Mothers Work Research Articles

Mothers' Employment Participation: The Role of Partner Involvement and Selection Processes

AbstractObjectiveThis paper examines how a couple's division of housework and child care affects mothers' postnatal work hours, taking into account selection processes.BackgroundPast research on mothers' employment suggests that male partners' involvement in domestic work is positively associated with mothers' employment participation. However, it is unknown to what extent this association is driven by selection processes, rather than partner behavior. This paper examines whether selection processes may jointly determine a couple's division of domestic work and a mother's postnatal work hours, and therefore account for the relationship between partner involvement in domestic work and a mother's work hours.MethodUsing data from the 1991 to 2008 waves of the British Household Panel, this study employs structural equation modeling and fixed effects regression. The analyses account for multiple characteristics that may determine women's selection into egalitarian work–family arrangements.ResultsThe findings show that selection effects do indeed play a role: The male partner's involvement in housework and child care does not significantly affect most mothers' postnatal work hours when selection effects are taken into account. Only mothers who are highly disadvantaged on the labor market—those with low income and educational attainment—benefit from the partner's involvement in child care, but not housework, in terms of their postnatal employment.ConclusionMothers who are strongly disadvantaged on the labor market benefit most from family policies that encourage their partner's involvement in child care.

The Exposure of Gap Competence causes in Stunting Children Ages 0-12 Months in Makassar Indonesia: Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction, The parenting gap is believed to be one of the variables that influence stunting. The Objectivesof this study to identify gaps in care (feeding practices, care, hygiene, and treatment of children) andincidence of stunting. Method this study is a cross-sectional, conducted in March-June 2020 in Makassar CityIndonesia. The sample size was 82 people, of children aged 0-12 months. The data collectors are alumni ofapplied nutrition and dietetics degrees, trained for 2 days in health protocol, interviews, and anthropometry.The instrument in this study was developed from the UNICEF. The result, found that mothers and fathersgraduated from high school, 43% and 59.8%, respectively. The work of mothers as housewives is 84.1% andfathers are private employees as much as 36.6%. The parenting competency gap in the feeding practice ofchildren aged 0-6 months, 7-9 months, and 10-12 months is 20.9%, 71.79%, and 92.31%, respectively. Theresults of statistical analysis showed that there was an effect of parenting competency gaps on stunting (p= 0.000). The conclusion is that the parenting competency gap is proven to affect the incidence of stunting.The suggestion is that it is necessary to increase the capacity of mothers in child care practices/

The Effect of Gadget Use on Child Development: A Path Analysis Evidence from Melawi, West Kalimantan

Background: The use of gadgets in early childhood can affect the mental and physical deve­lop­ment of children. The Indonesian Pediatric Association (IDAI) estimates that 5-10% of children ex­perience developmental delays. Children's development is influenced by environmental factors, pa­rents, nutritional status, and the use of gadgets. This study aimed to analyze the effect of gadget use on child development in Melawi, West Kalimantan, using path analysis model. Subject and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted in Melawi, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, from August to September 2019. A total 200 children aged 3 to 5 years old was selected by fixed ex­posure sampling. The dependent variable was child development. The independent variables were gadget usage, maternal age, maternal education, maternal em­ploy­ment, family income, number of children, and family type. The data were collected by ques­tion­naire. The data were analyzed by path analysis run on Stata 13. Result: Child development was directly and positively affected by maternal aged ≥20 years old (b= 1.52; 95% CI= -0.29 to 3.35; p= 0.101), high maternal education (b=2.53; 95% CI=1.23 to 3.84; p<0.001), family income ≥Rp 2,288,000 (b= 1.38; 95% CI= 0.01 to 2.77; p= 0.049), and core family type (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.43 to 2.80; p= 0.008). Child development was directly and nega­tively affected by gadget use (b= -2.74; 95% CI= -3.99 to -1.49; p<0.001), mother working outside the house (b= -1.98; 95% CI= -3.06 to -0.90; p<0.001), and number of children >2 (b= -2.48; 95% CI= -3.67 to -1.29; p<0.001). Child development was indirectly affected by maternal education and maternal employment. Conclusion: Child development is directly and positively affected by maternal aged ≥20 years old, high maternal education, high family income, and core family type. Child development is directly and nega­tively affected by gadget use, mother working outside the house, and number of children >2. Child development is indirectly affected by maternal education and maternal employment. Keywords: gadget use, child development, path analysis Correspondence: Livia Calorina. Postgraduate of Public Health Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: liviacalorina41@gmail.com. Mobile: 081346595497 Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 111-120 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.12

Does the Integrated Health Post have Contextual Effect on Exclusive Breastfeeding? A Multilevel Evidence from Karanganyar, Central Java

Background: Breastfeeding provides amazing benefits for the health of the child and the mother. WHO and UNICEF suggest a mother should be able to practice and maintain exclusive breast­feeding during the first six months of her baby's life. This study aimed to analyze contextal effect of integrated health post on exclusive breastfeeding. Subjects and Method: This was cross sectional study conducted in 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) in Karanganyar, Central Java, from August to September 2019. A sample of 200 nursing lactating mothers who had children aged 7 to 12 months was selected by stratified random sampling. The dependent variable was exclusive breastfeeding. The independent variables were maternal age, education, occupation, type of birth delivery, knowledge, attitude, family support, and so­cial capital. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analysis by multilevel mul­ti­ple logistic regression with Stata 13. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding increased with maternal age 20 to 34 years (b= 2.38; 95% CI= 0.62 to 4.15; p= 0.008), maternal education ≥Senior high school (b= 1.64; 95% CI= 0.01 to 3.23; p= 0.049), good knowledge (b= 2.13; 95% CI= 0.41 to 3.86; p= 0.015), positive attitude (b= 1.67; 95% CI= 0.10 to 3.23; p= 0.036), strong family support (b= 1.58; 95% CI= 0.10 to 3.07; p= 0.036), and strong social capital (b= 1.64; 95% CI= 0.01 to 3.27; p= 0.049). Exclusive breast­fee­ding decreased with mother working outside the house (b= -3.54; 95% CI= -5.50 to -1.58; p<0.001) and sectio caesarea (b= -1.88; 95% CI= -3.58 to -3.58 to -0.19; p= 0.029). Integrated health post had strong contextual effect on exclusive breastfeeding with intra-class correlation (ICC)= 29.3%. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding increases with maternal age 20 to 34 years, high maternal education, good knowledge, positive attitude, strong family support, and strong social capital. Exclusive breast­fee­ding decreases with mother working outside the house and sectio caesarea. Integrated health post has strong contextual effect on exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: exclusive breastfeeding, multilevel analysis, posyandu Correspondence: Lathifah ‘Arub, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: lathifah.arub17@gmail.com. Mobile: 085789212539 Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(1): 100-110 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.01.11

Maternal Labor Supply: Perceived Returns, Constraints, and Social Norms

We design a new survey to elicit quantifiable, interpersonally comparable beliefs about pecuniary and non-pecuniary benefits and costs to maternal labor supply decisions, to study how beliefs vary across and within different groups in the population and to analyze how those beliefs relate to choices. In terms of pecuniary returns, mothers' (and fathers') later-life earnings are perceived to increase the more hours the mother works while her child is young. Similarly, respondents perceive higher non-pecuniary returns to children's cognitive and non-cognitive skills the more hours a mother works and the more time her child spends in childcare. Family outcomes on the other hand, such as the quality of the mother-child relationship and child satisfaction, are perceived to be the highest when the mother works part-time, which is also the option most respondents believe their friends and family would like them to choose. There is a large heterogeneity in the perceived availability of full-time childcare and relaxing constraints could substantially increase maternal labor supply. Importantly, it is perceptions about the non-pecuniary returns to maternal labor supply as well as beliefs about the opinions of friends and family that are found to be strong predictors of maternal labor supply decisions, while beliefs about labor market returns are not.

In the Shadow of the Crematorium: Son of Saul, The Grey Zone, and a Second-Generation Childhood

The following paper discusses and contrasts two films that both deal with true events: the survival of a child in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and the October 1944, revolt of the Sonderkommando (a group of Jewish men working in the gas chambers). The paper explores the implications of the differences between the two movies especially regarding the psychic world presupposed and envisioned by each. It also relates these visions to the world of the author's childhood which was lived with an internalized fantasy of her mother's work during the Holocaust –in the shadow of [RW1]the crematoriums as a member of the Canada Kommanda (a group of women who sorted prisoners' belongings in a bloc next to the Sonderkommando) and as a witness to the Sonderkommando's workings and revolt.

Is 'Employment During Motherhood' a 'Value Changing Experience'?

Does employment during motherhood change peoples preferences? We study whether the of employment during motherhood exerts an effect on attitudes towards gender norms, and more specifically, attitudes towards the impact of women's employment on children's wellbeing (which proxy traditional gender attitudes). Drawing on a large, representative and longitudinal data and an instrumental variable (IV) strategy that exploits a Bartik instrument for employment, we find that, that non-mothers who work and mothers who do not work are more likely to agree that pre-school children suffer if mothers work, which we proxy as having more traditional views. However, this is not the case when women both working and motherhood it does not significantly change women's attitudes. These results suggest that exogenous changes in employment during motherhood confirm individuals priors, and point towards the critical role of early life formation. That is, employment during motherhood is not a value changing experience but rather a value preserving experience. Hence, the so-called 'motherhood penalty' cannot be fully explained by a change in attitudes after employment during motherhood.

Losing Black Mothers, Finding Revolutionary Mothering

AbstractMy mother is losing her mother to Alzheimer's disease. Although my mother feels loss, I am connecting through my (maternal) grandmother to our ancestors, including a deceased father and paternal grandmother. I am also connecting to a daughter who has lost her mother, through a (maternal) grandmother who, through her loss of memory, is more open to kin networks than my mother. Through deepening connections to my maternal grandmother and to my daughter, I feel I am losing my mother. I look to revolutionary mothering as a way to reconnect shattered bonds and find lost mothers. This article honors the important work of Saidiya Hartman, Dorothy Roberts, and countless revolutionary mothers.

Применение средств исправления в отношении женщин, лишенных свободы и имеющих малолетних детей

The article analyzes the main remedies used in relation to sentenced to imprisonment women with young children, their role in the context of the correction of this category of convicts. The article considers the official statistics, domestic legislation and scientific literature on the topic of the work. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the statement on the lack of corrective impact in relation to convicted women with young children, to suggest ways to solve this problem. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the statistical method, analysis, synthesis, induction, system-structural and formal-logical methods. As a result of the work carried out, the main remedies applied to convicted mothers were studied: regime, educational work, labor, general education, vocational training and social influence. It has been established that there is a lack of corrective influence in relation to convicted women with young children, the main remedy applied to them is the regime. It is noted that the possibilities of work for convicted mothers in correctional institutions are decreasing, which reduces the effectiveness of their correction. It is imperative that the types of work in which convicted mothers are involved are as close to the labor market as possible. It has been established that the development of effective methods and forms of educational work with this category of convicts is required, among which the family direction of educational work should be in the first place. It seems important to intensify the activities of civil society institutions in order to provide assistance to convicted mothers. These decisions will have a positive corrective impact in relation to convicted women with young children. Conclusions are drawn about the significance of education for convicted mothers; the importance of developing a resocialization program for convicted mothers; the need to form a system of constant contacts between the convict and the child, the need to create a motherhood center. Key words: convicted women, young children, remedies, regime, educational work, labor, education, vocational training, social impact.

Relationship Between Mother's Knowledge Levels About Food Assisted With Association With Timeliness Of Giving

Complementary feeding should be given after the baby is 6 months old because it can provide great benefits to the baby (Kodrat, 2010). Factors that play an important role in preventing improper complementary feeding are the mother's knowledge and work factors. Mother's behavior in this case plays an important role in preventing improper complementary feeding so that it will reduce the risk of the baby experiencing digestive disorders and can have a stronger immune system. Some mothers do not provide complimentary foods on time. To find out the relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers about complementary foods with the timeliness of complementary feeding in the working area of ​​Puskesmas Caile. This type of research is a quantitative study using a non-experimental design using a cross-sectional approach. The sample of this study was 49 respondents who were taken by consecutive sampling method. The data analysis in this study used the chi-square test statistical test. Based on the results of univariate analysis, it is known that the knowledge of mothers about complementary feeding is at the most sufficient and good categories as many as 44 people (67.7%). And the timeliness of giving complementary foods was in the most precise category as many as 38 people (58.5%). The results of the analysis using the chi-square test obtained a significant value of 0.001 (p &lt;0.05). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers about complementary foods with breastfeeding and the timeliness of complementary feeding. And it is suggested that the hospital institution is expected to consider its implementation as nursing care regarding the relationship between the level of knowledge of mothers about complementary foods with breastfeeding and the timeliness of complementary feeding.

Paid and unpaid work during the Covid-19 pandemic: a study of the gendered division of domestic responsibilities during lockdown

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic and the strategies implemented to deal with it have had economic and societal repercussions all over the world. In India, a nationwide lockdown was initiated on 25 March 2020 which continued in a diluted form as we were conducting the interviews for the paper in July 2020. The lockdown brought activities outside the home to a standstill and people were expected to stay indoors in order to ensure social distancing and break the chain of infection. The lockdown sparked its own problems and triggered discussions on issues including economic hardship and domestic violence. The question of how domestic responsibilities are shared among adults in families has also come to the forefront of debate. As hired part-time help was discontinued under lockdown, parents who had hitherto outsourced childcare and housework were suddenly left to fend for themselves. This article attempts to explore the manner in which such unpaid domestic responsibilities, especially childcare, were shared between parents in middle-class homes. The gendered nature of this division of housework and care work, and its varied implications on the paid work and careers of mothers and fathers, is the focus of inquiry.

A Survey of the Mixed Use of He/She for Chinese Freshmen in English Majors

The mixed use of he/she in oral English is a hot topic in the field of second language acquisition in the past decades and the related study is numerous. However, there are few studies on the misuse of the two pronouns in oral English for English majors in Chinese universities. This study aims to explore the current situation and characteristics of he/she misuse in oral English of Chinese freshmen majoring in English and analyze the factors that cause the misuse, so as to arouse the learners&amp;rsquo; awareness of the error. This study focuses on two research questions: (1) What are the characteristics of he/she misuse in spoken English of Chinese freshmen majoring in English? (2) What are the reasons for the misuse? Based on the selected spoken language materials, this study explores the mixing types and error rate of he/she and analyzes the characteristics of the misuse through data. Through the questionnaire, this thesis study investigates the causes of the misuse. It is found that the mixed use of pronoun he/she is serious in the spoken language of English major freshmen, especially the misuse of &amp;ldquo;she&amp;rdquo; into &amp;ldquo;he&amp;rdquo;. The factors that cause the misuse are complex, involving mother tongue, attention distribution and working memory, pronunciation relationship, transfer of training, and social environment and personal factors, among which the analysis from articulatory phonetics deserves more attention.

Self-Medication Practices Among Mothers Having Children Under Five-Years

Background: Worldwide the practice of self medication among mothers for their children has been reported to increase daily. The use of available medication without doctor`s prescription can lead to its inappropriate use and serious adverse drug effect leading to poor health consequences for children. The aim of this present study is to assess the self-medication practices among mothers having children under-five years. A descriptive research design was utilized for this study. The study was conducted at the Out-Patient department of Alexandria University Children’s Hospital (AUCH) at EL-Shatby. The study sample comprised 400 mothers having children under-five years. One tool was used for data collection: Self medication practice of mother having children under-five years structure interview schedules. Results of the present study revealed that about two thirds of the study subject did not consult the pediatrician regarding common health problems specifically in cases of cough, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. There was a statistical significant association between mothers educational levels, work, residence, socio-economic level and number of children with the tendency to self medicate their child. Conclusion: the results of this study concluded that, more than two thirds of mothers self medicated their children without doctor consultation regarding common health problems in case of cough, vomiting, diarrhea and fever. In addition, one third of the mothers self medicated their children even with doctor consultation. Recommendations: The study highlights the need for an educational program, workshops and videos/booklets to improve mother practice regarding medication dose according age and weight of child by doctor consultation and educate the mothers about harmful impact of self medication practice on health consequences of children less than five years. Policy should be developed for advertisement of drugs to include discouragement of practice of self-medication

'Intelligent' lockdown, intelligent effects? Results from a survey on gender (in)equality in paid work, the division of childcare and household work, and quality of life among parents in the Netherlands during the Covid-19 lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic is more than a public health crisis. Lockdown measures have substantial societal effects, including a significant impact on parents with (young) children. Given the existence of persistent gender inequality prior to the pandemic, particularly among parents, it is crucial to study the societal impact of COVID-19 from a gender perspective. The objective of this paper is to use representative survey data gathered among Dutch parents in April 2020 to explore differences between mothers and fathers in three areas: paid work, the division of childcare and household tasks, and three dimensions of quality of life (leisure, work-life balance, relationship dynamics). Additionally, we explore whether changes take place in these dimensions by comparing the situation prior to the lockdown with the situation during the lockdown. We use descriptive methods (crosstabulations) supported by multivariate modelling (linear regression modelling for continuous outcomes; linear probability modelling (LPM) for binary outcomes (0/1 outcomes); and multinomial logits for multinomial outcomes) in a cross-sectional survey design. Results show that the way in which parents were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic reflects a complex gendered reality. Mothers work in essential occupations more often than fathers, report more adjustments of the times at which they work, and experience both more and less work pressure in comparison to before the lockdown. Moreover, mothers continue to do more childcare and household work than fathers, but some fathers report taking on greater shares of childcare and housework during the lockdown in comparison to before. Mothers also report a larger decline in leisure time than fathers. We find no gender differences in the propensity to work from home, in perceived work-life balance, or in relationship dynamics. In conclusion, we find that gender inequality in paid work, the division of childcare and household work, and the quality of life are evident during the first lockdown period. Specifically, we find evidence of an increase in gender inequality in relation to paid work and quality of life when comparing the situation prior to and during the lockdown, as well as a decrease in gender inequality in the division of childcare and household work. We conclude that the unique situation created by restrictive lockdown measures magnifies some gender inequalities while lessening others. The insights we provide offer key comparative evidence based on a representative, probability-based sample for understanding the broader impact of lockdown measures as we move forward in the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the limitations in this study is the cross-sectional design. Further study, in the form of a longitudinal design, will be crucial in investigating the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender inequality.

Universitarios y Confinamiento. Factores Socio-personales que Influyen en sus Niveles de Ansiedad y Empatía

El cierre de los centros educativos, incluidas las universidades, y la orden de estado de alarma, con el consiguiente confinamiento de la población, ha afectado a todos los niños, adolescentes y jóvenes del territorio español. No obstante, mientras la comprensible preocupación por el estado emocional de los niños ha sido evidente por parte de las instituciones y la sociedad en general, menos atención ha recibido la salud mental de los jóvenes universitarios confinados. En el presente artículo exploramos los niveles de ansiedad y empatía de una muestra de n = 124 universitarios, residentes en Aragón, a partir de las escalas Beck-II Depression Inventory (BDI-II) y Baron-Cohen y Wheelwright's Empathy Quotient (EQ), y de los factores socio-personales que les están influyendo durante el estado de alarma. Para ello, tras un análisis preliminar descriptivo y mediante correlaciones, aplicamos un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Los resultados muestran, por un lado, que el sexo del entrevistado, el tipo de hogar (personas con las que convive) y el aumento en el consumo de TV influyen en los niveles de ansiedad. Por otra parte, los niveles de empatía vienen condicionados por la situación laboral de la madre durante el confinamiento y el tener que ayudar a otras personas fuera del hogar.

Depressive symptoms and developmental change in mothers' emotion scaffolding: Links to children's self-regulation and academic readiness.

This study examined whether the mechanism linking changes in Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' depressive symptoms to children's subsequent self-regulation and academic readiness was via their emotion scaffolding when their children were 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Data included home interviews with adolescent mothers (N = 204), observations of mother-child interactions during a task that challenged children's abilities to manage their emotional arousal, and assessments of children's performance on measures of self-regulation and academic readiness. Adolescent mothers' higher depressive symptoms at child age 2 years were associated with a greater decline in mothers' emotion scaffolding from child age 2 to 5 years, which was subsequently linked to children's lower self-regulation and academic readiness at age 5. Possible implications from this line of work for adolescent mothers and their children are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Book Review: Mothers Work: Confronting the Mommy Wars, Raising Children, and Working for Social Change By Michelle Napierski-Prancl

Book Review: <i>Mothers Work: Confronting the Mommy Wars, Raising Children, and Working for Social Change</i> By Michelle Napierski-Prancl

An analysis of the nutritional status of left-behind children in rural China and the impact mechanisms of child malnutrition

With the rapid process of urbanization in China, a large wave of rural labor force has migrated to cities, leaving their children behind in villages. As a new vulnerable group, left-behind children’s nutrition is facing more uncertainties. This paper investigates how left-behind status affects child malnutrition including stunting and underweight, using China Health and Nutrition Survey datasets (2004–2015). The multivariate regression results show that children (0–15 years) with mother working out suffer higher hazards of stunting and underweight than non-left-behind children, which highlights the essential role of mother as a caregiver. In addition, this study also employs the structural equation model to illustrate the multilevel impact mechanisms. Child individual factors (age, gender) and parental genetic factors (height, weight) have direct effects on child stunting and underweight rates, whereas parents’ educational attainment influences indirectly through the mediator of family income and household living facilities.

Impact of Internet Pornography Use by Jordanian University students on perceiving its effects on self and others

This survey provides important insight into the usage of the Internet in general, and pornographic sites in particular, by Jordanian college students. Students were found to use the Internet regularly for many reasons – both instrumental and habitual. Use of the Internet to view pornography was relatively high – perhaps higher than might be expected in a conservative Muslim society. As for Predictors of Internet addiction and pornography use, It was found that three Internet habitual use levels, the specific university that one attends, and using pornographic sites were all valid predictors of Internet addiction. Four predictors were found regarding pornography use on the Internet: whether or not their mother worked, student gender, logging into pornographic sites, and Internet addiction. It seems clear that several key factors come into play with both Internet addiction and pornography use – and that they may be interrelated. Regarding uses of and gratifications from the Internet, it seems consistent with prior research that Internet addiction is a challenge for people of all stripes – both genders and people from different backgrounds. Specifically in relation to pornography addiction, results of Kraus and Rosenberg (2014) seem to be supported in that people seem to become addicted to pornography, especially men (as noted by Tsitsika et al., 2009). Of course, as Tsitsika et al. state, it cannot be determined if lesser use of pornographic sites by women is a real effect or the result of reporting bias. Although the current study does not address pornography in the West, it certainly bears some witness to pornography use in the more conservative Middle East. As in the West, and also in previous studies of the Middle East, despite cultural expectations, use of pornography seems to be quite prevalent. Again, as noted by Hald and Mulya (2013), men tend to consume significantly more pornography then women

Tax Credits for Child Care Increase Take-Up and May Help More Mothers Work

Tax Credits for Child Care Increase Take-Up and May Help More Mothers Work