinking alcohol. We find that the women empowerment variables, especially those that have direct bearing on the mother–child relationship, have a significant effect in delaying or hastening the onset of risky behavior. Those factors that compete for the time spent in parenting, such as the mother working, hastens their children’s initiation into these risky habits. On the other hand, mothers’ involvement in household decision-making delays smoking in females.

A Division of Labor Perspective on Mothers Who Accompany Their Children’s Study—A Case Study of Student Guardianship among M Town’s Working Families

In modern society, female parents from different strata are involved in the process of constructing their motherhood through education. But mothers of different social classes have different ways of acting. Amid increasingly fierce educational competition, the mothers of ordinary working families move into the school neighborhood to look after their children as the college entrance examination (gaokao) approaches, and construct their “student guardian motherhood” status through their task of accompanying their children’s study. This paper takes as its subject mothers as student guardians in M Town, a typical gaokao community, providing a structural analysis of the features of such mothers’ educational labor and production relations from the perspective of gender and class. Seen in the light of the family’s gendered division of labor, the educational work of student guardian mothers is a new form of housework. In terms of the content of its division of labor, the student guardian work of mothers dedicated to their children’s well-being counts as “low-end” work, an overflow from links in the division of labor in school education. On the one hand, due to their lack of cultural capital, the relationship between parents and schools is one of “accompanying” and “submission.” On the other, these parents consciously keep their distance from “quality education” and form an organic compound with the schools’ efficient exam-centered education. The traditional Chinese idea of “hoping one’s sons become dragons” [achieve greatness] and the modern “child-centered” concept of nurturing jointly shape the image of student guardian mothers who work as service-oriented mothers in tandem with school education. The function of student guardians is not only the educational labor of “looking after the children” enjoined on middle- and lower-class female parents by the current division of education and social labor, but also an active and rational action strategy adopted by working class Chinese mothers striving for their children’s academic success.

Do the Integrated Health Posts Have Contextual Effect on Birth Weight? A Multilevel Evidence from Situbondo, East Java

Background: Low birth weight babies (LBW) are sensitive indicators of socioeconomic condi­tions and indirectly become a benchmark for ma­­ter­­­nal and child health. This study aimed to ana­ly­ze con­tex­tual effect of integrated health post and so­cio­­economic determinants on LBW in Situbondo. Subjects and Method: This was an ob­ser­­­­vational analytic study with a case control design. The study was con­­­ducted at the integrated health posts in the Asem­bagus Health Center. The study po­pu­lation was all infants aged 0-1 years. A sample of 150 infants with normal birthweight and 50 LBW was selected by simple random samp­­ling. The depen­dent variable was LBW. The in­­­­de­­­­pendents variables were maternal age, maternal edu­cation, maternal occu­­­­pation, mater­nal knowledge, family income, ex­po­­­­sure to ciga­rette smoke, and integrated health post strata. Data were ana­lyz­ed using multilevel multi­ple logistic reg­res­sion analysis using STATA 13. Results: The risk of LBW increased with mater­nal age <20 years or ≥35 years (b= 1.78; 95% CI= 0.83 to 2.73; p<0.001), low maternal education (b= 0.­93; 95% CI <0.01 to 1.86; p= 0.049), mother working out­side the home (b= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.26 to 2.22; p= 0.013), low family income (b= 1.33; 95% CI= 0.42 to 2.24; p= 0.004), low maternal know­­­ledge (b= 1.17; 95% CI= 0.13 to 2.21; p= 0.0­26), and high ciga­rette smoke expo­sure (b= 1.11; 95% CI= 0.­08 to 2.13; p= 0.035). Integrated health post has not con­textual effect on LBW with ICC= 0.­01%. Conclusion: The risk of LBW increases with maternal age <20 years or ≥35 years, low mater­nal education, low maternal education, mother working out­side the home, low family income, low maternal know­­­ledge, and high ciga­rette smoke exposure. Integrated health post has not con­textual effect on LBW. Keywords: low birthweight, socio-economic determinants, integrated health post Correspondence: Eti Kuswandari. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Su­ta­mi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Cen­tral Java. Email:­ eti­kus­­wandari.ek@gmail.com. Mobile: +62821­32­77­­0153. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 05(03): 275-286 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.03.06

Contextual Effect of the Integrated Health Post and Other Determinants on Completeness of Basic Child Immunization: A Multilevel Analysis Evidence from Jember, East Java

Background: Every year, more than 1.4 million children worldwide die from diseases that can be prevented by immunization. Immunization is still one of the most cost-effective preventive mea­su­res to reduce mortality and morbidity among child­ren. This study aimed to analyze the influ­ence of posyandu contextual and maternal cha­rac­teristics on the provision of complete basic im­mu­ni­za­tion in children aged 12-23 months. Subjects and Method: This was an observa­tional analytic study with a cross sectional design. The study was conduct­ed at 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) in Jember, East Java, Indonesia from Sep­tem­ber to October 2019. A sample of 200 mothers who had children aged 12-23 months was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was complete basic immunization. The independent variables were maternal education, maternal knowledge, parity, maternal em­ploy­ment status, family income, maternal attitude, family support, and contextual effect of pos­yandu. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel logistic regression analysis run on Stata 13. Results: Provision of complete basic immuniza­tion increased with maternal education ≥Senior high school (b= 2.99; 95% CI= 1.26 to 4.73; p= 0.001), good maternal knowledge (b= 1.93; 95% CI= 0.38 to 3.53; p= 0.018), family income ≥Rp 2,170,000 (b= 1.18; 95% CI= -0.15 to 2.50; p= 0.081), positive maternal attitude (b= 1.92; 95% CI= 0.45 to 3.39; p= 0.011), and strong family sup­port (b= 2.29; 95% CI= 0.62 to 3.96; p= 0.007). Complete basic immunization decreased with ma­ternal parity ≥3 (b= -1.35; 95% CI= -2.68 to -0.01; p= 0.048) and mother working outside the ho­me (b= -2.67; 95% CI= -4.49 to - 0.85; p= 0.004). Posyandu had contextual effect on the pro­vi­si­on of complete basic immunization in children aged 12-23 months with ICC= 23.65%. Conclusion: Provision of complete basic im­mu­nization increases with maternal education ≥Se­nior high school, good maternal knowledge, fa­mi­ly income ≥Rp 2,170,000, positive maternal at­titude, and strong family support. Complete basic immunization decreases with maternal parity ≥3 and mother working outside the home. Posyandu has contextual effect on the pro­vision of com­ple­te basic immunization in children. Keywords: basic immunization, children aged 12-23 months, integrated health post, multilevel analysis Correspondence: Revina Fiandany Erynda. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: revinaerynda@gmail.com . Mobile: 085­36­18­0003. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 154-166 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.05

Social demography and eating patterns to the risk of stunting

Stunting is a long-term manifestation of low-quality diet consumption factors, recurrent infectious diseases, and the environment. Stunting in infants needs special attention because it can hamper physical growth, mental development and health status in children. This study aims to determine the social demographic effects and feeding patterns on the risk of stunting. This research is a quantitative study with a retrospective cohort test design and using concetutive sampling. The total sample in this study were 177 case groups and 177 control groups. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire that caused stunting. Analysis of the data used in processing the questionnaire is chi square analysis and logistic regression analysis with an accuracy rate of 95%. As for testing the influence of factors using path analysis. Based on the results of the path analysis test it is known that the pattern of feeding (b = 0.213; SE = 0.034; p <0.001), gender (b = 0.095; SE = 0.50; p <0.001), number of working family members (b = 0.103; SE: 0.046, p <0.005), number family members (b = 0.028; SE = 0.023; p <0.001) and mother's work (b = 0.018; SE = 0.029; p <0.000) have a direct effect on stunting risk. which means that every increase in one unit of working mothers will affect the reduction in stunting. Meanwhile, mother's education has an indirect effect on stunting, but mother's education has a direct effect on feeding patterns (0.041; SE = 0.067; p <0.001). This study shows that the variables of gender, number of families, work of mothers, number of working families, and quality of life of children have a direct and significant effect on stunting risk, while mother's education has an indirect influence over dietary factors.

Early complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers

Data from the WHO in 2018 showed that babies received early complementary feeding as much as 69.8%. Most toddlers who received early complementary feeding had a 2.8 times risk of becoming stunted (Z score <-2). The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the provision of early complementary foods with the incidence of stunting in toddlers. This research was quantitative research using Interential Statistics method through a Cross Sectional approach. The population was stunting toddlers who were given early complementary food in Lelamase Village, Bima City in 2020 as many as 35 toddlers, sampling using the Total Sampling technique. Analysis using Chi Square test for Bivariate Analysis and Logistic Regression analysis for Multivariate Analysis. The results show that the variables that influence early complementary feeding with stunting was maternal knowledge with p-value = 0.000, maternal health condition with p-value = 0.024, local culture with p-value = 0.025, complementary food advertising and promotion of formula milk with p- value = 0.037, support for health workers p-value = 0.025. While the factors that did not affect the provision of early complementary food with stunting were the mother's work factor, p-value = 0.068 and maternal age, p-value = 0.043. The dominant factor that influences the provision of early complementary feeding with the incidence of stunting is the mother's knowledge of 110 times for toddlers who have mothers with less knowledge than toddlers who have good mothers. The provision of early complementary food to stunted toddlers was influenced by lack of maternal knowledge, poor maternal health conditions, local culture, complementary food advertising and promotion of formula milk and lack of support from health workers and the most dominant factors was mother's knowledge.