Moral Position Research Articles

Discussion of Alexander Shoshia Chkhaidze's play "Bridge"

With this play, Shoshia Chkhaidze makes a significant contribution to the development of the history of Georgian theater, and not only to the theater, he also made fundamental changes in the drama and even in the formation and development of Georgian thought or critical thinking.His most creative work, based on justice or kayaking, has never faded and I believe it will never fade. His heart was full of human love, kindness, and wickedness. For him, the main thing was not to lose the original essence of a person and always remain a person. Do not be afraid of the most difficult challenges of life, always walk in the right and just way, where there will always be justice, morality and respect between people.Despite the existing political or economic background, the author was still not afraid of the interests of high-ranking officials and continued his work. A playwright is never betrayed for the credo of his own life, for high civic or moral positions. While every word had to be measured, satisfying, and acceptable to the interests of others, the playwright shattered every stereotype. It continued to operate beyond the prevailing rules and frameworks. Shoshia Chkhaidze, through the characters of "Bridge", perfectly presented his words, life position or any critical opinion.

Media Literacy in Modern Education: Problems and Achievements of Scholars

The article on the basis of systematic retrospective analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature and modern educational realities, substan-tiates the relevance of the formation of media literacy of the individual in the information society. Since the media ambiguously affect the spiritual world of a person, the education of the younger generation, its integration into society, it is necessary to teach children and young people to adequately perceive, analyze and evaluate broadcast information and use it wisely in their lives. The views of scientists from different countries on the essence of the concepts of media education and media literacy, which entered into the scientific circulation and educational space in the 30s of the twentieth century and are aimed at the perception of a diverse information, to prepare growing generation for life in modern information conditions, to teach people to communicate verbal and nonverbal forms of communication through tech-nical means. Emphasis is placed on the need to start the formation of media literacy in primary school, in particular during the study of the content line “Exploring the media” in the lessons of language and literature. It analyzes the ways of carrying out this process and the components of ineffective literacy, as well as various forms of organization of educational activities of primary school students, the use of which allows to develop critical thinking and media competence of students. Theoretical considerations are confirmed by me-thodical developments in the study of the topic “Fairy tales from around the world” in the lessons of “Literary reading” (“Ugly duckling”, “Mitten”, “Bunny fairy tale”, etc.) using media. It is argued that the development of media literacy and media culture is an extremely important factor in shaping the moral and ethical qualities and civic position of primary school students of the New Ukrainian School, which integrates today into the European and world educational space.

Преступник и «природное зло» в рассказах Г. Ф. Лавкрафта

The purpose of the research is to study the features peculiar to the image of a criminal in H. P. Lovecraft’s creative work. Using the material of the short story “The Loved Dead” (1923), the researcher studies the image of a criminal and the motif of natural, irrational evil in H. P. Lovecraft’s creative work. The paper is novel in that it deepens the ideas that have developed in science on H. P. Lovecraft’s moral position, on how the main theme of world literature related to the comprehension of the theme of crime and punishment was interpreted in his prose. As a result, the features peculiar to the image of a criminal in H. P. Lovecraft’s creative work have been studied. The history of the creation of the story “The Loved Dead” (1923) has been considered, its imagery has been analysed. The researcher has outlined the social and literary context of the work, its place in the literary process of the USA and its significance for the writer’s creative evolution.

Hans Kelsen’s Pure Theory of Law as Critique of the “Authoritarian” Understanding of Law and Jurisprudence

In this paper, I analyse Hans Kelsen’s understanding of jurisprudence and law – by contrasting the normative-dogmatic understanding, which I will call “authoritarian”. By establishing the primacy of politics and rejecting the prescriptive function of jurisprudence, Hans Kelsen enabled a democratic concept of law (and of jurisprudence), and at the same time a critical and political approach. Kelsen defines the law from a dynamic perspective, which justifies the constant changeability of the law – and in this respect the primacy of democratic politics over dogmatic jurisprudence. The normative basis for Kelsen’s understanding of jurisprudence is his relativism, which is based on a moral position on the autonomy of the individual.

Planning for the Family in Qatar: Religion, Ethics, and the Politics of Assisted Reproduction

ABSTRACT During research in Qatar with practitioners in assisted reproduction and infertility medicine, I found that across the broad range of views they expressed about their approaches to consulting with patients, there was something shared: that their work with assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) entailed taking up moral and ethical positions. In this paper, I draw on interviews with medical professionals to analyse the local moral worlds which shape the practice of assisted reproduction. I provide an analysis of how professionals position themselves amid the complex ethical, moral, and cultural landscape in which ARTs in Qatar are situated. In developing my analysis of how these positionings involve a striving to be virtuous, I contribute to anthropological understandings of the complexities of everyday negotiations of moral practice. This is a process, I argue, that reveals both the interplay between self-construction and professional practice and the multidimensionality of the underexplored ART context in Qatar.

The Corporate Social Responsibility of Fortune 500 Companies to Black Lives Matter: Strategic Responses on Instagram

Organizations have a responsibility to remain accountable to their stakeholders, and thus must have some normative, corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication. The murder of George Floyd elicited an unprecedented response on social media by global corporations. The current study examined the responses by Fortune 500 companies on the unique platform of Instagram to this event and the larger social movement, Black Lives Matter (BLM). Through a comprehensive analysis of these responses, the current study found that the Fortune 500 companies that did respond on Instagram (n = 166, 33.2%) incorporated messages that reflected six motivations for CSR communication (i.e., risk management, organizational functioning, market positioning, civic positioning, moral positioning, and social reform).

Social focus of the educational activity of the university: Declaration of goals and practice

Introduction. These days, destructive manifestations among young people can be observed, and the main reason for it may be the global value and worldview crisis. It consists in the discrepancy of ideals, values, beliefs, knowledge to the tasks of overcoming the instability of modern civilisation. Due to this, there is a need to update the educational questions, which have a so-called “social focus”. Among these are: developing the “human” in a person, overcoming disunity (e.g. egoism, individualism), developing social responsibility, etc. In this regard, two factors are of an urgent nature: firstly, systematic studies of the students’ socio-cultural identity, and, secondly, the study of the university socio-cultural environment, which influences overcoming the negative consequences of individualism and disunity in the university environment. The focus on the social side of education presupposes the formation of value community in the university environment, while the characteristics of the socio-cultural identity of the members in educational activity and the consideration of research results in practice become decisive.Aim. The aim of the present research work was to identify the conditions of extra-curricular educational activities. These conditions contribute to the formation of a value community in the university environment based on common spiritual and moral ideas. The specific objectives of the research are related to the following aspects: identification of the dominant conceptual approaches to the implementation of educational activities in the system of modern Russian higher education (with a focus on the social focus demanded by society); determination of the differentiated composition of the subjects of educational activity as one of the factors, which determine the cultural identification of students and the development of communities in the socio-cultural environment; establishment of the relevance of diagnostic tools which allow students to track the development of positive social qualities; the disclosure of the general orientation of educational activities in extra-curricular time with social and personal focus.Methodology, methods and techniques. In the course of the research, a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of educational work programmes in 12 universities (multi-profile, humanities and technical) from different regions of the Russian Federation was carried out. The research is based on the environmental approach in education. The research is based on the methodology of the environmental approach in pedagogy and the idea of the event-based mechanism of education. The interpretations of the social focus of students’ world outlook orientations are based on the theory of basic personal values.Results. The conditions of extra-curricular educational activity are revealed: goal-setting of extra-curricular activities, which has a predominantly social focus; correspondence of the content of educational activities to the tasks of overcoming individualism and disunity; consideration of the differentiated composition of the subjects of educational activity. The authors posed the scientific problem for a diagnostic apparatus that allows universities to track the process and results of educational work aimed at the development of social values.Scientific novelty. The authors have made a proposal on the need to take into account the differentiated set of members of educational activity with a focus on public interests in priority.Practical significance. The conclusions, which justify the need to consider the moral and ideological positions in order to achieve results in the development of the socially focused qualities, may be of interest to specialists involved in designing and organising educational activities in universities.

“Real war ammunition:” Artists for Victory, the National War Poster Competition, and the Hostile Imagination on the United States World War II Home Front

“Real war ammunition:” Artists for Victory, the National War Poster Competition, and the Hostile Imagination on the United States World War II Home Front

Implementation of Akhlaqul Karimah Through Islamic Religious Education Approach In Early Children

Akhlak are the concern of people everywhere, both in advanced societies and underdeveloped societies, because if in a society there are many people whose Akhlak have been damaged, the society will be damaged. This shows that the position of morality in human life occupies a very important position, both as individuals and as members of society and the nation. "The rise and fall of a nation depends on the moral state of the nation itself. If their Akhlak are good, they will prosper both physically and mentally, but on the contrary if their Akhlak are bad, the nation will be damaged. In the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad Saw. which means “Educate your children because they were born to live in an age different from yours”. Because children are a gift or a mandate from Allah Swt. which must always be maintained and maintained continuity

Ethical Reasoning During a Pandemic: Results of a Five Country European Study

Introduction: There has been no work that identifies the hidden or implicit normative assumptions on which participants base their views during the COVID-19 pandemic, and their reasoning and how they reach moral or ethical judgements. Our analysis focused on participants’ moral values, ethical reasoning and normative positions around the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Methods: We analyzed data from 177 semi-structured interviews across five European countries (Germany, Ireland, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom) conducted in April 2020.Results: Findings are structured in four themes: ethical contention in the context of normative uncertainty; patterns of ethical deliberation when contemplating restrictions and measures to reduce viral transmission; moral judgements regarding “good” and “bad” people; using existing structures of meaning for moral reasoning and ethical judgement.Discussion: Moral tools are an integral part of people’s reaction to and experience of a pandemic. ‘Moral preparedness’ for the next phases of this pandemic and for future pandemics will require an understanding of the moral values and normative concepts citizens use in their own decision-making. Three important elements of this preparedness are: conceptual clarity over what responsibility or respect mean in practice; better understanding of collective mindsets and how to encourage them; and a situated, rather than universalist, approach to the development of normative standards.

Reclaim the Beach: How Offline Events Shape Online Interactions and Networks Amongst Those Who Support and Oppose Right-Wing Protest

In this paper we examine how offline protests attended by members of the Australian far-right shape online interactions. Tweets about the 2019 St Kilda beach rally were collected. Users were manually classified as supporters (n = 104) or opponents of the rally (n = 872). Network analysis demonstrated that interactions between the two groups increased at the time of the rally. Natural language processing showed that both groups became angrier and used more “othering” language during the rally. However, there were stark differences in the moral worldviews, highlighting the very different moral positions that underpin engagement with, and opposition to, the far-right agenda.

When does self‐interest distort moral belief?

AbstractIn this paper, I critically analyze the notion that self‐interest distorts moral belief‐formation. This belief is widely shared among modern moral epistemologists, and in this paper, I seek to undermine this near consensus. I then offer a principle which can help us to sort cases in which self‐interest distorts moral belief from cases in which it does not. As it turns out, we cannot determine whether such distortion has occurred from the armchair; rather, we must inquire into mechanisms of social power and advantage before declaring that some moral position is distorted by self‐interest.

Размышления о феномене «морального взрыва» в XXI веке

The article is devoted to the analysis of the strategic impact of the so-called “moral outburst” on the direction of the civilizational evolution of the mankind. The phenomenon of “moral outburst” determines the interpretation of the princi­ples of social justice and influences the nature of public consciousness and mass behavior. The article presents an analysis of the metaphysical meaning of the “moral outburst” that contributes to the formation of the spirit of people and ac­quires a sacred meaning. The author considers the “moral outburst” as a reflec­tion of the internal process of history as an integral phenomenon. In his opinion, a “moral outburst” is the basis for understanding history at its crisis stages and an assessment of the actions of a civilizational subject, his moral position. The article examines the features of the “moral outburst”, which are determined by the emergence of a new world order, a specific historical situation, and gives nu­merous historical examples. The author pays special attention to the current situ­ation related to globalization and the power of financial capital.

Изломанные грани этического универсализма. Комментарий к книге «Универсальность в морали»

Some ideas expressed in the collective monograph Universality in Morality (2020), edited by Ruben Apressyan, are here critically examined. The book is based on the results of a large-scale study by professional ethical philosophers devoted to the question of the nature of universality in morality and the mechanisms of universalisation of individual maxims and norms from antiquity to modern ethical theories, represented above all by the analytical tradition in philosophy. Of great interest is the analysis of related phenomena in morality, which makes it possible to determine the causes and nature of the transformation of morality in different eras and the accompanying change in the terminological apparatus of absolute ethical universalism, considered to be the starting point in the analysis of key modern concepts of moral universality. The article also suggests possible avenues for continued research in this area which could prompt modifications not only to the history of the concept of universality in morality, but also to our assessment of the contribution of individual authors and entire eras to the progress of human civilisation. This concerns above all the moral theory of contractarianism and the Enlightenment. Focus on their ideas goes a long way to determining the direction of current historical-philosophical research that reconstructs the history of ethical teachings and individual concepts. The importance attached today to a new view of the theory of the social contract, considered not only from socio-political but also from moral positions, forces us to approach in a new way the question concerning the universality of the key philosophical categories developed within this theory throughout its history. Elaborating the ideas set forth in the monograph, the author also stresses the relevance of the problem of justifying the thesis about the moral law as an analogue of the universal law of nature in the modern context.

Формування в учнів 7–9-х класів готовності до подальшого навчання як наукова проблема

The article emphasizes that today society needs a school that can prepare a business person who is distinguished by a high level of creativity and professionalism, has a moral position and a wide range of competencies. The article describes pre-profile training as a system of pedagogical, psychological, pedagogical, informational and organizational activities that helps applicants for Basic Secondary Education in choosing their profile areas of future training and a wide range of further professional activities. Various definitions of the concept of «readiness», which is interpreted as a manifestation of abilities, are summarized; as a personal education, quality, property; as a state; as the main condition for a person to perform any type of activity, carry out self-knowledge, replenish personal experience, increase the level of independence and develop potential cognitive capabilities. It is summarized that the correct pre-profile trajectory of education applicants creates opportunities for the most complete development of the child in accordance with its essence. This will become a powerful engine for the progress of Ukrainian society in the context of the country's transition to information and communication technologies, in which success will be determined by the development of the individual and its maximum self-realization.

„Autoritäre“ und demokratische Rechts- und Rechtswissenschaftsverständnisse – Die „Reine Rechtslehre“ als Grundlage für eine demokratische Rechtspolitik

In this paper I compare the understanding of jurisprudence by Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt. By establishing the primacy of politics and rejecting the prescriptive function of jurisprudence, Hans Kelsen enabled a democratic understanding of law (and of jurisprudence), and at the same time a critical approach. Kelsen defines the law from a dynamic perspective, which justifies the constant changeability of the law - and in this respect the primacy of democracy over dogmatic jurisprudence. The basis for Kelsen's understanding of jurisprudence is his relativism, which at the same time - as mentioned at the end of the paper - is based on a moral position on the autonomy of the individual. Keywords: Carl Schmitt - critical law studies - democracy - dynamic of law - Hans Kelsen - jurisprudence - theory of law

Formation of Moral Qualities of Future Customs Specialists as Axiological Component of Professional Training Process

The article examines the components of the moral sphere, methods of forming the moral qualities of a customs specialist necessary for solving professional tasks, ethical norms of professional behavior of a customs officer, the principle of axiology, which implies the active inclusion of a value component in the content of an educational program, the implementation of which is aimed at the formation of universal and socially significant values of a customs specialist, an axiological approach that increases the social role education, since the value-oriented nature is characteristic of all types of human activity. The article presents the structure of the moral sphere of a customs specialist, which includes the following components: motivational-value (moral norms, values, ideals, rules and ethical principles of official behavior), cognitive (moral knowledge, value judgments, beliefs, orientations in the field of professional activity), activity (professional behavior, actions, deeds), reflexive (moral emotions, feelings, experiences, self-esteem), the content of which determines the value-semantic attitude to the surrounding space, professional activity, yourself and your actions - a professional and moral position.

ОБСТАНОВКА СОВЕРШЕНИЯ НАДРУГАТЕЛЬСТВА НАД МЕСТАМИ ЗАХОРОНЕНИЯ, КАК КОРРЕЛЯЦИОННЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, ПРЕДУСМОТРЕННЫХ СТ. 244 УК РФ

The fight against crime in modern conditions of economic and social development of society requires law enforcement agencies, during the pre-trial investigation, to focus on such a widespread type of crime as desecration of the bodies of the dead and their burial places. The reasons for the spread of these negative manifestations of vandalism in modern society can be attributed to the insufficient level of social and educational work with young people, the low moral and spiritual position of individuals who lead an immoral and antisocial lifestyle, etc. The facts of contempt for the burial places not only cause moral suffering to the relatives of the deceased and cause material harm, but also represent a destabilizing factor in society, the consequences of which lead to national-ethnic and political conflicts among multinational groups of the population. The article is considered the situation in which the desecration of burial places was committed as one of the main elements of the forensic characteristics of crimes provided for by Article 244 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Its correlations with other elements of the characteristic are decisive. They determine the choice by the criminal of the subject of the criminal offense, the method of committing, traces at the scene, etc. When considering the situation of criminal activity, the crimes in question, information about the immediate place of the crime was studied, as the area of the area where the consequences of criminal actions are concentrated, the influence of the administrative-territorial and socio-economic factor of the area, the time of the crime, the ethnic composition of the population. The article also highlights the key, in the author’s opinion, elements of the criminal situation, which must be taken into account in the study of the spatial and temporal properties of the scene and the subject of criminal encroachment.

Value Vectors of the World Local Orthodox Churches Position Regarding Russia's War Against Ukraine

The article deals with the religious contexts of the modern civilizational crisis caused by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. Among the multitude of thematic lines of this set of problems, the article’s authors focus their attention precisely on the position of the world Orthodox Churches regarding this war. The concentration of such attention is objectively determined by the fact that the majority of Ukrainian citizens position themselves as Orthodox by faith, and therefore, are particularly sensitive to the opinion of the leaders of the Orthodox Churches of the world. The article examines the value aspects of the problem of a just peace and considers alternative moral positions about this. Further, with reference to published documents and sources, the article classified the position of the governing structures of the world Orthodox Churches regarding the current war in Ukraine. The positions of autocephalous Churches are considered, and also some of the Churches jurisdictionally subordinate to autocephalous ones. The research is interdisciplinary including religious studies, ethics, social philosophy, and political science. The data of the latest sociological studies in Ukraine are considered.

Public Opinion and Justice

The article considers the question of whether the legislator should always take into account public opinion. The problems of defining the concept of public opinion are considered: a distinction is made between what people think, say and do. In the context of the Roussoist distinction between the “common will” and the “will of all”, one's own position regarding public opinion is formulated. Further, it is proved that both public opinion and the current legislation are not always fair, while justice as a social ideal takes precedence over both. Hence, it is concluded that legislation, being a form of striving for justice, should not always take into account public opinion. At the same time, the practical significance of taking into account public opinion in the context of the realization of the ideal of justice, identifying the actual needs of members of society, as well as the moral justification of values and determining the persons authorized for such justification is justified. A distinction is made between public opinion and moral position of society. It is argued that the legislator should take into account both public opinion and the moral position of society, but for different reasons and for different purposes.