Moscow Metro Research Articles

Application of automated monitoring using hydrostatic leveling sensors in the Moscow metro

The article discusses the experience of using a domestically manufactured «Monitron» automated hydrostatic leveling system for monitoring nearby structures during the construction of the Moscow Metro. Based on the real-time settlement measurements, the tunneling parameters and protective measures for existing buildings were optimized.

ЦИФРОВАЯ МОДЕЛЬ В СФЕРЕ ВНУТРЕННИХ И ВНЕШНИХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ

The purpose of the article is to develop an algorithm for a project to optimize the activities of the Moscow Metro State Unitary Enterprise using digital technologies. Methods: classification, systematization, economic analysis, observation, interviews, modeling. Algorithms have been developed for a new approach of interaction between the customer and government agencies and a project to improve the effectiveness of the digital transformation strategy. An assessment of the economic and managerial effectiveness of the proposed measures to improve the effectiveness of the digital transformation strategy was carried out. The conclusion is made: this project can have a positive impact on the results of the metro.

Using the node-place model on the example of Moscow metro stations

The policy of urban development focused on public transport involves the formation of high-density multifunctional areas within walking distance of passenger transport nodes. This practice has found application in Moscow, where the organization of transport hubs as multifunctional centers is being carried out - mainly on the basis of metro stations. Often the nodes are the actual centers of urban areas, so it is important to take into account the characteristics of the territories adjacent to the nodes and evaluate their interaction. As a tool for such an analysis, the empirical model "Node-Place" is proposed. It explores the relationship between transport security and the functional diversity of the territory. A number of heterogeneous indicators are combined into node and place indices, the values of which are plotted on a two-axis graph. The model assumes five "ideal-typical" situations indicating potential directions of development. Cases of using the model in Russia are unknown. The "Node-Place" model is tested on the example of eight stations of the Moscow Metro. Based on the experience of previous studies, some indicators are replaced to calculate the node index, taking into account local conditions. Difficulties with obtaining and verifying data for calculating the place index are noted. The model reveals two types of situations, which allows us to conclude that it can be used in Russian conditions to assess the development potential of territories around passenger transport hubs. It is possible to use the Node-Place model more widely at different scale levels based on the idea of a territorial optimum.

Factors affecting the emotions of Moscow Metro passengers

The article offers recommendations for the reconstruction and new design of Moscow underground structures, as well as recommendations for the emotional self-regulation of citizens moving on the underground. The recommendations are based on the analysis of existing developments as well as the results of research in the field of psychology of emotions, urban planning and architecture. The basic part of this work is the salutogenic approach to the design of the human environment. The process and results of the study on the satisfaction of Moscow residents and visitors to the underground are described. Negative factors of being underground were identified, such as large crowds of people, lack of sunlight and noise pollution. At the same time the negative factors were identified, both perceived and unconsidered by the respondents. Particular attention was paid to lighting as the most important aspect of maintaining both mental state and health in general.

Станция метро «Комсомольская-кольцевая»: рождение замысла

As part of the study “Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya Metro Station. The project of architect A.V. Shchusev”, the authors investigate the birth of the idea of one of the best Moscow’s metro stations. Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya is considered as part of the urban-planning ensemble of Komsomolskaya Square and as a kind of continuation of the architectural ensemble of Kazan railway station. The station was dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War and was created in the Russian style, reflecting the rise of the national consciousness of the winners. This dedication also left an imprint on its architecture and decoration. The Russian-style pro­jects brought Shchusev fame even before the October Revolution. After the revolution, the architect turned to this direction again in a number of his works, the last of which was Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya. Shchusev's participation in the creation of the Moscow Metro since the 1920s has also been considered, a number of metro facilities co-engineered by Shchusev have been identified. The new data present a completely different picture of the early metro station design.

«КНИГУ БОЛЬШЕ НЕ ЧИТАЮТ, ЕЕ ПОКАЗЫВАЮТ»

In the issue of P&I devoted to consumption Alexander Ivanov, the publisher of Prokhanov, Deleuze, Limonov, Mamardashvili, Sorokin, and Prilepin, talks about cultural bulimia, matsutake mushrooms, unsold Hannah Arendt, and catechesis literature in Moscow subway. Interview by Ekaterina Maksimova. For citation: Ivanov, A., Maksimova E.S. (2022). “The book is no longer read, it is shown”. Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies , 7 (4), 7–21. DOI: 10.18522/2415-8852-2022-4-7-21

МОНУМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ МОЗАИКА В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ПАВЛА ДМИТРИЕВИЧА КОРИНА

The Soviet period in Russian art marked by the large-scale construction of the Moscow Metro and, accordingly, is associated with the design of stations. The article discusses monumental mosaics created and designed by Pavel Dmitrievich Korin, a Soviet artist. The mosaics created both independently by the artist and in collaboration. The design of the national Moscow Metro importance and reflected the political mechanisms of construction the head of state. Such stations as «Komsomolskaya Koltsevaya», «Novoslobodskaya», «Paveletskaya» and «Smolenskaya» are considered. The mosaics are analyzed from the point of view of themes and their correspondence to the urban location of metro stations, color scheme, traditions used by the artist, features of the policy of the USSR and artistic techniques.

Improving the effectiveness of additional professional education of Metro transport security inspectors

Provision of railway transport and subways with qualified personnel is always in the sphere of close attention of specialists.On example of the Moscow Metro Security Service and in conditions educational regulatory framework modernization it is analyzed organizational, scientific and pedagogical activities during the period of new profession formation “Metro Transport security Inspector”.It is shown that the specifics of the work of a transport security inspector in the inspection area is the constant readiness for a sudden encounter with a danger of various kinds. In these conditions, important factors of successful activity are the psychological readiness to work in an extreme situation and practical experience of actions to protect facility from acts of terrorism.Evaluation methods and techniques are proposed which allow, on the one hand, to increase the skills level, and on the other hand, to assess the residual knowledge and abilities of employees in the form in form professional skill competitions and demonstration exam during internship.Evaluation methods allowing to assess the knowledge, skills and abilities of workers in form professional skill competitions and demonstration exam are proposed.Development trends of additional professional education for some professions of the transport security forces are analyzed.It was noted importance of the internship, which should become the final element of training (practice) in the relevant profession, as well as the basis for HR procedures (conclusions) to determine the professional suitability of trainees.The basic requirements for assessing the professional suitability of trainees for work as inspectors of the metro transport security are formulated.

Analysis of mechanized tunneling parameters to determine the overcutting characteristics

Tunneling in urban conditions requires costly measures, in order to ensure the safety of existing buildings. On average, there are up to 17–20 buildings per 1 km of Moscow Subway Lines under construction. Analysis and comparison of geotechnical monitoring data and results of geotechnical estimations for underground construction using cut-and-cover and tunneling methods in conditions of high-density urban area shows an unsatisfactory correlation between estimated and actual data. This can be described in the following way: insufficient geotechnical survey data; discrepancy between the accepted estimation model and the actual behavior of soil under load; insufficient qualification of the construction workers; and overcutting. The study was aimed at solving the urgent scientific and engineering problem of determining the characteristics of overcutting during mechanized tunnel boring. At the first stage, the investigations were aimed at identifying the key reasons and factors which determine the quantitative parameters of overcutting in urban underground construction by tunneling. These factors include the following: mismatch between the cutting diameter and the outer lining diameter; displacement of the soil mass in front of the face; incomplete grouting of voids beyond the lining; incomplete filling of beyond-shield voids with clay mortar or slow-curing grouting mortar or no filling at all; and human factor (low qualifications of personnel). The overcutting coefficient was determined on the basis of the proposed empirical dependence of its values with regard to the depth of tunneling. The experimental data allowed the depth dependence of the overcutting coefficient for different tunneling depths to be defined, as well as for tunnel diameters from 4 to 10 meters in the case of mechanized tunnel boring machine (TBM) using the earth pressure balanced tunneling method. The practical importance of the studies consists in determining the range of the empirical overcutting coefficient variation from 0.5 % (for TBMs with nominal diameter of 10 m) up to 5 % (for TBMs with nominal diameter of 4 m). The development of organizational measures and justification of process solutions, aimed at ensuring the safety of the existing buildings in conjunction with the scientific and technical support of underground construction has led to a shortening of tunneling time between the Okskaya and Nizhegorodskaya stations of Nekrasovskaya Line of Moscow Subway by about six months. It has also provided savings of about 2.5 billion rubles.

Численное моделирование геомеханических процессов при строительстве перегонных тоннелей Московского метрополитена

The largest megalopolis and the main business center of the country, the city of Moscow, is actively expanding from year to year. In this context, the Russian capital is faced with the challenge of developing and expanding its transport infrastructure. According to the 2021 construction plan of the Moscow Metro the total length of the lines will exceed 450 km, and the Big Circle Line will become one of the longest in the world. During the construction of new metro stations specialists face difficult engineering, geological and hydrogeological conditions. Reducing the risks and preventing accidents during underground construction is relying on accounting of all the levels of the excavation and construction works. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors that affect the choice and justification of underground construction technologies. The paper presents the objectives of geomechanical monitoring and measures for geomechanical safety of excavations. Numerical modeling of geomechanical processes during the construction of the running tunnels was made using the Map3D Software. The simulation considered a tunnel of circular cross-section passing through a non-uniform rock mass. The diameter of the cross-section was accepted to be 6 m with the depth of the driving tunnel varying from 15 to 35 m.

Use of Personal Protection Equipment by Moscow Subway Passengers under Conditions of COVID-19 Pandemic

The Subway is the most important means of transport in Moscow. The active flows of passengers in the metro can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases with airborne and contact mechanisms of transmission, including the coronavirus infection COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the level of adherence to the use of personal protective equipment (facial masks, gloves) by passengers of the Moscow Subway. Materials and methods. A prospective study based on a visual assessment of passengers in a rolling stock of the Moscow subway, with division into cohorts of those using masks and gloves (K1), using only masks (K2), using masks in violation of the rules of use (K3) and not using personal protection equipment (K4) was conducted. Observations were carried out during the 42nd and 43rd weeks of 2020 in various subway clusters with a division in time into morning, afternoon and evening hours. Additionally, passengers were ranked into groups by occupation during the trip. Statistical processing included the identification of frequencies, their 95 % confidence intervals. To compare the significance of differences in the prevalence of features in paired groups, the methods of 4-field tables (χ2 Pearson) were used. Results and discussion. 18053 observations were validated, covering 61.3 % of stations. Men accounted for 54.7 % (9867). During the observation period, the following shares were established: K1 – 5.2 % (95 % CI 4.9–5.5), K2 – 51.9 % (95 % CI 51.2–52.7), K3 – 26.9 (95 % CI 26.2–27.6), K4 – 16 % (95 % CI 15.4–16.6). The level of adherence to the proper use of PPE is significantly lower among men. Land lines have the lowest proportion of passengers using PPE. Among passengers using electronic devices and paper media, a higher proportion of those wearing masks with violation of the rules of use, compared to passengers without activities, was established. Among passengers using electronic devices, the proportion of those using gloves is the lowest. Within two weeks of follow-up, a significant increase in the frequency of PPE use was revealed.

Microbiological Characteristics of Some Stations of Moscow Subway.

Simple SummaryPublic transport facilities, including subway systems, provide the most suitable conditions for the transfer of microorganisms between people and the environment, contributing to the pathogenic potential of the urban habitat. Investigation of microbiome diversity and description of its characteristic properties, e.g., antibiotic-resistance profiles, leads to understanding of these interactions. In this study, we aimed to conduct an extended analysis of the bioaerosol and surface microbiome of the Moscow subway, using 16S rRNA gene sample sequencing and classical microbiology methods. The microbiomes of two subway stations (Novokosino and Cherkizovskaya) were reconstructed which differ in terms of passenger traffic and duration of exploitation. It was shown that most bacterial genera were ubiquitous; however, the unique genera were presented in aerosol samples. The relatively older Cherkizovskaya station possessed greater diversity in antibiotic resistance among the identified microorganisms compared to Novokosino station. We also provided a comparative analysis of these results with the previously published data, which allowed us to identify the distribution of microorganisms associated with the human microbiome and the environment regardless of the seasonal fluctuations. The obtained results provide valuable information on the diversity of bacterial communities in the Moscow subway, one of the most socially important facilities in metropolitan areas.The subway is one of the most actively used means of transport in the traffic infrastructure of large metropolitan areas. More than seven million passengers use the Moscow subway every day, which promotes the exchange of microorganisms between people and the surrounding subway environment. In this research, a study of the bacterial communities of two Moscow subway stations was conducted and the common subway microbiome was determined. However, there were differences in microbiological and antibiotic-resistance profiles, depending on the station. The station’s operational period since opening correlated with the taxonomic diversity and resistance of the identified bacteria. Moreover, differences between aerosol and surface bacterial communities were found at the two subway stations, indicating the importance of diversified sampling during the microbiome profiling of public areas. In this study, we also compared our data with previously published results obtained for the Moscow subway. Despite sample collection at different stations and seasons, we showed the presence of 15 common genera forming the core microbiome of the Moscow subway, which represents human commensal species, as well as widespread microorganisms from the surrounding environment.

Problems and prospects for the development of the Saint-Petersburg metro system

The Saint Petersburg Metro was opened on 15 November 1955. It is the second largest subway in Russia after the Moscow Metro. The St. Petersburg Metro has stagnated since the early 2000s. This causes many problems for the transport network, such as high congestion of surface transport, especially in new areas of the city where there is no underground line. Also, the misallocation of underground traffic, the small number of regular and interchange stations per multi-million city. And what stops the development of the St. Petersburg metro is insufficient state funding, inefficient budget spending and poor construction quality. Development plans are shifted in terms of timing and in the end remain only on paper. The solution to these problems will allow Saint Petersburg to distribute the load on the surface and underground transport network, improving the quality of life of residents of St. Petersburg. Also, metro is a cultural heritage, and exclusive technologies were used to build it back in the USSR, and the central stations have their own design code.

Организация движения поездов на Большой кольцевой линии Московского метрополитена после ввода в эксплуатацию всех участков кольца

The issues of organization of train traffic in the conditions of the opening of new stations on the Bolshaya Koltsevaya Line of the Moscow Metro in 2023 are considered.

УРАЛ ПРОТИВ ЮГА: ГУСЕНИЧНЫЙ ТРАКТОР В ВИЗУАЛЬНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ СССР ЭПОХИ ИНДУСТРИАЛИЗАЦИИ

The paper analyzes the role of the tractor as a visual symbol in the Soviet culture of the industrialization era, using a number of different cases including those of painting, photography, graphics, textual narratives, and presentations of material objects. The author shows that, originally, it was wheeled tractor that served as a visual symbol of the socialist transformation of the Soviet village, including both imported machines and those produced by Soviet factories in Leningrad. The start of industrialization and launching of facilities in Stalingrad and Kharkov led to changes in symbolic system: the wheeled tractor SKhTZ-15/30 (“international”) moved to the foreground. However, since the mid-1930s, the symbolic status transferred to the crawler tractor, which corresponded with the major trend of the Soviet economy of the period. Thus, the “Stalinets” tractors of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant started to dominate in the sphere of symbols, combining spectacular appearance, technological reputation of the plant, choice of name, and design solutions in regard for coloring. The paper examines the ways in which the “Stalinets” crawler assumed the leading role in the Soviet visual culture of the second half of the 1930s. However, in 1937, both Stalingrad and Kharkov plants launched their own mass-produced crawler under the name of SKhTZ-NATI. A sort of competition between crawler machines of the South and the Urals unfolded in the Soviet culture of the late 1930s – early 1940s. The author investigates the case by studying the presence of crawler tractors imagery in the decorations of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSHV) in 1939 and in the mosaics of Moscow Metro in 1943. The conclusion is made about the double character of the symbolism of crawler tractors, which served both as general symbols of the promoted success of the Soviet agriculture, and as manifestations of the industrial identity of particular enterprises, cities and territories.

ПРОЕКТ "ПОЕЗД ЕАЭС" КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ СИМВОЛИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО МАРКЕТИНГА: К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

Moscow metro trains dedicated to certain themes or persons constitute a unique cultural and historical phenomenon, whose history illustrates a very important, yet not enough studied issue, namely, branding of Russian urban rail transport as part of the state’s promotional campaigns and symbolic policy of the integration organization with the leading role of the Russian Federation. The author acknowledges the need for studying the role played by the themed “EAEU train”, which was launched in December 2019 to commemorate the 5-year anniversary of signing of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (29 May 2014), in the Eurasian Economic Union policy and the Eurasian aspects of the Russian symbolic policy. According to the author, such a project can be considered as a means of optimising the informational interaction between Russian authorities and the society within the Eurasian integration project and as a means of making the latter popular. Reffering to the question on the project performance evaluation, the author stresses the need for the special complex politological, sociological and marketing studies that would help to assess its perception by passengers of the Moscow subway and thus determine the effect of the project on the image of Eurasian Economic Union and Eurasian integration per se.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПЛАНА ПЕРЕВОЗОЧНОГО ПРОЦЕССА В УТРЕННИЙ ЧАС ПИК НА ЗАМКНУТОЙ БОЛЬШОЙ КОЛЬЦЕВОЙ ЛИНИИ МОСКОВСКОГО МЕТРОПОЛИТЕНА

The article analyzes the characteristics of the construction of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line (Large Circle Line) of the Moscow Metro from the point of view of the transportation process planning. The authors have studied the characteristics of all operating depots of the Moscow Metro that justify the plans for the construction of two new depots (Aminievsky and Nizhegorodsky), as well as the reconstruction of one of the existing depots (Zamoskvoretsky), located within the city limits of Moscow – inside the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD), in the vicinity of the Third Transport Ring and beyond. For the needs of modeling, the station-to-station length of the closed Bolshaya Koltsevaya line was measured, subject to the transfer of a train traffi c section from the Delovoy Tsentr station to the Khoroshevskaya station of the projected Rublyovo-Arkhangelskaya metro line. Based on the measurement fi ndings, the station-to-station travel times along the closed Bolshaya Koltsevaya line were calculated, which subsequently made it possible to determine the number of electric rolling stock units required to service the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line in the morning rush hour

ПОДХОДЫ К МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЮ ПАССАЖИРОПОТОКОВ В РАМКАХ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДСКИМИ РЕЛЬСОВЫМИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫМИ СИСТЕМАМИ

The emergence of a large number of transport interchange hubs, changes in megalopolis transport system’s confi guration leads to increasing number of passengers and changing in passenger fl ows using rail transport, which aff ects its functioning and requires consideration when creating and organizing 560 Интеллектуальные системы управления Автоматика на транспорте. № 4, том 7, декабрь 2021 the operation of an intelligent control system for urban rail transport systems. The analysis of the experience in the passenger fl ows study will make it possible to create new algorithms for forecasting passenger traffi c using modern technologies of agent-based modelling and technical vision. The article discusses a parking vehicles model, which allows to consider the factors aff ecting the duration of parking: passenger traffi c, platform unoccupied time, the number of passengers carried, the number of wagons in the train. The article develops structural and mathematical models of passenger fl ows of a transport interchange hub, designed to study the dynamics of an intelligent control system for urban rail transport systems. As an example, when constructing a mathematical model, the interaction of passenger fl ows within the Dmitrovskaya transport-interchange hub was considered, in which there is an intersection of passenger fl ows of three urban rail transport systems: a tramway station, Dmitrovskaya station, which is a station of the Riga direction of Moscow railway and a stopping point of the MCD-2 line of the Moscow Central Diameters, the Dmitrovskaya station of the Moscow Metro.

Integration of arts synthesis into subject-spatial design of the Moscow metro

The article analyzes the synthesis of monumental and decorative art in the design of metro stations, considers the issue of creating an underground space as a symbol of future happy life through the use of art elements, and raises the question of the future architectural design of the station interiors.

Функциональная структура комплекса систем управления движением поездов метрополитена

The main architectural aspects of metro train traffic control systems are presented. The structure of train traffic control processes is presented with the example of the State Unitary Enterprise “Moscow Metro” and the main tasks that need to be solved to achieve high levels of automation of train traffic control in subways are described. A functional structure of a complex of metro train traffic control systems is presented, covering the levels of organization and planning of train traffic, operational traffic control and direct executive systems. The relationship between objects of automation and remote control of train movement, devices of the operational level and systems of organization and planning of movement are shown. The necessity of re-equipping the metro with means of ensuring transport safety and linking them with traffic control systems such as: means of informing passengers, providing the possibility of promptly informing passengers both during normal operation of the transport system and in case of emergency situations, means of communication “passenger – control center (situation center)” is shown. The latter ensures interaction between passengers and operational personnel of the subway, and if necessary, video surveillance equipment that provides enhanced remote control of the current situation in the interior of rolling stock cars and on platforms. The use of complex systems for controlling the movement of trains in subways increases the efficiency of their use by increasing the throughput and carrying capacity, accurate fulfillment of the traffic schedule and the possibility of its rapid recovery in case of failures. At the same time, traffic safety increases by reducing the likelihood of dangerous train convergence , and also the energy consumption for train traction is reduced due to the choice of energy-optimal train control modes and the optimal distribution of travel time along the line by the criterion of minimum energy consumption for the duration of travel along the tracks