Morphometric Indices Research Articles

INTERMASTOID DISTANCE OF THE HUMAN SKULL: PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY

Sexual dimorphism of the mastoid processes of the temporal bones, namely their linear dimensions, size and shape, and the distance between them, are used in research aimed at determining the gender of the skulls. The distance between the mastoid processes is measured either as intermastoidale distance, or as the intermastoid lateral surface distance, IMLSD. Both indicators aff ect the determination of the sex of skulls better than linear dimensions. At the same time, in previous studies of gender diff erences in the intermastoid distance, the relationships between intermastoid distance and morphometric indicators characterizing the size of the skull were not taken into account. The purpose of the study: to establish the patterns of individual variability of the intermastoid lateral surface distance, namely, its relationship with the variability of the width of the skull base, the distance between asterions and the width of the cerebral cranium (transverse diameter of the skull). The study was conducted on 50 skulls (33 male and 17 female) from the craniological collection of the Department of Human Anatomy of KhNM U.It was established that the intermastoid lateral surface distance in men is signifi cantly greater than in women (M±: 127,4±5,6 and 118,5±3,5, respectively; p<0,05). This is explained by the larger size of the male skull compared to the female one and the peculiarities of the somatotypes of male and female organisms. In men, there are statistical relationships between the intermastoid lateral surface distance, on the one hand, and the width of the skull base (y=0.6x+56.5; r=0.6), the distance between asterions (y=0.5x+67.3; r=0.6), the transverse diameter of the skull (y=0.4x+72.3; r=0.4), on the other hand, are noticeable and statistically signifi cant (p<0.05), while in women they are much smaller (respectively, y=0.3x+87.6; r=0.3; y=0.3x+84.9; r=0.2; p<0.05; and y=0.4x+61.6; r=0.3, p>0.05). The shape of the skull does not aff ect the distance between the mastoid processes, both in men and in women.

Strut and radio-morphometric analysis of mandibular trabecular structure in pre-and post-menopausal women to aid in the diagnosis of osteoporosis

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to evaluate the mandibular trabecular pattern in pre- and postmenopausal age women. By analysing the strut, fractal, grey level co-occurrence matrix, and radio-morphometric indices in the panoramic radiograph. MethodPanoramic radiographs from 2019 to 2022 were used to assess pre- and postmenopausal women's bone mineral density. A total of 272 panoramic radiographs, which exhibited clear visibility of the mental foramen on both sides without any blurring, motion artefacts, surgical errors, overlapping hyoid bone, or inferior mandibular cortex, were divided into two groups. Group A (136 premenopausal women) and Group B (136 postmenopausal women). It is a retrospective study that is non-interventional/observational in design. Strut features, fractal dimensions, a grey-level co-occurrence matrix, and radio morphometric indices were used to investigate bone texture in an image processing program. The mean difference between group variables was calculated using an independent sample t-test/unpaired t-test. ResultsPre-menopausal women had a mean age of 38.83 ± 6.01 years, while postmenopausal women had a mean age of 68.26 ± 8.31 In the postmenopausal group Four regions of interest exhibited fractal dimensions with a P value of less than 0.01 and GLCM features including contrast (0.812), correlation (0.230), energy (0.215), and homogeneity (0.322). Strut features of the four regions showed that 15 of 19 characteristics were significantly different. ConclusionOrthopantomogram is useful in screening for osteoporosis. Strut, radio-morphometric indices, and fractal analysis can assess bone texture and quality. Future research incorporating artificial intelligence can revolutionize image analysis and support clinical decision-making.

Forensic Gender Prediction by Using Mandibular Morphometric Indices: A Panoramic Radiograph Study.

Aim and objective This study aims to assess the accuracy of gender estimation using gonial and antegonial angles and determine the gender of the given samples using gonial and antegonial angles. Introduction An essential component of the human skull, the mandible, exhibits sexual dimorphism, making it a valuable tool in forensic and anthropological investigations for detecting sex. This procedure can be especially difficult in situations where there are large numbers of casualties, natural disasters, or widely dispersed remains. The mandible is an accurate indicator of age and sex because it responds to patterns of growth. Sex determination through the gonial angle and antegonial angle involves analyzing the angles formed by the lower jaw bone in individuals. Examining these angles contributed to remarkable accuracy. Materials and methods A total of 500 samples, 250 male and 250 female panoramic radiographs, were carefully chosen for the study. The chosen samples ranged in age from 20 to 30 years. Orthophantomograms were measured in Planmeca software (Planmeca Romexis®, Version 6.0, USA INC.) and the descriptive statistics (paired t-test) were performed in SPSS Statistics version 16.0 (SPSS Inc. Released 2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.). Results Gonial angle for males obtained the highest value of 127.27±5.29, followed by females at 127.08±5.18. This was followed by the antegonial angle for males of 10.74±3.14, and the least value was obtained by females of 10.67±3.30. The p-value for the gonial angle showed no statistical significance for males or females (p=0.679). Antegonial angle showed statistical significance in both males (p=0.008) and females (p=0.001). Conclusion Among both the parameters considered, the antegonial angle showed significance in determining the gender of the given samples. Hence, to assess the accuracy of gender estimation, the antegonial angle can be used as a parameter.

Growth Performance and Immunity of Broilers Fed Sorghum-Soybean Meal Diets Supplemented with Phytases and Β-Mannanases.

Most grains and vegetable feedstuffs used in commercial poultry feed contain phytates and polysaccharides-non-starchy chemical structures that are not degraded by digestive tract enzymes. Exogenous enzymes optimize the use of dietary ingredients. This study aimed to determine whether combining β-mannanases (400 g/ton) and phytases in broiler sorghum-soybean diets could improve performance and immunity in broilers. Four diets were randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with two phytase levels (500 or 1500 FTU/kg) and β-mannanase supplementation (0-400 g/ton; 158 million units/kg minimum enzyme activity). Six replicate battery cages of 10 chicks were fed each diet ad libitum. To assess cellular and humoral immune responses, 10 birds per treatment were euthanized on day 21. Supplementation with β-mannanase enzymes led to increased body weight and a higher feed conversion index (FCI) (p < 0.05). The phytase factor improved the FCI at 1500 FTU/kg (p < 0.05). Supplementation with β-mannanases improved the immune response by increasing the IgA concentration in the duodenum (95%) and total serum immunoglobulins (p < 0.05). The morphometric index increased in all organs (p < 0.05), and the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio (HLR) decreased by 50% (p < 0.05). Supplementing broilers with β-mannanases in sorghum-soybean meal diets with phytases improved their performance and immunity.

Limits of Normal Indicators of the Amount of Formal Elements in the Blood of 3-month-old Rabbits

In our scientific research, several physiologically and biochemically important parameters were studied in the blood of 3-month-old rabbits: glucose hemostasis, pH-indicator and the amount of immune hemoglobin. In this experiment, we obtained interesting facts about hypoxia and physical loads, the initial changes in blood and their dynamics during the joint application of these factors. We considered that in the experimental work carried out in this direction, it is also important to study the quantitative changes of the main morphological (cellular) structures-shaped elements in the blood of 3-month-old rabbits in the above-mentioned experimental models. From the obtained results, it became clear that the physiological necessity of neither leukocytes, nor lymphocytes, nor monocytes to strengthen the body’s immune defense system during such physical loads is almost too weak, this was confirmed in a number of experiments. This is also shown by our research work. However, a number of experimental evidence show that very high motor activity can lead to a more or less increase in the number of platelets in the animal body. Due to the increase of erythrocytes and platelets, hematological parameters such as hematocrit and thrombocrit can also increase. In the latter version of this study, we induced 3-month-old rabbits to perform a 10-min act of treadmill running immediately after 20 min of severe hypoxic exposure. It is very interesting that in the first hours of the experiment, the shape elements of the blood and other morphometric indicators (hemotocrit and thrombocrit levels) were manifested in 3-month-old rabbits only within the limits of changes that occurred when severe hypoxia was applied. Therefore, it can be concluded that hypoxia is the factor affecting blood and its composition in a complex experimental model such as hypoxia + physical load.

L-Carvone from Mentha spicata L. Leaves Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Hypertrophy in the Isoproterenol-Induced Rat Model of Cardiac Hypertrophy

The effect of L-Carvone (a natural monoterpene from Mentha spicata L., leaves) in cardiac hypertrophy caused by isoproterenol administration was investigated. Male rats (Wistar) were divided into five groups: Control, diseased, diseased rats with losartan, diseased rats with low-dose L-Carvone, and high-dose L-Carvone. Rats were injected with isoproterenol (5 mg/kg) for 30 days to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Then, simultaneously with Losartan (15 mg/kg), L-Carvone was administered orally at a dosage of 25 mg/kg (low dose) and 100 mg/kg (high dose) treatment. The cardioprotective effect of L-Carvone was evaluated by examining the heart morphometric indices, and ECG analyses. Chronic isoproterenol administration resulted in changes in morphometric indices of the heart, ECG tracings, biochemical parameters such as tissue glucose, proteins, lipid profiles, serum cardiac markers, antioxidants, and histopathological integrity of the heart tissue. When compared with the isoproterenol group, L-Carvone administrated for 30 days ameliorated all these changes in rats significantly (p &lt; 0.05). L-Carvone adequately averted chronic cardiac hypertrophy, most probably through its antioxidant potential.

Evaluation of tectonic activity using morphometric indices: Study of the case of Taïliloute ridge (middle-Atlas region, Morocco)

In the Middle Atlas region, the Tizi N'Teghtène Fault System is a network of faults inherited from the Hercynian orogeny, which operated as normal faults during the Jurassic and reverse faults since the Miocene. The issue at hand is whether this fault system continues to be active today. To address this concern, focus has been placed on a central portion of the Tizi N'Teghtene Fault System, specifically the anticlinal ridge of Taïliloute. Determining the tectonically active segments of this ridge is crucial for structural analysis and the Quaternary evolution of this mountain chain. To achieve this, morphometric indices related to the evolution of watersheds and their streams have been employed. These indices include hypsometry, elongation ratio (Re), drainage asymmetry factor (AF), and the elongation profiles of various watercourses. These indicators provide insights into the degree of active longitudinal growth of the Taïliloute ridge. These parameters were determined through satellite image analysis using suitable software and geographic information systems (GIS). Tectonic activity analyses reveal that both flanks of this ridge exhibit ongoing tectonic activity, marked by the occurrence of normal faults and strike-slip faults during the Quaternary phase of the Alpine orogeny. It is concluded that the Tizi N'Teghtene Fault system remains tectonically active. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the ongoing tectonic activities within the Tizi N'Teghtene Fault System, a matter of geological significance. By employing morphometric indices ad modern satellite image analysis techniques, a methodological innovation is presented by this study in assessing tectonic activity in mountainous regions. These results provide valuable insights into structural dynamics of the Middle Atlas, aiding in the understanding of its geological evolution. Furthermore, this research can have broader applications in seismic hazard assessment and land use planning, making it relevant beyond the immediate geographical boundaries of the study area.

The utility of non‐lethal morphometrics to evaluate fish condition

AbstractThe condition of fish relates to their energy reserves, and a suite of proxies exist to approximate condition, including biochemical and morphometric indices. Biochemical indices directly measure energy stores but are expensive and sometimes lethal. Morphometrics offer several advantages, but their utility as condition proxies is debated and largely untested experimentally. Here, we manipulated the condition of yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis, Günther, 1859) via food reduction to simulate the effect of poor habitat quality and calculated a variety of condition indices through time. We measured four non‐lethal morphometrics (Fulton's K, Le Cren's relative condition, width‐to‐length ratio and girth), the hepatosomatic index and a biochemical benchmark (liver lipid content). Girth and width‐to‐length ratio were reasonably well correlated with lipid content (R2 = 0.74 and 0.56, respectively). The hepatosomatic index was only weakly or uncorrelated to other indices, including lipid content (R2 = 0.35). Where precise estimates of body condition are not needed or repeat measures on the same individual are useful, non‐lethal morphometrics provide a fast, cheap and non‐lethal alternative to biochemical and lethal morphometric methods for this species. We finish by outlining how artificial intelligence‐based automation can be combined with morphometrics to further enhance ethical monitoring by eliminating the need to capture and handle fish entirely.

Associations of hearing loss and structural changes in specific cortical regions: a Mendelian randomization study.

Previous studies have suggested a correlation between hearing loss (HL) and cortical alterations, but the specific brain regions that may be affected are unknown. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for 3 subtypes of HL phenotypes, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), conductive hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss, were selected as exposures, and GWAS data for brain structure-related traits were selected as outcomes. The inverse variance weighted method was used as the main estimation method. Negative associations were identified between genetically predicted SNHL and brain morphometric indicators (cortical surface area, cortical thickness, or volume of subcortical structures) in specific brain regions, including the bankssts (β = -0.006mm, P = 0.016), entorhinal cortex (β = -4.856mm2, P = 0.029), and hippocampus (β = -24.819cm3, P = 0.045), as well as in brain regions functionally associated with visual perception, including the pericalcarine (β = -10.009cm3, P = 0.013). Adaptive changes and functional remodeling of brain structures occur in patients with genetically predicted HL. Brain regions functionally associated with auditory perception, visual perception, and memory function are the main brain regions vulnerable in HL.

Ontogenesis of a rare Russian plant &lt;i&gt;Chephalaria litvinovii&lt;/i&gt; Bobrov (Caprifoliaceae Juss.) in the Penza Region

This article examines the features of ontogenesis, the formation of biomorphs (in the ontogenetic aspect) and the phytocoenotic confinement in the Penza Region of a rare plant of Russia endemic Chephalaria litvinovii Bobrov. Field research methods are complemented by a laboratory experiment on the effect of low positive temperatures on the germination of achenes. The conducted studies showed that the individual development of individuals of this species includes 4 periods and 9 ontogenetic states, the morphometric indicators of which are presented in the work. It is shown how the monocentric biomorph of this caudex polycarpic in the old generative age state is replaced by an implicitly polycentric one due to the formation of hypogeogenic rhizomes. The stimulating effect of a temperature of +2°C for 2 weeks on the germination of achenes is shown. There is a phytocoenotic association of C. litvinovii with swampy, and, less often, true and steppe meadows in river floodplains, as well as in forest clearings and edges. The obtained materials can serve as a basis for the development of more effective measures for the protection of the species, including in cultural conditions during introduction in botanical gardens.

Associations between allelic differences of the fifth group chromosome loci and a complex of agronomically valuable traits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aim. Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat lines by agronomically relevant traits and detection of asso- ciations between their expression level and allelic differences of microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes. Methods. Phenological observations, morphometric indicators, and elements of crop structure. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was carried out in Microsoft Excel. The significance of the difference between samples was assessed by Fisher’s F test. A difference of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all indicators. Results. The poly- morphism of the parental genotypes and the population of 47 recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) F7 from the crossing of the winter wheat varieties Luzanivka odeska and Odeska chervonokolosa over three years (2016–2018) in conditions of the Southern Steppe (Odesa) was evaluated according to eight characteristics: duration of a period prior to heading, plant height, productive tillering, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand-grain weight, productive tiller number per unit area and grain yield. The comparison of the data of line evaluation by agronomic traits against the data of microsatellite analysis of lines by 14 microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes demonstrated the associations between several loci and grain yield and between two loci and plant height. Conclusions. The changes in grain yield in the most unfavorable year, 2018, were associated with allelic differences of lines at locus Xbarc319- 5A, and in the most favorable year, 2017, – with another locus of chromosome 5A, Xbarc330-5A. In both cases, the lines that had an allele from Odeska chervonokolosa were characterized by a significantly higher level of grain yield compared to the lines that had an allele from the Luzanivka odeska variety. There are at least two QTLs on 5B chromo- some, associated with winter wheat grain yield in favorable growing years. The first of them is located in the region of locus Xbarc88-5B, and the second – in the region of loci Xwmc415-5B, Xgpw3191-5B, and Xcfd7-5B. Based on the alleles of the specified microsatellite loci, which are linked QTLs of grain yield, it is possible to select genotypes at the early stages of selection that will give a higher yield in years with favorable conditions for growing wheat.

Morphometric investigation of the effects of Azoxymethane, Diallyl disulfide and corn oil use on humerus and femur development in rats

The study aimed to examine the effects of Azoxymethane (AOM), Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), and corn oil on the humerus and femur in rats. In the study, 40 male Wistar Albino rats, 12 weeks old, were used. The animals were divided into four different groups (Control, AOM, DADS and Corn oil). After the experimental period, all animals were anesthetized and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Humerus and femur from long bones resected from all animal groups. The maximum length, proximal width, distal width, diaphysis diameter, cortex thickness and cavum medullare diameter of the bones were measured. After the morphometric measurements index 1, index 2, robusticity index, and bone weight/bone length index were calculated for the bones. No difference was observed in the morphometric measurements and indices performed on the humerus. A statistical difference in proximal width and robusticity index was detected between the groups in the femur. A difference was observed between the AOM group and the Control/corn oil groups in proximal width. A difference was detected between the AOM group and the Control group in the robustness index, and it was determined that AOM caused a decrease in density and strength in bones. It is thought that the findings obtained in this study will contribute to the evaluation of the effects of cancer research using AOM on bones in rats.

Morphological characteristics of the kidneys of mature dogs (Canis Lupus Familiaris L., 1758)

Each biological species of animals is unique in its structure, which is due to the uniqueness of ecological habitats and the peculiarities of adaptation of homeostasis mechanisms to the influence of environmental factors. Subtle differences in the structural and functional components of organs found in different species of animals create a clear architecture for understanding the depth of biological processes. Research of species, breed and age macro- and microanatomical structures and their morphometric indicators of organs and systems should be considered as urgent tasks of modern morphology. The new data on the morphological indicators of organs discovered at the macro- and micro-levels make a certain contribution to the age-related, breed-related, comparative, experimental and clinical morphology of mammals. Urinary organs in the body of mammals play one of the leading roles in maintaining the physiological and biochemical status of the organism and homeostasis as a whole, which largely depends directly on the morphological and functional state of these organs. Increasingly, there is a need for comprehensive scientific studies of various departments of the urinary organs. The scientific article uses material that is a fragment of the planned research work of the department of normal and pathological morphology, hygiene and expertise “Development, morphology and histochemistry of animal organs in normal and pathological conditions”, state registration number 0120U100796. The article contains the results of the morphometric characteristics of the kidneys of sexually mature dogs – Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758. During the implementation of this work, complex research methods were applied: anatomical, histological, morphometric and statistical. For histological examination, a fragment of kidneys was selected, they were fixed in 10 % neutral formalin solution, Carnois and Buena fluid. In the future, dehydration was carried out in alcohols of increasing concentration and the procedure for sealing the organ was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Using a sled microtome, histological sections with a thickness of 7–10 μm were obtained. Processing of the results of histological sections was examined under a “Micros” light microscope with a digital camera at a magnification of × 100–400. The morphological study of the structural organs of the urinary system was studied on histological sections by the method of light microscopy in accordance with the requirements of the international principles of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used in Experiments and Other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986), by the decision of the First National Congress on Bioethics (M. Kyiv, 2001), Law of Ukraine No. 692 “On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment” (3447-IV) dated February 21, 2006. According to the histological structure, the kidneys of dogs are represented by renal corpuscles and renal tubules, which are made of epithelial cells. Organometric studies indicate that the absolute mass of kidneys in sexually mature dogs is 119.8 ± 6.48 g, relative – 0.74 ± 0.04 %. Morphometric studies of the kidney parenchyma in dogs have established that the average area of renal corpuscles is 4.89 ± 0.24 thousand μm², the area of the vascular glomerulus is 3.79 ± 0.18 thousand μm², the area of the Shumlyansky-Bowman capsule lumen is 1.12 ± 0.27 thousand μm². The average volume of renal bodies of the cortical substance is 1265.69 ± 239.34 thousand μm³. The number of renal corpuscles per conventional unit of area (5 mm²) is 20.8 ± 0.6 units. The aim of the work was to investigate the peculiarities of the morphogistological structure of the kidneys of sexually mature dogs. The research results will expand information about the morphological structure, and will serve for the development of issues of physiology, pathology and treatment of diseases of the urinary organs.

Features of fat body development in the body of honey bees

The fat body is considered an organ that contains a conglomerate of proteins and fats and acts similar to the liver of mammals. It is loose tissue that is involved in some metabolic functions. One of these functions is to store and release energy in response to energy needs. The article presents data on the development of trophocytes of the fat body of the honey bee and factors that affect the process of lipolysis and lipogenesis. These processes are related to the technological methods of keeping bee colonies. The purpose of the work was to study patterns and factors that affect the growth and development of the structural elements of the fat body. For this, honeycombs with sealed brood were taken from the nest for incubation. After leaving the cells, the selected bees were placed in the nest of the bee colony. Marked bees were selected every 3 days. Histological preparations of various parts of the fat body were studied up to 21 days inclusive. According to research, trophocytes differ from enocytes in their larger size. These rounded cells have a distinct membrane and granular cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, mostly oval-shaped vacuoles were found, which are filled with energetic and plastic substances, while others are empty. The age-related dynamics of the length of fat body trophocytes was studied. It was found that at the exit from the cell, they are the smallest and amount to an average of 50.12 ± 3.18 μm. With an increase in the activity of enzymes of the intestinal tract, an increase in the morphometric indicators of fat cells is observed. The maximum indicators of the length of trophocytes of the pericardial zone of the fat body were found in 15 daily bees. Measurement of the length of fat cells during this period shows that compared to diurnal bees, trophocytes are larger by 34.6 % (Р &lt; 0.001). After 14 days, a gradual regression of the morphometric indicators of trophocytes is noted. The article analyzes the role of the fat body in the life of the honey bee.

The effects of diet-shifting from invertebrates towards fruit on the condition of autumn-migrant Catharus thrushes.

Migration is an energetically challenging and risky life history stage for many animals, but could be supported by dietary choices en route, which may create opportunities to improve body and physiological condition. However, proposed benefits of diet shifts, such as between seasonally available invertebrates and fruits, have received limited investigation in free-living animals. We quantified diet composition and magnitude of autumn diet shifts over two time periods in two closely-related species of migratory songbirds on stopover in the northeastern U.S. (Swainson's thrush [Catharus ustulatus], long-distance migrant, N = 83; hermit thrush [C. guttatus], short-distance migrant, N = 79) and used piecewise structural equation models to evaluate the relationships among (1) migration timing, (2) dietary behavior, and (3) morphometric and physiological condition indices. Tissue isotope composition indicated that both species shifted towards greater fruit consumption. Larger shifts in recent weeks corresponded to higher body condition in Swainson's, but not hermit thrushes, and condition was more heavily influenced by capture date in Swainson's thrushes. Presence of "high-antioxidant" fruits in fecal samples was unrelated to condition in Swainson's thrushes and negatively related to multiple condition indices in hermit thrushes, possibly indicating the value of fruits during migration is related more to their energy and/or macronutrient content than antioxidant content. Our results suggest that increased frugivory during autumn migration can support condition, but those benefits might depend on migration strategy: a longer-distance, more capital-dependent migration strategy could require stricter regulation of body condition aided by increased fruit consumption.

Differences in morphometric parameters of the lower third of the face and neck in men and women

The purpose of the study: to study the morphometric parameters of lower third of the face and neck in men and women to identify the points of application of surgical correction of lower third of the face and neck.Material and methods. A study of 100 computed tomograms of the head of Europeans (50 men and women) was conducted using the Vitrea Core program (Netherlands). During the study of the material, the main morphometric parameters of the lower third of the face and neck were determined and analyzed. Statistical data processing was carried out using the StatTech v. 3.0.9 program (Stattech LLC, Kazan, Russia).Results. When studying 100 computed tomograms of the head of Europeans, the main morphometric indicators of the lower third of the face and neck were determined. Characteristic differences in the anatomical structure of the studied computed tomography of the heads of men and women were revealed. It was revealed that the significant difference in the length of the face (from the border of hair growth on the forehead to the lower point of the chin) in men is on average 12.4 mm greater than in women. The significant difference in the height of the lower part of the face (from the border of the nasal septum and the skin of the upper lip to the lower point of the chin) of men and women is on average 10.60 mm. The significant difference in height from the deepest point of the nose root to the lowest point of the chin of men and women is on average (12.23 ± 9.48) mm. The significant difference in width between the projections of the bases of the coronal processes in men is on average 5.10 mm greater than in women. The significant difference in the distance between the gonial angles of men and women is on average 9.85 mm. The significant difference in chin height between the central incisors in men is on average 5.00 mm greater than in women. The significant difference in the length of half of the body of the lower jaw (from the angle of the lower jaw to the lower point of the chin) of men and women is on average 6.00 mm. The significant difference in the chin-neck angle formed by the intersection of the chin and neck lines of women and men on average is (18.17 ± 2.98) degrees.Conclusion. The presented data can help practitioners to determine the target points of application of surgical correction more accurately of the lower third of the face and neck to improve the social adaptation of patients.

Morphological And Morphometric Indicators of IntraPulmonary Blood Vessels in Childhood

In this article, researches were conducted on the morphological and morphometric indicators of intrapulmonary bronchus vascular wall tissues. The structures of the respiratory bronchioles of babies during the first childhood were studied. During the study, the following was proven: the layers of the respiratory bronchioles of young children between the ages of 4 and 7 are not well developed; the covering epithelium is multi-layered and single-layered, from the transformation of the connective tissue from the unformed. It was found that connective tissue-forming tissue, sparse chondroid and dense chondromatous tissue is covered with small cells

Population and Morphological Change: A Study of Building Type Replacements in the Osaka‐Kobe City‐Region in Japan

As cities adapt to new needs and challenges, their forms change in close relation to population dynamics. This article focuses on the link between population dynamics and the evolution of building hull types. The case study is the Osaka‐Kobe city‐region in Japan, a country globally witnessing an intense population decline. Morphometric indicators are coupled with a tree‐like classificatory model in order to label buildings into consistent classes between two different periods (2003–2004 and 2013–2014). The building class distributions and their evolutions are studied in conjunction with population censuses. Urban adaptation processes are particularly accounted for through the study of the replacement of building types. Results show that, among other things, townhouses in traditional neighborhoods are gradually being replaced by small‐size collective complexes. In far outlying areas, people are still eager to move and live in detached single‐family homes despite a global context of population decline. Finally, central places are increasingly filled by narrow almost‐adjoining towers. Relations between building types and population dynamics, detailed through maps and statistics, show that peoples are increasingly concentrating in central locations associated with specific building types, while some other peripheral locations are concerned by both a disappearance of specific building types and a population decline.

Length – Weight Relationships, Meat Yield and Morphometric Indices of Five Commercial Bivalve Species Collected from the Çanakkale Strait (Türkiye)

Length – Weight Relationships, Meat Yield and Morphometric Indices of Five Commercial Bivalve Species Collected from the Çanakkale Strait (Türkiye)

Soil cover hetrogeneity in the system of inventory of agricultural land

The article examines the heterogeneity of the soil cover of production fields and working areas as one of the most important indicators of productivity and technological properties of land. It is noted that traditional indicators of the quality of land plots do not meet modern requirements for assessing the level of soil fertility and technological properties of the land plot, among which the diversity of the soil cover of the land plot is of great importance. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the applicability of morphometric indicators of soil cover structure, in particular, the soil cover contrast coefficient, to improve the qualitative assessment system, including when conducting an inventory of agricultural land. The study used methods of comparative geographical analysis of the structure of soil cover in key areas - land uses within the Priobsky plateau in the southern part of Western Siberia. We used stock, statistical, and cartographic materials of the IV round of soil survey of lands on the territory of the Kremlevskoye agricultural holding in the Novosibirsk region at a scale of 1:25000, digitized in the MapInfo Professional environment. To calculate the morphometric characteristics of the soil cover and, in particular, the contrast coefficient, the statistical-cartometric method was used. The dependence of the yield of grain crops on a specific land plot on the degree of contrast of soil cover for different agro-ecological groups of lands is shown.In conclusion, the article proposes to expand the list of characteristics used to assess the quality of agricultural lands when conducting their inventory in the system of land management measures.