Morbidity In India Research Articles

Knowledge, socio demographic profile, vaccination status and factors determining the acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine among nursing staff of KPC Medical College of West Bengal

Background: Hepatitis B, a vaccine preventable infection is one of the important causes of morbidity in India. The risk of acquiring the infection is more among the health care providers like nurses than in general population as they come in close contact with patients. The study has been done to know the sociodemographic profile, vaccination status along with the knowledge about the disease and the factors determining the acceptance of vaccination among nursing staff of KPC Medical College in West Bengal.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the 284 nursing staff of KPC Medical College and Hospital in November to December, 2018 with the help of pre-designed and semi-structured questionnaire. Data on demographic characteristics, knowledge, occupational exposure, vaccination status and factors for acceptance of vaccine etc. were collected and analysed.Results: 86% nursing staff received vaccination out of which 71% were completely vaccinated, 29% were partially and 14% were non vaccinated. The acceptable knowledge was found in 84% of the nurses. The major reason of vaccination was to protect themselves from infection and the major reason for non-acceptance was time limitation, cost issues etc. Accidental prick was found in 5% of the nurses and universal precautionary measure was taken by 98% of the nurses.Conclusions: In spite of availability of safe, effective and cheap vaccine against hepatitis B infection, 29% of nursing staff were partially vaccinated and 14% were non-vaccinated. There should be a mandatory vaccination at the beginning of their training and frequent educational and awareness programme for them on hepatitis B.

Short commentary on Studies of Aerobic capacity and Role of High ORAC Value in CAD Patients

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a growing epidemic across the globe. There is ever-evolving research to decode aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of CAD. Cardiovascular diseases especially the coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in India with the prevalence rate increasing by the year. It is a progressive disease characterised by the accumulation of lipids, inflammation and plaque formation. The risk factors include smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and high cholesterol.

A cross-sectional study of epidemiological factors related to road traffic accidents in a metropolitan city.

Background:Traffic injuries are one of the major causes of morbidity in India. It involves human sufferings in terms of physical, emotional, and financial losses to the individual, family, and the country. A better insight into the epidemiological determinants will help prevent such injuries.Objectives:To estimate the proportion of fatal and nonfatal accidents and to determine the epidemiological factors related to nonfatal accidents.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study carried out in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 6 months. A simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of sample size of 476. Nonfatal accident victims were interviewed.Results:The proportion of nonfatal to fatal accidents was found to be 1.8:1. Around 72.9% of drivers did not use any safety measure while driving. Two-wheelers (39%) and light motor vehicles (28.3%) were mostly involved, 45% of drivers had speed more than 60 km/h. Obstacles in the road (41%), defective roads (36.5%), and poor street lighting (11.4%) were reported as contributing factors of the accident. Lower extremities and head neck and face were involved in 47.2% and 27.1% of cases, respectively. Around 40.4% of cases had a single-site fracture.Conclusion:Traffic injuries result from the interaction between agent, host, and environmental factors. Preventing these interactions is very well possible with little extra care given towards road safety and traffic behavior of individuals.

Drug-prescribing pattern in chronic kidney disease patients on maintenance haemodialysis and audit of cardiovascular complications in them: Pilot study from a tertiary care hospital

Introduction: The most frequent cause of morbidity in India is cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) complicating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reports suggest that CKD patients with cardiovascular comorbidities are on multiple drugs, which could potentially lead to drug–drug interactions. This study intends to describe the prevalent trends in prescribing drugs for the haemodialysed CKD patients and attempts to explore the cardiovascular complications and the factors influencing them. Methodology: This observational study was conducted on CKD patients on haemodialysis, presenting to the Dialysis Centre of Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. The study recruited a total of 107 patients from whom data were collected at the first visit and at the end of 6 months. Results: Out of the 107 patients on haemodialysis, 38 cases of cardiovascular comorbidities were noted. Hyperkalaemia was observed in 32.4%, hypokalaemia in 10.5% and normal potassium levels in 56.8% of the patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Hyperphosphataemia was observed in 65.6%, hypophosphatemia in 0.9% and normal serum phosphate in 33.3% of the patients with anaemia. Conclusions: CVDs are common in CKD patients, and concomitant anaemia and hyperglycaemia tend to complicate the management. In such a background, appropriate care has to be exercised in the treatment of CKD.

Profile and outcome of patients presenting with agrochemical poisoning to the emergency department.

Background:Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in India. Agrochemicals are the most commonly used compounds for DSH. The spectrum of Agrochemicals in use varies from region to region and time period with newer compound being regularly introduced into the market.Methodology:This retrospective cohort study included patients presenting with agrochemical poisoning to the ED during January 2017 to December 2018. Patient data was retrieved form the ED triage registry software and clinical workstation, following which their hospital outcome was determined.Results:During the study period, 1802 patients presented with DSH among which Agrochemical poisoning comprised 33.5% (604/1802). The mean age was 31 years and incidence of agrochemical poisoning was found to be higher in young adults (16–30 years–55.8%). The prevalence was more common in males (62.4%). The common agrochemical compounds consumed were insecticides (91%), herbicides (4.3%), fungicides (1.5%), fertilizer (1.5%), and plant growth regulators (1.5%). Majority (80.96%) of the patients were discharged alive from the hospital, 17% left against medical advice due to bad prognosis and 12 patients (2%) died in the hospital.Conclusion:Insecticides (mainly Organophosphates) are the most common agrochemicals used for DSH. Their management is better understood leading to better outcomes compared to other chemicals. The proportion of agrochemical use in DSH has reduced over the last decade. Imidacloprid (Insecticide) and Plant growth regulators are the new compounds for which appropriate management is not yet established and more research is needed.

Clinical disparity of oxidative stress with blood pressure

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in India and worldwide. Hypertension is a major public health problem because of its high frequency and concomitant risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and stroke. World Health Organization named it a Silent killer as hypertension is asymptomatic during its clinical course. Experimental evidence supports a role for oxidative stress in vascular injury and hypertension. This study was undertaken, to compare the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and super-oxide dismutase (SOD) among normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects.
 Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 34 normotensives, 44 prehypertensive and 45 hypertensive subjects were included. The participants were subjected to selection protocol consisting of physical examination and biochemical analysis. All subjects underwent blood pressure measurement, total cholesterol, and oxidative stress marker estimation, especially SOD and MDA. The comparison of parameters between the group was carried out using One Way ANOVA. The correlation between the parameter was analyzed by Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient using SPSS 20.0.
 Result : The MDA (nmol/ml) in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive patients was 2.55±0.072, 3.43±0.44 and 4.01±0.37 respectively. SOD (U/ml) level in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive patients was 13.47±1.96, 11.57±0.81, and 8.52±1.78 respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure had a negative correlation with SOD. MDA levels show a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Total cholesterol had no significant with SOD and MDA.
 Conclusion: The present study showed a strong association of oxidative stress with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

A CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS AT IMCHRC, INDORE

Tuberculosis is an important cause of morbidity in India. Abdominal Tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose. This prospective observational study is based on those patients who were diagnosed to be suffering from Abdominal Tuberculosis only after they presented with an acute abdomen. This study aims to document the nature of different types of acute presentation in Abdominal Tuberculosis according to concerned clinical presentation & surgical management. The study also discusses the indications and extent of surgical intervention.
 Keywords: Surgical, Abdominal & Tuberculosis.

A clinicopathological study of pleural effusion with special reference to malignant aetiology in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal

Background: Pleural effusion has varied aetiological factors. It constitutes one of the major causes of morbidity in India as well in other parts of world. Because of the various aetiologies that can cause pleural effusion, itoften present a diagnostic problem, even after extensive investigations. Objective: In this study, authors aimed to identify the common aetiologies causing pleural effusion and their clinical profile in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study is conducted over a period of one year in tertiary care hospital in West Bengal. 150 patients of pleural effusion above 10 yrs of age were studied. Clinico-pathological, radiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were documented. Results: The most common cause pleural effusion in this study was tuberculosis (64.67%), followed by malignancy (14.67%), parapneumonic effusion (7.33%), cardiac failure (5.33%) and other minor causes. It was commonly seen in male (70%). The occurrence of tubercular pleural effusion was maximum in the age group 31-40 years. Right-sided effusions were more common. Pleural fluid cytology and adenosine deaminase played a pivotal role in the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion. Conclusion: The present study highlights tuberculosis as the common causative factor for pleural effusion, labels lung carcinoma as the most common cause of malignant pleural effusion, and defines the clinico-pathological, biochemical and imaging characteristics of different aetiologies of pleural effusion.

A study of renal parameters and serum electrolytes level in newborns with birth asphyxia

Perinatal hypoxia is one of the most common primary cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in India. WHO has defined perinatal asphyxia as a “failure to initiate and sustain breathing at birth.” Asphyxiated newborns are more prone to hypoxic injury so in these cases any organ can be affected but the brain, myocardium, kidneys and bowels appear to be more sensitive.1 This study was conducted in asphyxiated newborns to interprets serum electrolytes levels and renal parameters levels in cases of birth asphyxia. |Materials and Methods: This study was done in 100 Newborn out of which 50 were cases & 50 were control from May, 2015 to May, 2016 were taken up for the study. The detailed perinatal history was obtained. Urine sample was collected by neonatal urobegs in cases and in control it was by spot sample. Blood sample were collected by routine venous sampling. Serum electrolytes levels and renal parameters were evaluated in cases and control. Results: In our study male babies had higher incidence of birth asphyxia as compared to female babies. In our study blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine level was higher among cases. Therefore there is a linear correlation with severity of asphyxia. Urine sodium and urine creatinine also increased among cases and therefore they had a higher incidence with severity of asphyxia. In our study we found serum sodium level was lower among cases than the controls. There was linear correlation between severity of asphyxia. The serum potassium was higher among cases than control and serum calcium had lower with severity of birth asphyxia. Conclusions: The study of Birth asphyxiated newborn shows that monitoring renal parameters and serum electrolytes helps in the early diagnosis and management of renal failure. Therefore they had a linear correlation with severity of birth asphyxia. Keywords: Perinatal hypoxia, HIE, APGAR score, Serum electrolytes levels, Renal parameters.

Drug utilization study of antibiotics in infectious diseases in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Infectious diseases represent a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Irrational use of antibiotics can cause increase adverse drug reaction, leading to antibiotic resistance and increase in the treatment cost. Hence pattern of use of antibiotics need to be studied, therefore the aim of our study is to observe the antibiotics prescription pattern and drug utilization in department of medicine indoor patients at our tertiary care hospital.Methods: This was a prospective observational study carried out among indoor patients admitted in medicine ward and was conducted between January 2018 to March 2018 in Basaveshwara Teaching and General Hospital attached to M.R. Medical College, Kalaburagi. The data that was obtained was analysed and presented as percentages using descriptive statistics.Results: 100 patients were enrolled. The main reasons for admission were for diagnosis of respiratory tract infection (36%), GIT disorders (24%), Zoonotic disease (10%), Urinary tract infection (19%) and viral fever (11%). Most common antibiotic prescribed was ceftriaxone (40%), followed by piperacillin (26%). Average number of antibiotics per prescription was 1.7.Conclusions: For a wide spectrum of clinical diagnoses variety of drugs were utilized from various drug classes. Results showed that Cephalosporin was extensively used. As antibiotics are most commonly prescribed drugs and report of misuse is not uncommon so proper strategy like educational intervention and antibiotic policy are necessary to control this.

How Patients of Oral Cancer Cope Up with Impact of the Disease? A Qualitative Study in Central India.

Background:Oral cancer is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in India. The disease per se and side effects of different treatment modalities impart a negative physical and psychosocial impact on the patients. This study was designed to have a better understanding of patients concerns.Materials and Methods:This is a qualitative study using in-depth interviews on 24 purposively selected oral cancer patients who have completed their treatment. The study was conducted from January 2016 to September 2017 in both urban and rural community development block in a district in Central India. Participants were selected irrespective of age, sex, occupation, education, stage of disease, and treatments received. The recorded interviews were transcribed for analysis, done using ATLAS ti. The study was conducted after ethical approval.Results:Concerns regarding quality of life, social constraints, financial security, and eating problems were the four major themes, which evolved from the analysis. Emotional and physical distress, disfigurement, dependency, feeling blamed, and avoidance are the evolved subthemes that had a negative psychosocial impact. Spiritualism, acceptance of the disease and increased public attention and support are the factors that increase the confidence among the cancer patients.Conclusion:Quality of life of oral cancer patients should be given prime focus along with continuum of care starting from early means of diagnosis by screening to treatment completion. Nevertheless, it is the family support that seems to play the most vital role in helping cancer patients cope up with the problems.

Digital interventions for people living with non-communicable diseases in India: A systematic review of intervention studies and recommendations for future research and development.

BackgroundA high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is contributing to high mortality and morbidity in India. Recent advancements in digital health interventions, including mHealth, eHealth, and telemedicine, have facilitated patient-centered care for NCDs.ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to evaluate the current evidence on digital interventions for people living with NCDs in India and the outcomes of those interventions.MethodsWe adopted PRISMA guidelines and systematically reviewed articles from MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Scopus databases with following criteria: journal articles presenting digital intervention(s) used by people with at least one of the NCDs, reporting health outcomes following the intervention, studies conducted in India among Indian population.ResultsAmong 1669 articles retrieved from multiple sources, only 13 articles met our criteria. Most (n = 7) studies were conducted in southern states of India; eight studies included patients with diabetes, followed by neuropsychiatric disorders and other NCDs. Five studies recruited participants from tertiary hospitals; six interventions used text-messaging for delivering health services, and 10 studies reported randomized controlled trials. All the studies reported positive health outcomes following the intervention, including better self-management, increased patient–provider communication, improved medication adherence, and reduced disease symptoms. Most studies scored moderate to high in quality assessment checklist of Downs and Black.ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests a low number of interventions with positive outcomes. Future research should explore avenues of advanced technologies ensuring equitable and sustainable development of digital health interventions for people living with NCDs in India.

Study of antibiotic prescription pattern in PICU of a tertiary care hospital

Background: Infectious disease is one of the importance causes of mortality and morbidity in India, therefore pattern of use of antibiotics requires separate study as they differ from adult, Therefore the aim of our study is to observe the antibiotic prescription in the tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in the children admitted in PICU. The study was started after obtaining the approval from Institutional Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from a parent or legal guardian of participants.Results: There were 50 patients were enrolled. The maximum antibiotics were prescribed from cephalosporin class (42; 40.38%) which included ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefotaxim, cefpodoxime. The majority of cephalosporins were prescribed in miscellaneous cases followed by respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal tract, Central nervous tract infections and nil in CVS cases, secondly higher number of antibiotics prescribed was metronidazole and from Aminopenicillin class which includes amoxiclav and ampicillin and another beta lactamase which includes ureidopenicilin and carbepenem. The majority of aminopenicillin were prescribed in miscellaneous group infections followed by respiratory tract infections.Conclusions: From this study, it can conclude that commonly antibiotic were from 3rd generation cephalosporins followed by metronidazole and other β lactamase inhibitor and all of the antibiotics were prescribed as per the national guidelines.

Redefining the Scope of Ayurveda in Cardiology

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have now become the leading cause of mortality or even morbidity in India. According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease causes 12 million deaths in the world each year. Even with all the advancements in medicine, the management of CVD’s are yet to be redefined. Ayurveda proposes a different understanding to etiopathogenesis of such conditions and subsequent healthcare, in the context of hrdroga. Latest researches in Ayurveda have given a new hope in CVDs, the curative as well as preventive aspects. With the emergence of increasing number of cardiac problems from the young age itself, it is the time to explore various options available in the alternative areas of medicine. Herbs and dietary supplements can have significant role in preventive cardiology as well as per published studies. Equivalent is the management of associative psychological contributors. In this article, research works of medicinal plants useful in cardiology are described with special emphasis on rasona, arjuna, guggulu, amalaki and gokshura. This work emphasises the scope of such practice so as to popularize the options available in Ayurvedic literature.

Pattern of Tobacco Use Among Higher Secondary Children in the Rural and Coastal Areas of Kerala: A Prospective Study

India is the second largest consumerof tobacco products after China and its consumption is a serious social issue most developing countries. The current study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of use of tobacco and its products among higher secondary school children in the costal and rural areas of Kerala, the state having highest literacy rate in the country. Tobacco consumption is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in India. The study was conducted in the higher secondary schools along the rural and coastal areas of Karungappally Taluk in the Kollam district of Kerala from October to December of 2017, 15 government and aided schools were selected. The data were collected with the help of a questionnaire. A total of 5678 students participated in the study. The purpose of the study was explained to the students with participation of National Service Scheme volunteers who distributed the data sheets to the students and helped in data collection. The school visit was coupled with lecture on the adverse effects of tobacco on health with pictures of cancers of the oral cavity, surgery and reconstruction. The collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel datasheet and analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software. The Departments of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre and Directorate of Higher Secondary School participated in the study. 5678 students participated in the study, that include 2567 boys and 3111 girls. 760 out of 2567 boys use tobacco, 308 out of 760 (40%) use more than 1 type of tobacco products. Cigarettes and pan masala are the popular forms of tobacco among the students. 253 boys out of 760 (33%) had used alcohol as well. 1819 students said their close relatives use tobacco and its products at home. 1420 said their close relatives consume alcohol. Bricker et al. says that, siblings, parents and close friends' smoking were all important influences on children's smoking (5). 94.7% (5382) of students are aware of the ill effects of tobacco, they are aware that tobacco consumption can lead to cancer of the lung, oral cavity, stroke and heart attack. 479 students said they are aware that the diseased part of oral cavity have to be removed by surgery. Students were also familiar with terms such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, however it is doubtful whether they are aware of the complications associated these modes of treatment. 4578 (81%) students showed interest in antitobacco activities. 2347 students said the tobacco products are available in school premises and 1064 said they are available within the campus itself. 40% started tobacco smoking for fun, but 28% started mimicking the elders and 20% wanted to be the heroes in the campus. A recent study by Sargent et al also found a strong association between exposure to movie smoking and smoking by adolescents (4). In our study none of the girls were using tobacco.

Emerging trends in childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in India: the Pavagada Pediatric Eye Disease Study 2

To discuss the aims, methods, and results of a population-based cross-sectional prevalence survey of children ≤15 years, in South India and compare it with a study conducted earlier, in the same area. We also discuss the changing trends in the domain of childhood blindness in India. A population-based cross-sectional prevalence survey of children ≤15 years, in Pavagada and Madhugiri taluks of Tumkur district in Karnataka state in south India, was conducted in 2 phases. One trained medical-social-worker and one field-investigator identified eligible children and brought them to a makeshift clinic in the village school, where they were examined by an ophthalmologist. Children with minor problems were treated on the field and those with major conditions were referred to the pediatric ophthalmologist in the tertiary hospital. The prevalence of specific diseases were calculated in percentages. The prevalence of childhood ocular morbidity (COM) was 6.54%. Refractive errors (2.77%) constituted the major cause of COM. The prevalence of blindness (best corrected visual acuity of <3/60 in the better eye) was 0.09%. Whole-globe anomalies (25%) and uveal coloboma (25%) constituted the main cause of blindness. A major proportion of the blindness was due to unavoidable causes. Unlike several earlier studies, corneal blindness is no longer the main cause of blindness. This shows that there is a changing trend in the pattern of childhood blindness in India. The current data demonstrate the need for low vision rehabilitative services and a review of public health strategy in India.

Effect of Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama, Kati Chakrasana and Vakrasana on Depression and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

: Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a predominant source of morbidity in India. The incidence of depression is found to be increased among type 2 DM patients that makes the glycemic control as an exhaustive task and also leads to increasing the risk of diabetes induced complications. Aim: The present study aimed at studying the effect of three yoga on depression and glycemic control in type 2 DM patients. Methods: Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama, Kati Chakrasana and Vakrasana were taught to the recruited participants and clinical characteristic were measured at baseline, visit 1 and visit 2. Results: The mean FBS, PPBS and RBS values of the participants during the two visits were found to be decreased from 131.33±12.89 to 122.33 ± 10.63 (p <0.0001), 183.3 ±28.02 to 167.11 ± 13.95 (p=0.0052) and 181.81 ± 20.8 to 169.22± 21.79 (p=0.0050) respectively. The HAM D score of SIGH D tool from baseline to visit 2 was found to be reduced from 9 to 3.44 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study showed the evidence of the effectiveness of yoga in the management of depression and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Key words: Nadi shuddhi pranayama, Kati chakrasana, Vakrasana, Depression, Yoga, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Knowledge about tuberculosis among undergraduate medical students in a private college in Chennai

Background: Tuberculosis is an ancient global public health problem. In India despite of persistent government efforts in the form of revised national anti-tuberculosis programme (RNTCP) and directly observed treatment strategy (DOTS), TB still remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity in India. Multi-drug resistant TB and extensively drug resistant TB are other threats to present anti-TB strategies. Methods: Hence the present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge of undergraduate about tuberculosis under various headings of about tuberculosis, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, complications and treatment. The present cross-sectional study was done in the private medical college in Chennai among 90 undergraduate medical students. Results: Regarding knowledge of tuberculosis, clinical features of TB, was more than 80% in interns. But the knowledge about diagnosis was only 70%. At the same time the treatment options and drugs available was known to 85% of undergraduates. Correct duration in months and schedule of giving drugs on alternate days was not known to 15% of students. Conclusions: Although awareness is created through world tuberculosis day, CMES, conferences, yet hands on training in treating tuberculosis to be given to the undergraduates as this the crucial period for learning.

Alteration of heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in India. There is a need to identify various risk factors leading to the onset and progression of the disease. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is one of the emerging non-invasive techniques to identify severity and prognosis of CAD. HRV is defined as the oscillation in the interval between consecutive heartbeats as well as the oscillations between consecutive instantaneous heart rates. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to identify the variations in HRV in patients with CAD. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 male patients with CAD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy adults aged 40–65 years, satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled in the study. Electrocardiography was recorded for 5 min and the frequency domain parameters were derived from it and compared between groups. Results: The results of our study showed a higher parasympathetic activity determined by high-frequency power (HF) in control subjects as compared to cases. Sympathetic predominance was seen in cases as determined by low-frequency power (LF). LF/HF ratio was also significantly higher in cases indicating sympathetic predominance. Conclusion: Sympathetic predominance with lowered parasympathetic activity observed in the cases puts them at a higher risk of adverse cardiac events. An attempt needs to be made to incorporate improvement of HRV as a modality of treatment of CAD.

Immunohistochemistry on pattern of ocular & adnexal tumours in a tertiary eye care centre of Northeast India.

Background & objectives:Ocular and adnexal tumours are important causes of morbidity in India and globally. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a vital molecular pathology tool, which helps to diagnose a tumour with more accuracy. The present study was undertaken to document the profile of ocular and adnexal tumour with IHC at a tertiary eye care center in Northeast India.Methods:This was a prospective and laboratory-based study. Histopathological and IHC study of the ocular and adnexal tumour was carried out from 2012 to 2014. Selection of pathological cases was made on the result of the histological diagnosis. All samples were subjected to IHC using kits for different antibodies as per indications.Results:In total, 645 tumours were included in our study, with 449 benign conditions and 196 were malignant tumours. Total IHCs were done in 87 tumours and 238 of antibodies were used. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-cell, low-to-intermediate type and mucosal-associated lymphoid tumours) were the most common tumor.Interpretation & conclusions:Clinical utility of the IHCs in different ophthalmic tumours can enable pathologists to make an accurate diagnosis and thus help in the overall management of the patient care. IHC may be carried out using various methods and some of the methods practiced are time consuming and tedious. In this study, kit methods were used which were found to be simpler and less time-consuming.