Mongolian People Research Articles

Eradication of Illiteracy through the cultural campaigns in the Mongolian People's Republic (1930 - 1960-s)

Eradication of Illiteracy through the cultural campaigns in the Mongolian People's Republic (1930 - 1960-s)

The image of Genghis Khan in Mongolia’s national ideology and historical policy

The article analyzes the image of Genghis Khan in the national ideology and historical policy of Mongolia. The study of this topic is relevant today in the context of the ongoing major geopolitical changes. In this context, it is important to note the various methods and technologies used to form the civic consciousness and national unity of Mongolians. One of the key approaches is the widespread integration of the extra-historical image of Genghis Khan into various spheres of Mongolian society. However, here it is important to distinguish between the real historical personality of Genghis Khan and the constructed image actively promoted by the contemporary leadership of Mongolia. Critical analysis of these differences allows us to better understand the nuances of collective identity formation. This issue is studied within the framework of a separate direction as Mongolology, created by the joint efforts of Russian, French, German, and British researchers of the nomadic Mongolian civilization, its original culture, and which in the last decade has become widespread in Mongolia itself. The study of the work of the last three Mongolian presidents on the image of Genghis Khan is of the greatest interest, since they personify modern Mongolia, and the period of their work covers both the heyday of democracy in the country and its contemporary crisis. It is concluded that the current president will continue to refer the Mongolian people to Genghis Khan, but no longer as a wise builder of the state, but as its inflexible and alternative ruler who ruled until his death. As practice suggests, it is big ideas that come to the aid of the ruling regime when its economic abilities are exhausted and there is nothing to present to the electorate. Thus, in modern Mongolia, the memorial canon is formed as one of the results of the historical policy pursued by the elites, in the framework of which the concept of «statehood», correlated with the category of «Mongolianness», occupies a special place.

MONGOLIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION: THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

The ancient traditional system of medicine and medical education has a long history of several hundred years, whereas it has been merely 80 years since modern medical education developed in Mongolia. Beginning in the 17 th century when Mongolia was under the rule of Manchu Qing dynasty and had suffered for over 220 years, a Mongolian traditional medical school named Mamba Datsan was founded and has been developing ever since. In 1911 the National liberation movement abolished Manchu ruling and the nation stepped onto the path towards independence. As Manchu Qing dynasty laws and rules were abandoned, Manchu Tibetan script fell out of use and monasteries were closed down, the country’s shift into a new system caused the old system of medical education to be demolished and altered. In 1921 People’s revolution won in Mongolia, feudalism was abolished and Soviet style culture started flourishing. Overcoming obstacles is a difficult and a time consuming challenge while transitioning from an old system to a new one. Through the relations built with the USSR, the first steps were built for Europian Medicine and the Europian Medical Education [EME] system started to pervade. In specific, preparation of junior physicians and nurses commenced in Mongolia. In 1942 the government of the Mongolian People’s Republic made the historically pivotal decision to found National University of Mongolia (NUM) with three faculties including Faculty of Medicine . Initially the Faculty of Medicine had a shortage of teaching staffs, textbooks, laboratories and other resources, but thanks to the contributions made by Russian teachers the Medical Institute of Mongolia (MIM of) became an integral part of the curriculum. This is how the contemporary medical education system developed in Mongolia scince 1942 until 2022. By starting to select and train the first graduates as the teaching human resource base by 1942-1961, the faculty of medicine stood on its feet as an independent Medical Institute of Mongolia . At that time Russian style curriculum for preparing physicians was still being used. In 1990, the Medical Institute of Mongolia expanded and became the Medical University of Mongolia (MUM). From the founding of NUM and until mid 1990s, MUM single handedly fulfilled the role of preparing generations of medical doctors in the healthcare system in Mongolia.

Risk Identification from the Perspective of South-South Cooperation —Evidence from China and Mongolia Agricultural Technology Cooperation

Continuous growth, the transformation of animal husbandry, and economic policy offer substantial opportunities for agriculture development, alleviate poverty, food security gains, improve human nutrition, and grow the agriculture economy. In Mongolia, successive governments have brought revolutionary changes to establish the planting industry in the region. The Mongolian government vigorously implemented a "land reclamation" policy three times to promote and develop the plant industry. Plant industry is the only viable livelihood option for the impoverished Mongolian people. Therefore, South-South Cooperation agricultural technology transfer project is a significant component of China's international agricultural cooperation and assistance. It has carried out many exemplary agricultural projects to improve agriculture development and animal husbandry in Mongolia, positively enhancing agriculture productivity. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the modes, achievements, and risks critically. This introductory article examined the existing difficulties and risks related to the dairy cow, sheep, and freshwater fisheries in China and Mongolia during 2000-2020. It concluded that lack of supply chain cooperation and unsustainability are significant problems. Finally, this study provides guidelines to promote the agricultural economy, technology, and market mechanisms to gain the mutual benefit of economic and trade cooperation. This study suggests transforming the existing single project-driven cooperation mode of government and enterprises into a deepen corporation by multiple projects in agriculture, animal husbandry, technological management, metrology, crops, and veterinary medicine. Moreover, to increase renewable energy, the government should support, cooperate, and implement the “One Billion Trees" campaign as part of the "Recovery Policy" to mitigate climate change.

Е. А. Стулов и его поездка в Архангайский аймак в 1932 г.: по материалам сборника документов «Монголия в документах из архивов ФСБ России (1922–1936 гг.)»

Introduction. The edition titled ‘Federal Security Service Archives: Mongolia Documented, 1922–1936’ contains a Note by Advisor to the MPR Economic Council E. Stulov on [His] Journey to Arkhangai Aimag. The document is of certain interest primarily from a perspective of the current economic and political situation in the country. Advisor E. Stulov was staying in Tsetserleg, the capital of Arkhangai Aimag, from 1 to 10 June 1932, and compiled the Note on 25 June of the same year to be marked top secret. The author mentions the main objective of the journey was to ‘investigate essentials and causes of the uprising’ in the aimag. Personal files of Evgeny A. Stulov are housed at the Russian State Archive of the Economy (Collection of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade as of the Year 1925). The Note can be viewed as an extended report on events to have taken place not only in Arkhangai but also in other provinces, and be structured as follows: 1) causes and essentials of the 1932 uprising, 2) economic reasons of the uprising, 3) work of the party organization in the aimag and wider — that of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party nationwide. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of Stulov’s journey to Arkhangai Aimag and examines reasons — political and economic ones — of the uprising and related riots both in Arkhangai and across the bulk of the country. Materials. The paper examines archival documents, published sources, and academic literature. Results and conclusions. E. Stulov’s Note reveals reasons of social unrests across various Mongolian estates. The journey is sure to have been crucial to that the Soviet Government undertook prompt measures to tackle the dramatic events. The unrests had begun in April 1932, and already in May the Mongolian question was being discussed at a meeting of the Politburo (VKP(b) Central Committee), which dispatched a letter to Ulaanbaatar containing proposals aimed at eliminating errors and miscounts afforded. This is why in June the Advisor to the MPR Economic Council was missioned to the country for detailed insights, and the officer’s journey note did reveal actual reasons of what had happened.

Sex differences in emotional perception: Evidence from population of Tuvans (Southern Siberia).

Prior studies have reported that women outperform men in nonverbal communication, including the recognition of emotions through static facial expressions. In this experimental study, we investigated sex differences in the estimation of states of happiness, anger, fear, and disgust through static photographs using a two-culture approach. This study was conducted among the Tuvans and Mongolian people from Southern Siberia. The respondents were presented with a set of photographs of men and women of European and Tuvan origin and were asked to interpret each of them. They were asked: “What does the person in the photo feel?” We found that the Tuvans easily identified happiness and anger; however, the level of accuracy of fear and disgust recognition was low. No sex differences in the recognition of happiness, disgust, and fear were observed. However, anger recognition was significantly moderated by the perceiver’s sex and the origin of the model. Compared to Tuvan men, Tuvan women were significantly less accurate in identifying anger in male Tuvans. Furthermore, the age effect was found in recognition of fear: older Tuvans were more accurate while recognizing the fearful faces of Tuvan, but not the European models.

Seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and risk factors in Jiuquan area, China.

The seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is high in Xinjiang, China. But the seroprevalence of KSHV and risk factors are still unknown in Gansu which is adjacent to Xinjiang.Six hundred and seventy-eightserum samples of the general population and 87 serum samples of syphilis patients from Jiuquan, Gansu were tested for antibodies against KSHV, including one latent protein (ORF73) and two lytic proteins (ORF65 and K8.1) using the ELISA. The total KSHV-seropositive rate was 15.9% in 678 serum samples in the Jiuquan area, and the KSHV-seropositive rate of males was higher than females (18.0% vs. 14.6%, p > 0.05). The Uygur, Kazakh, Hui, Manchu, and Mongolian populations had a higher seroprevalence of KSHV than the Han population (43.8%, 40.0%, 34.5%, 30.3%, 35.0% vs. 11.0%, respectively) among the ethnic groups in Jiuquan. Compared to the Han, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Manchu, and Mongolian people had an increase in the risk of KSHV of 528.9%, 439.1%, 325.6%, 251.6%, and 335.4% (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.003, respectively). The serum prevalence of KSHV in subjects aged < 20 years, 20-50 years, and >50 years was 13.8%, 14.7%, and 20.1%, respectively. Compared to the subjects aged < 20 years, 20-50 years and >50 years had an increase in the risk of KSHV of 7.4% and 56.9% (p = 0.829 and p = 0.204, respectively). Compared to the positive rate of KSHV in the general population of Anhui, the positive rate of KSHV was significantly higher in the general population of the Jiuquan area (15.9% vs. 9%, p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of KSHV between the Han population of Jiuquan and the Han population of Anhui (p > 0.05). In the population of syphilis patients in the Jiuquan area, the positive rate of KSHV was 30.7%, which was higher than that of the general population in the Gansu area (p < 0.05). This study indicates that Gansu has a high seroprevalence of KSHV. Ethnicity and syphilis are risk factors for KSHV infection.

Этапы языковой политики в Монгольской Народной Республике

Introduction. The 20th century reform of Mongolian writing shaped the basis for wide transformations in the country’s culture, science, and education. It is noteworthy that the language policy in the Mongolian People’s Republic was not only reduced to the Cyrillic reform of 1941. Goals. The article attempts a variety of insights into multiple directions of language policy in the Mongolian Peo\ple’s Republic. The work distinguishes four main stages of the latter’s implementation, and also compares those to similar processes in the USSR. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes Russian and Mongolian language sources, primarily laws and regulations of the USSR and the Mongolian People’s Republic, special attention be paid to works titled ‘The Revolution and Writing’ and ‘Public Education, Culture, Arts, and Science [in the MPR]: Systematically Collected Decrees and Laws’. Results. It reveals the MPR’s language policy was being implemented in strict compliance with similar processes in the Soviets. And it was largely the language policy that served a key to the successful abolition of illiteracy nationwide, modernization of Mongolian society, and spread of Soviet and European cultures. However, certain aspects and consequences of the language policy — primarily the intensified ‘Russification’ — would give rise to rejection and criticism among the Mongolian intelligentsia. Conclusions. Subsequently, this very reaction led to a dramatic rethink of the language policy in the 1990s, which attests to the significance of analyzing the MPR’s policy in this realm for better understanding of the situation in contemporary Mongolia.

Outcome of cardiovascular disease risk defined by some inflammatory markers in young Mongolian people

Background and Aims : Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) treatment and diagnostic methods have been increasing so far. Researchers have been studying markers and risk scores for determine the CVD risks. Morbidity and mortality rate did not decreasing all the developed and developing country. The world medical biggest problem is we could not decrease the number of young adults with CVD and mortality rate is getting younger. C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) are predictors cardiovascular disease. Elevated SAA increases the risk of atherosclerotic ischemia. . Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged 18-25 years with biomarkers.Methods: Aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged between 18-25 years with biomarkers. A total of 116 people were surveyed, including 45 men (38.79%) and 71 women (61.2%), with an average age of 21.96±1.85.Results: CVD risk is <1%-2.8% by Framingham risk score. The prevalence of overweight was 5.2%, hypertension 7.8%, triglyceride 16.4%, LDL 3.5%, and glucose 38.8%. Framingham risk scores are weakly correlated with LDL and diastolic pressure, respectively.CRP is strongly correlated with SAA (r = 0.87, p <0.0001).CRP varied depending on LDL and glucose levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively).Conclusions: Therefore, in young people, CRP may be a potential marker for CVD risk. Background and Aims : Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) treatment and diagnostic methods have been increasing so far. Researchers have been studying markers and risk scores for determine the CVD risks. Morbidity and mortality rate did not decreasing all the developed and developing country. The world medical biggest problem is we could not decrease the number of young adults with CVD and mortality rate is getting younger. C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) are predictors cardiovascular disease. Elevated SAA increases the risk of atherosclerotic ischemia. . Therefore, aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged 18-25 years with biomarkers. Methods: Aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD in young adults aged between 18-25 years with biomarkers. A total of 116 people were surveyed, including 45 men (38.79%) and 71 women (61.2%), with an average age of 21.96±1.85. Results: CVD risk is <1%-2.8% by Framingham risk score. The prevalence of overweight was 5.2%, hypertension 7.8%, triglyceride 16.4%, LDL 3.5%, and glucose 38.8%. Framingham risk scores are weakly correlated with LDL and diastolic pressure, respectively.CRP is strongly correlated with SAA (r = 0.87, p <0.0001).CRP varied depending on LDL and glucose levels (p = 0.006 and p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Therefore, in young people, CRP may be a potential marker for CVD risk.

A review on impact of carbonated milk beverages on human health

Carbonated milk beverages are drinks produced by the fermentation process (addition of yeast) and carbonated by mechanical or physical method. Recent studies show the consumption of carbonated milk beverages are becoming popular due to their nutritional and therapeutic effects. Products like kefir, koumiss, carbonated probiotic drinks and sparkling milk. According to research kefir has different health benefits like gastrointestinal proliferation, anti-bacterial spectrum, an anti-carcinogenic effect due to the presence of lactic acid formed during fermentation. It is also good for those who are lactose intolerant because of the high B – galactosidase activity enzyme which helps break down lactose sugar. Koumiss is first used by Mongolian people to treat tuberculosis, ulcers and hepatitis. It is rich in vitamin C, A, E, D and antibiotics. Carbonated probiotic drinks help in maintaining cholesterol level because lactic acid hinders the growth of bacteria in the small intestine by attaching the hexagen. Carbonated blueberry flavoured milk helps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, anti-inflammatory effects and some forms of cancer because blueberry is a source of vitamins, flavonoids and other phenolic compounds (anthocyanins).

Монголия в историографическом наследии профессора И. И. Кузнецова

Goals. The article aims to determine the place of Mongolia and plots related to the history of this country in works of the famous Soviet and Russian historian Ilya I. Kuznetsov, to evaluate his contribution to the study of the military conflict between the Red Army and armed forces of Japan in 1939 at the River of Khalkhin, and to characterize the role of I. Kuznetsov in preparing the memoirs of Yu. Tsedenbal. Materials and methods. The article analyzes memoirs and correspondence of I. Kuznetsov, materials of periodicals and mainly scientific works of the historian dealing with exploits of Soviet and Mongolian soldiers during the conflict on the Khalkhin Gol River. The methodology employed — in addition to the general scientific method of analysis — includes special historical research methods, i.e. the retrospective and chronological ones. Results. The study determines the chronological framework of issues related to events on the Khalkhin Gol River and studied by I. Kuznetsov — from mid-1960s to mid-1980s. The scholar prepared a number of articles and monographs that forever inscribed his name in the historiography of the events at Khalkhin Gol. Assistance in the preparation of Yu. Tsedenbal’s memoirs also became an important and interesting part of the historian’s scientific path, although this work remained unfinished. Conclusions. The study shows that despite issues of Mongolian history were not central to the scientific endeavors of I. Kuznetsov, his insights into the events on the Khalkhin Gol River were important in developing another research interest of the historian — destinies of Heroes of the Soviet Union and feats accomplished by soldiers of the Soviet and Mongolian armies. Publications of I. Kuznetsov’s works in the Mongolian People’s Republic and the Soviet Union unequivocally attest to the significance of his academic efforts aimed at exploring destinies of the heroes of Khalkhin Gol. This is confirmed by the very fact the scholar was invited to assist Yu. Tsedenbal in writing the latter’s memoirs. I. Kuznetsov was a historian with diverse scientific interests who with genuine enthusiasm tackled new research topics. The Mongolian theme is undoubtedly a significant contribution to his scientific background. And for the Mongolian people proper, the perpetuation of their compatriots’ feats in the conflict at Khalkhin Gol was of great importance.

Сотрудничество России и Монголии в научно-гуманитарной сфере: основные вехи (к столетию установления дипломатических отношений)

Introduction. The study analyzes the development of humanitarian ties between the Soviet Union (Russia) and the Mongolian People’s Republic (Mongolia). The work focuses on processes of cultural, scientific and educational cooperation between the countries, provides insight into main mechanisms and areas of interaction over the century of official diplomatic relations. Goals. The article aims at performing a brief analysis of the legal framework for the implementation of mutual relations in the humanitarian sphere, as well as at identifying key stages in the development of cultural and educational contacts, which is of utmost importance in terms of creating strong ties between nations. Materials and methods. The study examines legal sources, publications, and scientific literature. Results. Ultimately, the paper determines main stages in the development of cultural and scientific cooperation, outlines objective reasons to have caused the cooling in relations between the countries after the collapse of the USSR. Despite the successor states of the USSR and the MPR were desperately seeking to distance themselves from the Socialist past and ideological foundations in the 1990s, the cultural essentials did not undergo any crucial reassessment of previous achievements. In the 2000s and onwards, a new stage in the development of relations between the Russian Federation and Mongolia has begun. The contemporary nature of interaction has reached the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership. One of the important markers characterizing the level and conditions of bilateral relations is the essential number of scientific events held as part of the centenary celebrations. The work highlights main contradictions that arise between countries under current conditions, though shows those contradictions are not actually systemic by nature. Conclusions. So, the study presents key prospects for the implementation of joint projects aimed at developing scientific and humanitarian cooperation that lay sound foundations of mutual relations. A special role therein was once played by professional training of Mongolia’s citizens at Soviet universities.

Understanding of Diabetes in Tibetan, Mongolian, Miao, Dai, Uygur, and Yi Medicine and Collation of Prevention and Cure Medicines.

Diabetes seriously endangers human health and causes a huge economic burden. With the improvement of people's living standard, the prevalence of diabetes is getting higher and higher, and age is becoming younger. It is an increasingly serious global problem. Therefore, it is imperative to find the drugs to treat diabetes. Ethnic medicine is an important part of the world's medicinal treasure house and has its own unique system. This study systematically combined the theoretical understanding of the prevention and treatment of diabetes of Tibetan, Mongolian, Miao, Dai, Uygur, and Yi people by searching the existing literature studies published until 2021, library collection resources (related ethnic monographs, medical books, standards of medicinal materials, etc.), CNKI, PubMed, and other databases and collected and sorted the relevant medicines. A total of 112 kinds of ethnic medicines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes have been discovered, including plant medicines (105 kinds), animal medicines (6 kinds), and fungal medicines (1 kind). The composition of family and genus, medicinal parts, and life forms of medicinal plants were analyzed, and the number of drugs used in the prevention and treatment of diabetes in each ethnic group was statistically analyzed. The results showed that Rosaceae was at the top of the list, and the drugs used in underground parts accounted for 33.90% of the total, and the medicinal plants were mainly herbaceous, and the Mongolians have the largest number of diabetes medicines. In addition, CNKI, PubMed, and other databases selected “medicinal materials name,” “diabetes,” and “hypoglycemia” as keywords, the top 30 medicinal materials reported in existing literature were listed, and their Chinese name, the Latin name of the original plant, family and genus, nationality used, medicinal parts, and active ingredients related to the prevention and treatment of diabetes were introduced in detail. Among the 30 medicines, Astragalus membranaceus, Pueraria lobata, and Coptis chinensis are the most commonly used. Through literature research, this study summarized the existing theories of ethnic medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, collected and sorted out ethnic medicine, clarified the potential mechanism of ethnic medicine, and provided effective data compilation. Ethnic medicine has a long history of treating diabetes, and there are abundant medicinal materials, to provide a new idea and basis for treating diabetes.

Analysis of Dietary Supplement Use and Influencing Factors in the Mongolian Population.

Objective Dietary supplements (DS) may improve micronutrient deficiencies, but the unique eating habits and cultural customs of the Chinese Mongolian population affect their choice of DS. Therefore, this study adopted a cross-sectional method to explore the current status of DS use and to assess the influencing factors in the Mongolian population in Inner Mongolia, China. Methods We used a multistage random cluster sampling method to select 1,434 Mongolian people aged ≥ 18 years in Hohhot and Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia. Data regarding general patient characteristics and DS use through questionnaire surveys were obtained, and the blood plasma was collected for biochemical index detection. The binary logistic regression and decision tree algorithm were used to predict the factors influencing DS use among the Mongolian population. Results Among 1,434 participants that completed the baseline survey, the usage rate of DS was 18.83%, and more women than men used DS (P = 0.017). Higher use of DS was reported among individuals aged ≤ 34 years, but this difference is not statistically significant (P = 0.052). Usage rate was higher among those living in urban areas (P < 0.001), those with higher education (P < 0.001), those engaged in mental work (P < 0.001), and nonsmokers (P = 0.019). The biochemical test results showed that the proportion of people with abnormal total cholesterol levels using DS was lower (P = 0.003), but that of those with abnormal triglyceride levels using DS was higher (P = 0.001), compared with the proportion of those with normal levels in each case. The most commonly used supplement was calcium (58.15%). Education level was the main factor affecting DS intake. The results of the binary logistic regression model and decision tree model both showed that region, educational level, and abnormal triglyceride levels were significant factors influencing DS intake among Mongolians. Conclusion Findings from this study indicate that DS intake is uncommon in the Mongolian population. In addition, sex, region, education level, and triglyceride levels may influence DS use.

Treatment of Liver Cancer: Role of the Traditional Mongolian Medicine.

Liver cancer is an extraordinarily heterogeneous malignancy with relatively high mortality and increasing incidence rate among the so far identified cancers. Improvements in liver cancer therapy have been made in the past decades, but therapeutics against liver cancer are still limited. Traditional Mongolian Medicine, formed and developed by the Mongolian people to maintain health in the medical practice of fighting against diseases, has been recognized as one of the key components of the world healthcare system. Traditional Mongolian Medicine has been used to treat various malignancies, including liver cancer, for a long time in Asia and its advantages have become more and more apparent. Herein, this review made a comprehensive summary of Traditional Mongolian Medicine, including the ideas in the liver cancer treatment, sources of medicines or prescriptions, traditional applications, modern pharmacological research, chemical structure and mechanisms of several monomer compounds isolated from Traditional Mongolian Medicine, with a view to finding promising drugs against liver cancer and expanding the clinical application of Traditional Mongolian Medicine in liver cancer therapy.

Estimation of Armington elasticities: case of vegetables in Mongolia

Mongolian people often consume meat more than vegetable in diet due to traditional nomadic culture. Nowadays, the Mongolian people’s diet has been changing who consume more vegetables with associated urbanization (half of the population live in urban areas, mostly in the capital city). Even though vegetable consumption has been increased recently, the vegetable market is still a high reliance on imports and threatening national food security. Since 2016, the Mongolian government has especially paid attention to increasing vegetable's domestic production and substitution to import vegetables (Ministry of food and Agriculture, 2017). Therefore, this paper provided to substitution elasticity (the Armington elasticity) between import vegetables and domestic vegetables in Mongolia. Additionally, we estimated the home bias value of vegetables. The so-called Armington elasticities are widely used for computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis, which determines a degree of substitution between import goods and domestically produced goods. Several of the authors studied Armington elasticities at the product level. We choose six vegetables (such as potato, garlic and onion, tomato, carrot and turnips, cabbage, and cucumber) related to lack of information. The empirical result shows that the Armington elasticities in the long-run higher than the short-run with exception of potato which means that products are similar in the long-run. However, our estimated Armington elasticities are quite lower than the previous studies result which means that Mongolian people indicated more prefer home growing vegetables than import vegetables. Moreover, we found that the home bias value is high in the short-run even long -run, this appears to be a higher relative weight on home vegetables.&#x0D; JEL code: F13, Q17, Q18

Skin aging risk factors: A nationwide population study in Mongolia risk factors of skin aging.

The world population is aging and no country is immune to the consequences. We are not aware of any country-specific skin aging risk factors data for the Mongolian people. Thus, we aimed to study the risk factors associated with skin aging in the Mongolian population. A population-based cross-sectional study of 2720 study participants 18 years of age and older was performed evaluating the severity of skin aging based on cutaneous microtopography. Questionnaire data and skin physiological measurements were obtained. The odds ratios for skin aging grades associated with risk factors were estimated using ordinal logistic regression. Study participant’s mean age was 45 years, ranging from 18 to 87. After adjustment for known risk factors, skin aging was associated with demographic risk factors such as increasing age (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI 1.18–1.20), living in an urban area (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.12–1.55) and lifestyle factors including being a smoker (aOR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.09–1.61), having a higher body mass index (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06) and higher levels of sun exposure time (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06) were significantly associated with higher skin aging grades. Having dry (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.45–2.59) and combination skin (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.22–2.16) types were also independent risk factors associated with skin aging. Having very low skin surface moisture at the T-zone (aOR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.42–3.11) was significantly related to skin aging. Older age, urban living and toxic working conditions were independent demographic risk factors related to skin aging. Smoking, higher BMI, greater levels of sun exposure were significant lifestyle risk factors. Having a skin type other than normal was a physiologic risk factor for skin aging.

Первый в Сибири: из истории диссертационного совета по историческим наукам при ИГУ. Часть 1: История становления и развития совета, 1942–2022 гг.

The article is devoted to the Dissertation Council for Historical Sciences, established at the Irkutsk State University in the distant military year of 1942. Over the eighty years of its activity, the Council has trained hundreds of scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification for universities and academic institutions of Irkutsk, the cities of Siberia and the Far East, scientists from Buryatia, Tyva, Yakutia, the Mongolian People's Republic defended the results of their research here.

Female Jewelry of the Mongolian People in the Collection of the V. A. Obruchev Kyakhta Local Museum

This article examines the Mongolian female jewelry collection of the Kyakhta Local Museum amounting to almost a hundred and fifty items. The collection started with expeditions of the Russian Geographical Society in the early twentieth century and continued throughout the Soviet period when it was significantly enlarged with items from various regions of Buryatia. According to the museum’s documents, and most of the items are still unidentified, the collection consists of scattered items or their individual elements which need proper research and technical expertise. During their examination of the said items, the authors solve several problems, i.e. they analyse and describe the art piece, the semantics of the ornamentation, identify the scrambled elements and pieces of jewelry used in the traditional costume of the Buryat regions. The authors use the iconographic, iconological, and comparative methods. The full set of female jewelry for the Mongolian people adorns the head, the neck, the chest, the shoulders, the waist and both arms. The article only focuses on headpieces and items worn hanging from the temples all the way down to the chest. It includes the description of silver decorations used for the top of male and female hats, and techniques for their differentiation. The study attempts to attribute the jewelry to define its affiliation with a specific Buryat ethnic group, as different areas of Buryatia and Mongolia have their own variations and artistic identities expressed in the traditional costume of their tribes and families. The article describes three items of Mongolian female jewelry. The authors aim to continue the research by focusing on each group of female jewelry attire with reference to comparable material from different museums.

Водный режим Торейских озер в условиях антропогенного влияния

The Torey lakes, located in the Transbaikal Territory on the border with the Mongolian People's Republic, are a unique natural reservoir. They have an unstable hydrological regime due to climate change. The main inflow of the Torey Lakes is the transboundary Ul’dza River. A hydraulic structure is being built on the Mongolian part of this river, the activity of which can lead to significant changes in the water regime of the Torey lakes. Based on the proposed model of the water balance of the Torey lakes, the hydrological regime of these lakes for the period from 1965 to 2018 is characterized. Changes in the level of the Torey Lakes are analyzed, including taking into account the activity of a hydraulic structure. Changes in the hydrological regime of the Torey lakes are considered, taking into account the construction of this hydraulic structure in the form of a reduction in water inflow by 10 and 20%. Possible environmental consequences for the region of the Torey Lakes during the construction of a hydraulic structure on the river are considered.