Monosaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of neem seed oil to biodiesel and its kinetic modeling

AbstractThis study focuses on the kinetic modeling of homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of neem seed oil and the determination of the rate‐limiting step (RLS). The oil was extracted from the seeds by cold solvent extraction and it was characterized to determine its physicochemical properties. The effect of factors such as time, amount of catalyst, temperature, methanol / oil molar ratio, and agitation speed on the biodiesel yield were investigated. The kinetic experiments for the transesterification reaction were carried out by batch process, assuming a pseudo second‐order reaction. Rate equations for the arrays of reversible reactions of triglyceride to glycerol and biodiesel were developed to determine the RLS. The oil yield extracted was 34%. The extracted oil contained 60.2% monounsaturated fatty acid and the dominant monosaturated fatty acid is oleic acid having 40.6% of total composition of monosaturated fatty acid in the oil. The biodiesel yield produced by transesterification of pretreated neem oil was 90% and biodiesel properties were within the limits of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (D6751‐02) standards. The kinetic modeling of the reaction revealed that the rate constant values for forward reactions (transesterification) (k1, k3, and k5) were higher than those of backward reactions (k2, k4 and k6) at temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 °C. The rate constant (k1) for the conversion of triglyceride to diglyceride was the least among the rate constants of forward reactions at all the studied temperatures showing the RLS. The rate constants for the RLS are 0.0174, 0.0208, and 0.0303 min−1 at temperatures of 45, 55, and 65 °C respectively and the activation energy is 24.9 kJ mol−1. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Insects in food and feed systems in sub-Saharan Africa: the untapped potentials

Insects as food and feed have the potential to alleviate food, feed and nutrition insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) against a backdrop of climate change. Such use has gained unprecedented attention in the past decade and the trend will probably continue due to the species diversity, new discoveries in the nutritional, neutraceutical and medicinal potentials of edible insect species. In order to meet the increasing demand for insects as food and feed, insect farming should complement sustainable wild insect harvesting. The ecological impact of insect farming, economics, species biological and processing aspects deserve empirical investigation. This is crucial in order to effectively guide potential insect producers and processors. Besides the use of insects in folk medicine, several industrial products including polyunsaturated and monosaturated fatty acids, peptides, enzymes, and antimicrobial compounds can be obtained from edible insects. With the teaming world population, value addition via product fortification is a practical strategy to enhance the acceptance of edible insects for human food and nutrition security. The future of insects as food and feed will witness the development of international trade and SSA governments should be ready to comply with product standardization and legislation requirements to penetrate external markets. Despite the diversity of edible insects in SSA and some commonalities there-in, not all consumers are well-informed on the inherent risks of allergens, toxicants and antinutritional compounds occurring in some edible species. Further research needs and future strategies to exploit the untapped potential of insects as food and feed in SSA are mapped out.

Nutrient Intake through Childhood and Early Menarche Onset in Girls: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Among the genetic and environmental risk factors, nutrition plays a crucial role in determining the timing of puberty. Early menarche onset (EMO) is defined as when girls reach menarche onset at an age which is earlier than the mean/median age of menarche, between 12 and 13 years of age, according to individual ethnicity. The present study examined the association between nutrient intake in childhood and EMO risk in healthy girls by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. We screened EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases for 16 eligible studies with all medium-to-high quality scores ranging from 3 to 5 of 6 possible points with 10,884 subjects. Higher intakes of energy (risk ratio (RR) = 3.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.74–6.34, I2 = 97%), and protein (RR = 3.15, 95% CI = 2.87–3.44, I2 = 0%) were associated with EMO risk. For each additional 1 g/day animal protein intake in childhood, the age at menarche was approximately two months earlier (β = −0.13, I2 = 55%), and high iron intake was associated with EMO (RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03–1.40, I2 = 0%). Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) intake was associated with EMO risk with a dose-response effect (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05–1.49, I2 = 44%). Girls with a high intake of fiber and monosaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in childhood experienced later menarche onset (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–1.00, I2 = 31%; RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.50–0.86, I2 = 0%, respectively). Thus, adherence to a high intake of animal proteins-, iron- and PUFA-rich food diet makes girls more likely to have EMO, while a high intake of fiber- and MUFA-rich foods may protect girls from EMO. Further studies are expected to investigate the role of specific types of PUFAs and MUFAs on EMO to promote healthy sexual maturity in girls.

Superficial Pd nanoparticles supported on carbonaceous SBA-15 as efficient hydrotreating catalyst for upgrading biodiesel fuel

Facile synthesis of superficial Pd nanoparticles supported on carbonaceous SBA-15 (denoted as Pd/@SBA-15) as a new hydrotreating catalyst with enhanced activity and sulfur tolerance was accomplished for the production of partially hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters (H-FAME), a high-quality biodiesel fuel enriched in monosaturated fatty acid methyl esters (mono-FAME) that can be used in high blends. Characterization, especially high-resolution electron microscopes and temperature-programmed techniques, indicated that the Pd nanoparticles (∼7 nm) formed spontaneously at the superficial area of carbonaceous SBA-15 with a hydrophobic surface and low acidity. In the synthesis of H-FAME using commercial palm oil-derived biodiesel fuel as a feedstock under mild conditions (<100 °C, 1 MPa), this new Pd/@SBA-15 catalyst offered high hydrotreating activity with excellent selectivity toward mono-FAME, especially the cis product, and high sulfur resistance, presumably due to fast diffusion and suitable interactions of the reactant and hydrogenated molecules through superficial Pd nanoparticles on the carbonaceous surfaces as the catalytically active sites. On the other hand, commercial Pd catalysts with Pd nanoparticles randomly impregnated inside the supporting materials showed lower activity in H-FAME synthesis and poorer selectivity toward saturated fatty acid methyl esters as undesirable products and lower sulfur tolerance level per Pd site, demonstrating the superiority of our system.

Consumption of flaxseed enhances poly unsaturated fatty acids in broiler meat

Manipulation of fatty acids of poultry meat to reduce heart related disorders has become focus of attention in modern life style. A total of 160 day-old broiler chicks were distributed into four groups. All the chicks were fed on commercial ration for 4 weeks and provided flaxseed (FS) at the rate of 0 (FS–0), 10 FS–10), 15 (FS–15) and 20% (FS–20) in the feed. Myristic, palmitic, stearic and archidic acids were reduced (P&lt;0.05) when flaxseed level was increased. Lowest (P&lt;0.05) concentration of palmitoleic, oleic, myrestoleic and eruccic acids were recorded in meat from group supplemented with higher amount of flaxseed (FS–20). Linoleic, alpha linolenic, gamma linolenic, eicosatrienoic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of broiler meat increased (P&lt;0.05) with increasing the amount of flaxseed in broiler feed. Arachidonic acid decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) in response to flaxseed supplementation in broiler feed. Total omega-6 fatty acids also increased (P&lt;0.05) with higher supplementation of broiler feed with flaxseed. Flaxseed may be supplemented in broiler ration up to 10% for decreasing saturated and mono saturated fatty acids (MSFAs) and increasing poly unsaturated fatty acids (PSFAs) in broiler meat without affecting feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio.

Whole-grain intake and its inverse relationships with fatty acids intake among multiethnic Malaysian schoolchildren.

Little is known about the relationship of whole-grain intake with dietary fatty acids intake. The present study aimed to assess the whole-grain intake and its relationships with dietary fatty acids intake among multiethnic schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 392 schoolchildren aged 9-11years, cluster sampled from five randomly selected schools in Kuala Lumpur. Whole-grain and fatty acids intakes were assessed by 3-day, 24-h diet recalls. All whole-grain foods were considered irrespective of the amount of whole grain they contained. In total, 55.6% (n=218) were whole-grain consumers. Mean (SD) daily intake of whole grain in the total sample was 5.13 (9.75) gday-1 . In the whole-grain consumer's only sample, mean (SD) intakes reached 9.23 (11.55) gday-1 . Significant inverse associations were found between whole-grain intake and saturated fatty acid (SAFA) intake (r=-0.357; P<0.001), monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (r=-0.373; P<0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (r=-0.307; P<0.001) intake. Furthermore, whole-grain intake was a significant predictor of SAFA (β=-0.077; P=0.004), MUFA (β=-0.112; P=<0.001) and PUFA (β=-0.202; P=<0.001) intakes, after controlling for sex, age and ethnicity. Whole-grain intake in Malaysia was well below recommendations. Schoolchildren who consumed higher whole grain tend to reduce fat intake; however, it would also reduce the SAFA, MUFA and PUFA intakes. Future collaboration may be conducted between industry, government and universities to promote unsaturated fatty acids-rich foods and whole-grain food, although not to promote processed whole-grain foods with a high sugar and salt content.

Chemical characterization and processing suitability of zooplankton-rich side-streams from Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) processing

Fishmeal and oil have traditionally been used for aquaculture feed but are being replaced by cheaper ingredients. Fish side-streams are now predominantly used in the production of fishmeal and oil and can account for up to 50 % of the raw material. However, due to the increased competition there is a need to look for alternative high-value products from marine side-streams. The aim of the study was to assess the suitability of zooplankton rich side-streams in a pelagic processing plant (side-stream after heading and gutting, and foam from processing water) for further processing, collected in the summers of 2016–2018, and to investigate the effect of catching variables on the chemical composition and lipid quality of these side-streams. The side-stream after heading and gutting was rich in the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), peaking late August, as well as in the monounsatured fatty acid cetoleic acid, C22:1n11. The foam collected from the processing water was rich in monosaturated fatty acids but low in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Lipid quality was dependant on the length of the time from catching to processing, with longer time resulting in higher oxidation of lipids. Due to its high lipid content and beneficial fatty acid composition the zooplankton-rich side-stream after heading and gutting is a promising new source of the beforementioned fatty acids and can be recommended to be processed further for human consumption.

Predicted fuel characteristics of prunus avium seed oil as a candidate for biodiesel production

Energy is an indispensable requirement for both developed and developing societies today. However, most of the energy needs are met by fossil fuels, these resources are not renewable. Many countries are evaluating alternative sources to meet energy demand and to sustain development. In this study, oil was obtained by using Prunus avium kernels, also known as Turkish Cherry cultivated from Pozantı which is on the Taurus Mountains. Oil characterization was performed by gas chromatography (GC) and free fatty acids were determined. Oleic acid (C18:1) and Linoleic acid (C18:2) determined as 38.938 and 40.963 respectively. The free fatty acids were then evaluated using the Biodiesel Analyzer v1.2 program. The predicted results were the total percentage of monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 39.408, total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 41.042, Allylic Position Equivalents (APE) 121.146, Bisallylic position equivalents (BAPE) 41.220 respectively. On the other hand, Long Chain Saturated Factor (LCSF) is calculated as 3.624. Higher Heating Value (HHV) was calculated as 37.65Mj/kg, Cloud Point (CP) 0.099, Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) -5.091° C, Density (d) 0.838 (g/cm3), Cetane Number (CN) 50.1, Iodine Value (IV) 109.878, Kinematic Viscosity 3.543, Flash Point (FP) 160.56, Saponification Value (SV) 191.354, and Oxidation Stability (OS) 5.468, respectively. As a result of this study, it was concluded that Prunus Avium kernel oil is a promising biodiesel candidate.

A comparison of harvesting and drying methodologies on fatty acids composition of the green microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

Harvesting and drying processes are still obstacles in the microalgae production chain. In this study, a combination of different harvesting and drying methods for Scenedesmus obliquus was proposed. S. obliquus was cultivated in a pond raceway for 15 days until reaching stationary phase. The culture was separated by different harvesting methods (centrifugation and flocculation) and drying methods (freezing, freeze-drying and oven drying), each combination in triplicate. Flocculation did not influence FAME yield of S. obliquus, except when the biomass was dried in an oven. The biomass that was only frozen had the lowest FAME content due to the presence of reactive water in the biomass. In contrast, frozen biomass had higher content of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids; freeze-drying or oven drying caused an enrichment of the polyunsaturated fatty acids content. In conclusion, if the biomass will be used to extract polyunsaturated fatty acids, freeze-drying would be more appropriate. On the other hand, if the purpose of the biomass is to produce biodiesel, the best process would be to just freeze the biomass.

Curcumin in the diet of quail in cold stress improves performance and egg quality

Curcumin as a nutritional supplement for animals has been extensively used due to its several pharmacological properties, as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and growth promoter. These properties can exert positive effects on poultry health under thermal stress, and consequently, improves egg quality. In this sense, it is known that cold stress exerts negative effects on quail health, which consequently impairs its performance, posture and egg quality. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of nanocapsules containing curcumin in the Japanese quail diets could enhance the antioxidant effect of egg yolk and improve the quality indices during thermal stress, as well as to evaluate the performance production. The experiment was randomly performed with four groups (three repetitions with five animals each). The base diet was similar for all animals, and the curcumin (free or nanoencapsulated) was added later, and the groups were divided as follow: T0 (the control group; without curcumin); T30 (supplementation with 30 mg of free curcumin/kg of fed), and T3 and T10 (supplementation with 3 and 10 mg of nanoencapsulated curcumin/kg of feed, respectively). The animals received the experimental diets during 21 days, and the eggs were collected to perform the lipid profile analysis and oxidant/antioxidant status in the last day of experiment (day 21). The addition of curcumin (T30 and T10) improved egg production and reduced feed conversion. The color L (brightness) and b (yellow) were higher in the treatments with curcumin. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were lower in the egg yolk of animals from groups T30, T3 and T10 compared to T0. The antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals increased in all supplemented groups compared to T0. The saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were lower in the egg yolk of group T10 compared to T0. Finally, the monosaturated fatty acids levels were higher in the egg yolk of groups T10 and T30 compared to T0. Thus, the use of curcumin in the diet of quails exposed to thermal stress improved egg quality. The nanotechnology was able to potentiate the antioxidant effect of curcumin since doses three times lower where used compared to free curcumin, as well as increased the unsaturated fatty acids levels, which can be beneficial to consumer´s health.

Maternal diet and gestational diabetes mellitus development

ABSTRACTPurpose: All possible measures should be taken to prevent glucose tolerance disorders and limit their consequences. The aim of this study was to show the relationship between maternal eating habits and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Materials and methods: The nutrition of 55 pregnant women was evaluated using a three-day food record and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and nutrition of 12 months before pregnancy was assessed only by means of the FFQ. The patients were divided into groups: H – with uncomplicated pregnancy (n = 42) and GDM – with gestational diabetes mellitus (n = 13), based on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results performed between 24 and 28 weeks.Results: Significant differences were found between groups H and GDM in terms of daily fat intake (32.1 versus 36.2%) and dietary reference values (standards) for total fat, monosaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polysaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In the GDM group, the coverage of standards for total fat, staturated fatty acids (SFA) and MUFA exceeded the recommended values. Moreover, patients from this group consumed products typical for the “Western model of nutrition” more often, which may contribute to GDM.Conclusions: A “Western diet” and higher intake of energy from total fat and saturated fatty acid in the first half of pregnancy and before pregnancy may contribute to an increased risk of developing GDM.

Genetic correlation of fatty acid composition with growth, carcass, fat deposition and meat quality traits based on GWAS data in six pig populations

This study investigated genetic correlations of longissimus muscle fatty acid composition with 32 traits related to growth, carcass, fat deposition and meat quality in 2448 pigs from six populations using genome wide SNP data. Most of significant loci for saturated (C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0) and mono-saturated fatty acids (C18:1n9 and C16:1n7) identified in GWAS, including those near ELOVL6, SCD and FASN genes, displayed negligible or weak effects on all the 32 traits. Fat deposition traits were the most relevant traits for fatty acid composition in genetic correlations. Backfat thickness and intramuscular fat content consistently showed strong negative genetic correlations with C18:2n6, and positive genetic correlations with C18:1n9 at least five populations. Intramuscular fat content consistently has positive correlations with saturated fatty acids (SFA) in six populations. This study provided insights into shared genetic control of fatty acid composition and the other economic traits, which is helpful in design of breeding strategies to genetically improve fatty acid composition in pork.

Fatty oil from Securidaca inappendiculata exerted therapeutic effects on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice via suppression on fibroblast-like synoviocyte

Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk. (SI) is a medicinal plant used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in South China. A substantial amount of fatty oil was isolated from SI (SIF), however little knowledge about its chemical composition and medicinal potentials was obtained. In this study, we analyzed its chemical composition with methyl esterification based GC–MS method, and investigated the therapeutic potentials on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in mice. MTT and western-blot methods were employed to investigate its effects on proliferation rate and protein expressions in MH7A cells, respectively. It was revealed SIF was mainly comprised of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, and the two predominant compounds were palmitic acid (36.89%) and oleic acid (31.12%). Treatment with SIF at 100 mg/kg resulted in significant alleviation of AA severity in mice, together with reduced synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration in joints, and decreased levels of sialic acid, malondialdehyde and alkaline phosphatase in serum. Results from immunohistochemical assays hinted the protective effects of SIF on joints were associated to the inhibition on production of some pathological factors in synovium, including IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-9. SIF inhibited the proliferation of MH7A cells in a concentration dependent manner, and abrogated phosphorylation of p65 in vitro. These evidences collectively suggested SIF could suppress the pathological functions of fibroblast-like synoviocyte, and protect joints from destruction under AA conditions.

Description of amino acid and fatty acid content during initial development of Lophiosilurus alexandri (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae), a carnivorous freshwater catfish

ABSTRACT Samples of eggs, newly hatched larvae (NHL), and larvae at the end of the lecithotrophic period (eight days after hatching) (LPL) of Lophiosilurus alexandri were collected to determine the amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Crude protein did not change throughout initial development and the concentration of lipids was highest in NHL. The content of the indispensable amino acids (IAA) isoleucine, leucine, and valine decreased in LPL, while in eggs and NHL they remained high and similar in value. The dispensable amino acids (DAA), such as aspartic acid, tyrosine, and glycine, increased in LPL, while alanine decreased. The percentage of neutral lipids increased in LPL. The saturated fatty acid content decreased during ontogeny, while monounsaturated fatty acids decreased only in LPL. The polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest in LP. Polar fatty acids were found in higher percentages in eggs and NHL, but lower in LPL. Saturated fatty acid content decreased during ontogenetic development, while that of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased only in LPL. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest in LPL. Protein content was maintained during ontogenetic development, while amino acid classes experienced changes. Lophiosilurus alexandri preferentially uses saturated and monosaturated fatty acids as an energy source during its early development.

How surplus of palmitic fatty acid in food initiates hypertriglyceridemia, increases cholesterol of low density lipoproteins, triggers atherosclerosis and develops atheromatosis.

In phylogenesis, the first transfer of all fatty acids to cells is implemented by high density lipoproteins. Later, unsaturated and polyene fatty acids are transferred to cell by low density lipoproteins. The insulin-depended cells absorb palmitic saturated fatty acid, oleic mono-unsaturated fatty acid and of the same name triglycerides in very low density lipoproteins. The hepatocytes secrete palmitic, oleic and linoleic very low density lipoproteins separately. In blood, under hydrolysis of triglycerides, cells absorb ligand palmitic and oleic very low density lipoproteins by force of апоЕ/В-100 endocytosis; they are not transformed into low density lipoproteins. The palmitic saturated fatty acids in the form of polyether of cholesterol turn into linoleic very low density lipoproteins from high density lipoproteins at impact of protein transferring polyene ethers of cholesterol. They transform very low density lipoproteins into low density lipoproteins of the same name; the cells absorb them by force of апоЕ/В-100 endocytosis. In physiological sense, amount of oleic very low density lipoproteins are always more than palmitic of very low density lipoproteins. Under syndrome of insulin-resistance there is no transformation of palmitic saturated fatty acid synthesized from glucose in vivo into oleic mono-saturated fatty acid. The hepatocytes secrete into blood mainly palmitic very low density lipoproteins which amount exceeds oleic very low density lipoproteins. Under slow hydrolysis in blood, main mass of palmitic very low density lipoproteins becomes palmitic low density lipoproteins. These very lipoproteins initiate hyperlipidemia, increase content of cholesterol of cholesterol-low density lipoproteins, lower cholesterol-high density lipoproteins, decrease bio-availability of polyene fatty acids for cells, trigger development of atherosclerosis and formation of atheromatosis in intima of arteries. The aphysiologic effect of surplus of palmitic saturated fatty acid in vivo and triglycerides of the same name can't be eliminated under increasing of content of ω-3 polyene fatty acids in food and effect of statines. All this is to be rationally applied in prevention of hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, atheromatosis of coronary arteries, ischemic heart disease and myocardium infarction.

The atherosclerosis and atheromatosis as two etiologically different aphysiological processes at single pathogenesis. Atheromatosis and pathogenetic role of insulin.

It is supposed that at stages of phylogenesis seven biological functions was developed: 1) biological function of trophology; 2) homeostasis; 3) endoecology; 4) adaptation; 5) continuation of species; 6) locomotion; 7) cognitive function, including intellect. The function of trophology (feeding) is implemented by two biological reactions: exophilia - external feeding and endophilia - internal feeding. The function of endoecology prevents exceeding of upper limit of physiological interval by no substrate, catabolites and endogenous phlogogens. It is implemented by two biological functions: excretion and inflammation. The etiological factors of atherosclerosis are the following ones. The oleic mono-saturated fatty acid in chemical reactions is by far more active than palmitic fatty acid. In the ocean, all animals were carnivorous (piscivorous); species Homo Sapiens, in millions of years of life on dry land, forcedly became a herbivorousone. The main role in development of herbivorous animals belongs to insulin; the hormone regulating in the first-place metabolism of fatty acids, expresses transmutation of all endogenously synthesized from glucose palmitic saturated fatty acid in oleic monosaturated fatty acid. The late in phylogenesis insulin can't initiate transmutation of exogenous palmitic saturated fatty acid of food into oleic mono-saturated fatty acid. Under effect of insulin in vivo an active oleic type of metabolism of fatty acids is developed; and outside if effect of insulin palmitic type of metabolism of fatty acids is developed. In the ocean, synthesis of active eicosanoids occurs from ῳ-3 polyene fatty acids; there is no such fatty acids in dry land. The basis of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is feeding of large amount of carnivorous (meat) food by phylogenetically herbivorous Homo Sapiens. This way a deficiency of palmitic saturated fatty acids in cells if developed blocking their bio-accessibility. The lipoproteins of low density are not developed in the initiated by insulin transfer of oleic triglycerides to cells in oleic apoE/B-100 lipoproteins of very low density and their absorption by cells. The transfer of triglycerides into lipoproteins of very low density is blocked under slow processes of transmutation of palmitic lipoproteins of very low density into lipoproteins of low density, retention cumulation of lipoproteins of low density in blood. Only because of partial utilization by monocytes of non-ligand palmitic lipoproteins of very low density →lipoproteins of low density that occurs in the intima of arteries of elastic type, atheromotosis is developed. The atheromotosis masses of intima are first of all interim catabolites of polyene fatty acids; the cells could not to absorb them by apoB-100-endocytosis in the content of lipoproteins of low density. The atherosclerosis, hyperlipoproteinemia, high content of lipoproteins of low density in blood and deficiency of polyene fatty acids in cells are a result of disorder of trophology function; the atheromotosis of arteries is only partial implementation of endoecology function.

The nicotinic acid as an inhibitor of lipolysis in the phylogenetically early visceral cells; insulin also blocks hydrolysis of triglycerides in the phylogenetically late adipocytes.

It is valid to consider effect of nicotinic acid as an insulin-mimetic one. The uniformity of biologic effect of exogenous nicotinic acid and endogenous insulin permits to become aware that a) the hypo-lipidemic activity of insulin, inhibition of lipolysis in phylogenetically late insulin-dependent adipocytes and decreasing of content of unesterified fatty acids in blood plasma are considered as a basis of hypoglycemic effect of insulin; b) nicotinic acid similar to insulin blocks lipolysis too but in hormoneindependent visceral fatty cells. The counter-insular effect is manifested in vivo by exogenous and endogenous palmitic saturated fatty acid by force of physical chemical characteristics. The biological role of insulin consists in regulation of metabolism of fatty acids mainly unesterified fatty acids and in absorption of glucose by all insulin-dependent cells. It is supposed that contractile cells (myocytes and cardiomyocytes) cumulate glycogen for implementing glucose as a substrate in synthesis in situ de novo of ῲ-9 oleic mono-saturated fatty acid. The insulin initiates synthesis because mitochondria process this mono-saturated fatty to β-oxidation with the highest constant of reaction velocity. This is conditioned by physical chemical characteristics of oleic mono-saturated fatty acid, positioning of double bond in the chain of fatty acid; this ensures maximal efficiency of ATP gaining. In phylogenesis, the low efficient palmitic alternative of metabolism of fatty acids is formed the earliest. At the later stages of phylogenesis the cells, under becoming of motion function, worked out more efficient alternative of ATP synthesis from exogenous ῲ-9 oleic monosaturated fatty acid. At the late stages of phylogenesis, under becoming of biological function of locomotion (motion at the expense of contraction of cross-striated skeletal myocytes) insulin began to activate absorption of glucose by cells with subsequent synthesis of endogenous ῲ-9 oleic mono-saturated fatty acid out of it. The aphysiological effect of environment factors in the form of derangement of biological function of trophology (feeding), surplus of palmitic unesterified fatty acids in food serve as a main cause of such a high rate of functional derangement - insulin resistance syndrome in populations. Hence, there is no reason to call it diabetes mellitus type II.

Nutritional and Albumin Content of Swamp Fishes from Merauke, Papua, Indonesia

Study on chemical content of swamp fishes from Merauke has been conducted to obtain nutritional status of these fishes. Sampling was conducted twice (August and November 2015) in Merauke. There were six dominant fish species, namely striped snakehead (Channa striata), nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), tade gray mullet (Liza tade), philippine catfish (Clarias batrachus), barramundi (Lates calcarifer), and climbing perch (Anabas testudineus). Result on proximate analysis showed that the fishes had moisture content of 75.73±0.25%-81.45±0.04%, ash 0.94±0.01%-1.26±0.21%, protein 17.11±0.09%-18.92±0.05%, and lipid 0.59±0.19%-3.80±0.63%. The dominant essential amino acid of 6 swamp fishes from Merauke was lysine followed by leucine. Meanwhile the dominant non-essential amino acid was glutamic acid (32.26+0.61 mg/g), followed by aspartic acid. Calcium (Ca) was the dominant macro mineral for all fishes studied, being the highest was in nile tilapia (328.76±8.14 mg/100 g). Micro mineral was dominated by the presence of Selenium (Se) which the highest was in nile tilapia (0.084±0.005 mg/100g). These fishes were also rich in albumin, being the highest was stripe snakehead (138.59±1.68 mg/g). The average of total fatty acid showed that the fishes had saturated fatty acid (SFA) content of 46.30±0.27%, monosaturated fatty acid (MUFA) 9.20±1.6% and polyunsaturate fatty acid (PUFA) 34.49±0.44% of total fatty acid. From the result, it can be concluded that fish harvested from swamp of Merauke and surrounding area had a good nutritional value.

Process optimization for cultivation and oil accumulation in an oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides A29

Biodiesel is a renewable and environment friendly energy source, which is a potential alternative to petro-diesel. In the present study, mass production of microbial lipid by the yeast strain Rhodosporidium toruloides A29 was studied for biodiesel production. Realizing the importance of microbial lipids as a potential source for biodiesel, the strain was evaluated for higher biomass production using statistical modelling approach, which resulted in a lipid yield of 0.436g/g cell dry weight. This high lipid content was achieved using RSM optimized medium containing 2.5g/L of yeast extract, 2.75g/L of NaNO3, 0.5g/L of MgSO4 and 75g/L of glucose. The production of R. toruloides was successfully scaled up in a 30L bioreactor. In the reactor, lipid yield increased to 0.535g/g CDW leading to a 22-fold increase in oil content after scale up. Fatty acid characterization of the oil by GC revealed that R. toruloides A29 lipids consist of 34.59% saturated fatty acids, 46.49% monosaturated fatty acids and the rest polyunsaturated fatty acid. Transesterification of the extracted yeast oil revealed that the FAME (biodiesel) formed was similar in composition to the biodiesel produced from vegetable oil. The physico-chemical properties of the transesterified SCO were in range of the biodiesel standard specifications. Thus, this makes the microbial lipids obtained from R. toruloides A29 as potential alternative oil for sustainable production of biodiesel to meet the escalating energy demands.

PH-Driven Self-Assembly of Acidic Microbial Glycolipids.

Microbial glycolipids are a class of well-known compounds, but their self-assembly behavior is still not well understood. While the free carboxylic acid end group makes some of them interesting stimuli-responsive compounds, the sugar hydrophilic group and the nature of the fatty acid chain make the understanding of their self-assembly behavior in water not easy and highly unpredictable. Using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and both pH-dependent in situ and ex situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we demonstrate that the aqueous self-assembly at room temperature (RT) of a family of β-d-glucose microbial glycolipids bearing a saturated and monounsaturated C18 fatty acid chain cannot be explained on the simple basis of the well-known packing parameter. Using the "pH-jump" process, we find that the molecules bearing a monosaturated fatty acid forms vesicles below pH 6.2, as expected, but the derivative with a saturated fatty acid forms infinite bilayer sheets below pH 7.8, instead of vesicles. We show that this behavior can be explained on the different bilayer membrane elasticity as a function of temperature. Membranes are either flexible or stiff for experiments performed at a temperature respectively above or below the typical melting point, TM, of the lipidic part of each compound. Finally, we also show that the disaccharide-containing acidic cellobioselipid forms a majority of chiral fibers, instead of the expected micelles.