Modification Of Rules Research Articles

Traffic evolution in Software Defined Networks

Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers unprecedented traffic engineering possibilities due to optimal centralized decision making. However, network traffic evolves over time and changes the underlying optimization problem. Frequent application of the model to reflect traffic evolution causes flooding of control messages, traffic re-routing and synchronization problems. This paper addresses the problem of graceful traffic evolution in SDNs (Software Defined Networks) minimizing rule installations and modifications, optimizing the global objectives of minimization of Maximum Link Utilization (MLU) and minimization of the Maximum Switch Table Space Utilization (MSTU). The problem is formulated as multi-objective optimization using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Proof of NP-Hardness is provided. Then, we re-formulate the problem as a single-objective problem and propose two greedy algorithms to solve the single-objective problem, namely MIRA-Im and MIRA-Im with Conflict Detection, and experiments are performed to show the effectiveness of the algorithms in comparison to previous state of the art proposals. Simulation results show significant improvements of MIRA-Im with Conflict Detection, especially in terms of number of installed rules (with a gain till 80% with the highest number of flows) and flow table space utilization (with a gain till 55% with the highest number of flows), compared to MIRA-Im and other algorithms available in the literature, while the other metrics are essentially stable.

Sure Steps: Key Strategies for Protecting Basketball Players from Injuries-A Systematic Review.

Background: Basketball is a high-intensity sport, which includes actions such as jumping, changes of direction, accelerations, and decelerations, which generates fatigue situations that may increase the risk of injury. Specifically, the joints at greatest risk are the ankle and knee, with ankle sprains and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears being the most prevalent injuries. There are several strategies aimed at reducing the incidence, based on training methods or other prophylactic measures. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to perform a systematic review of the different injury prevention strategies in competitive-level basketball players with respect to general injuries, ankle sprains, and ACL injuries. Methods: For this purpose, the PRISMA methodology was applied, performing a search in three databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane) between 25 September 2023 and 8 October 2023. Results: A total of 964 articles were identified, out of which 283 were duplicates and 644 were discarded. Out of the remaining 37, 23 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria; therefore, 14 articles were finally included. With respect to general injuries, 8 out of 14 studies reviewed them. Concerning ankle sprains, 7 studies specifically analyzed them. Finally, 3 studies focused on ACL injuries. Conclusions: Training programs that combine different contents, known as neuromuscular training, including strength work, stabilization or core, mobility, and agility are the most effective for both general injuries and ACL injuries. For ankle sprains, the most effective measures are training programs based on analytical ankle stability exercises and the use of ankle braces. Adherence to prevention programs is essential, so they can be included as part of the warm-up. Other strategies such as training load control, functional assessment, or rule modification are not used in the included articles, so their effectiveness as prophylactic methods could not be justified.

Towards an early warning system for monitoring of cancer patients using hybrid interactive machine learning.

The use of smartphone apps in cancer patients undergoing systemic treatment can promote the early detection of symptoms and therapy side effects and may be supported by machine learning (ML) for timely adaptation of therapies and reduction of adverse events and unplanned admissions. We aimed to create an Early Warning System (EWS) to predict situations where supportive interventions become necessary to prevent unplanned visits. For this, dynamically collected standardized electronic patient reported outcome (ePRO) data were analyzed in context with the patient's individual journey. Information on well-being, vital parameters, medication, and free text were also considered for establishing a hybrid ML model. The goal was to integrate both the strengths of ML in sifting through large amounts of data and the long-standing experience of human experts. Given the limitations of highly imbalanced datasets (where only very few adverse events are present) and the limitations of humans in overseeing all possible cause of such events, we hypothesize that it should be possible to combine both in order to partially overcome these limitations. The prediction of unplanned visits was achieved by employing a white-box ML algorithm (i.e., rule learner), which learned rules from patient data (i.e., ePROs, vital parameters, free text) that were captured via a medical device smartphone app. Those rules indicated situations where patients experienced unplanned visits and, hence, were captured as alert triggers in the EWS. Each rule was evaluated based on a cost matrix, where false negatives (FNs) have higher costs than false positives (FPs, i.e., false alarms). Rules were then ranked according to the costs and priority was given to the least expensive ones. Finally, the rules with higher priority were reviewed by two oncological experts for plausibility check and for extending them with additional conditions. This hybrid approach comprised the application of a sensitive ML algorithm producing several potentially unreliable, but fully human-interpretable and -modifiable rules, which could then be adjusted by human experts. From a cohort of 214 patients and more than 16'000 available data entries, the machine-learned rule set achieved a recall of 19% on the entire dataset and a precision of 5%. We compared this performance to a set of conditions that a human expert had defined to predict adverse events. This "human baseline" did not discover any of the adverse events recorded in our dataset, i.e., it came with a recall and precision of 0%. Despite more plentiful results were expected by our machine learning approach, the involved medical experts a) had understood and were able to make sense of the rules and b) felt capable to suggest modification to the rules, some of which could potentially increase their precision. Suggested modifications of rules included e.g., adding or tightening certain conditions to make them less sensitive or changing the rule consequences: sometimes further monitoring the situation, applying certain test (such as a CRP test) or applying some simple pain-relieving measures was deemed sufficient, making a costly consultation with the physician unnecessary. We can thus conclude that it is possible to apply machine learning as an inspirational tool that can help human experts to formulate rules for an EWS. While humans seem to lack the ability to define such rules without such support, they are capable of modifying the rules to increase their precision and generalizability. Learning rules from dynamic ePRO datasets may be used to assist human experts in establishing an early warning system for cancer patients in outpatient settings.

Vulneración del principio de interés superior del niño en proceso de alimentos por inconcurrencia de partes

The general objective of this investigation was to analyze whether the principle of the best interest of the child is violated due to the non-concurrence of the parties, it is a qualitative approach, basic type, grounded theory design at a descriptive-interpretive, hermeutic level and the instruments used to collect The information was the interview guide and the documentary analysis guide. In conclusion, it was determined that, if the principle of the best interest of the child is violated, the application of which is mandatory in food processes, however, in the food process it is transgressed as a result of the application of article 203 of the Code of Civil Procedure, whose The effects are negative due to the violation of the basic rights of the obligee, which is why the modification of the aforementioned rule is necessary.

Preservation of Traditional Sports of Geudeu-Geudeu Wrestling With Modification of Match Rules in the Pidie Jaya Community of Aceh

The growth of traditional sports begins with daily habits with various activities in the form of movements towards a game which contains elements of the art of sports and social values that exist throughout Indonesia. The aim of the study was to modify the rules of the traditional sport of geudeu-geudeu wrestling. The research method used is research and development (R & D) with the stages of the ADDIE method, namely: analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate. The research instruments were questionnaires and interviews containing statements related to the modification of the traditional sport rules of geudeu-geudeu wrestling. The research subjects were geudeu-geudeu trainers and 10 youths in Pidie Jaya Regency. Data analysis by looking for the magnitude of the relative frequency or in the form of a percentage. The results of this study indicate that there are four alternative answers chosen by respondents, namely 62.23% strongly agree, 34.24% choose agree, and 3.53% disagree, with the modification of the geudeu-geudeu martial arts regulations. Youth 60.02% strongly agree, 36.55% agree, 3.43% disagree with the modification of the traditional sport rules of geudeu-geudeu wrestling. Geudeu-geudeu and youth coaches 60.12% strongly agreed, 35.39% agreed with the development of the traditional sport regulations of geudeu-geudeu wrestling, and 4.49% disagreed with the modification of the traditional sport rules of geudeu-geudeu wrestling.

Effect of Rule Modifications on Kinematic Parameters Using Maturity Stage as a Moderating Variable in U-10 Football Players.

The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of regulatory modifications in competitive situations on cinematic variables, considering maturity stage as a moderating factor, in youth football players. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in which 45 players with a mean age of 9.47 ± 0.54 participated. The independent variable analysed was the modification of rules (playing time, scoring, and specific rules). The dependent variables analysed were cinematic variables. These variables were recorded with WimuTM. The maturity stage was considered a moderating factor in this effect. The main results indicate that the modified competition reduced the total distance covered, maximum acceleration speed, and distance covered in acceleration and deceleration in different speed zones. In addition, the maturity stage was found to moderate the effect of the intervention on the total distance covered, distance covered by accelerating in zone 3, and distance covered by decelerating in zone 3. Thus, the proposed modification appeared to reduce the physical demand for competition. Furthermore, it reduced the differences between players with early maturational development and those with late maturational development.

Accounting and taxation in Romania: from connection to disconnection?

Research Question: What are the effects of the evolutions in tax and financial reporting regulations on the book-tax relationship in the case of Romanian listed companies; is the de jure trend towards a disconnection confirmed, and what findings can be made from a de facto analysis based on the effective tax rate (ETR)? Motivation: Istrate (2011) applied the grid proposed by Lamb et al. (1998) and found that, in 2020, the de jure trend was clearly towards a book-tax disconnection. My intention is to replicate this analysis for 2021 and to add some other variables that could characterize the period, in order to assess the 2021 de jure and de facto (dis)connection. Idea: Mandatory introduction of IFRS for some listed companies, adaptation of the Romanian accounting rules to the European directive 34/2013, modification of the tax rules, in particular as a result of European efforts to fight tax avoidance, unprecedented situations such as the covid-19 crisis were just as many reasons for companies to adapt their tax and financial reporting behaviours, which makes the more interesting the analysis of the book-tax relationship. Data: For the application of the analysis grid proposed by Lamb et. al (1998) and developed later by other authors, I have analysed the accounting and financial reporting regulations, in parallel with the treatments provided by the Romanian tax law. For the de facto analysis attempt, I analysed more than 3,800 observations about the Romanian companies listed on Bucharest Stock Exchange for the period 2000-2021. Tools: The assessment of the book-tax relationship was done by applying the Lamb et al. (1998) model, with the six possible cases: from total identity, to total disconnection. My analysis takes into account 40 key elements. In the case of de facto analysis, I calculated an ETR as the ratio between the current tax expense to profit before taxes. Findings and contributions: The study proposes a de jure analysis that confirms the evolution towards almost total disconnection between accounting and tax rules, especially for companies applying IFRS. The de facto analysis allows us to observe that ETR significantly different from the statutory tax rates (STR) – which confirms the disconnection between accounting and taxation. So, for the Romania listed companies, in general, the book-tax disconnection explains and justifies the differences between the ETR and the STR; in this case, the ETR is not really the best proxy for the tax avoidance, as many studies in the literature proposed.

The Alabama Revisited: Some Observations on the Evolution of Rights and Duties of Neutral States in Armed Conflicts under International Law

The paper discusses the concept of neutrality in contemporary international law. The traditional notion of neutrality, stemmed from states’ practice since the 17th century, means the particular status, defined by international law, of a state that is not party to an armed conflict. The basic premise of this notion is, in short, quite straightforward: on the one hand, the neutral state has the right to remain apart from, and not to be adversely affected by, the conflict. On the other hand, the neutral state is under the obligation of non-participation and impartiality. In the 20th and 21st centuries, however, following several treaties and modifications of states’ practice on that matter, the law of neutrality underwent changes and introduced new concepts, e.g. qualified neutrality or non-belligerency. This change, however, has produced only modifications of specific rules of the law of neutrality, not a general abolition of this whole body of law.

A Sequential Pattern Mining Method for the Individualized Detection of Online Banking Fraudulent Transactions

Financial institutions are facing a growing number of challenges as a result of the growth in fraudulent activities in online banking, which calls for the implementation of systems that are more advanced in their identification of fraud.Traditional rule-based techniques have difficulties when it comes to handling rule modifications and do not provide sufficient detail to particular users. This study presents the User-Specific Sequence Pattern Mining Framework for Online Banking Fraud Detection (USPM-FrauD) as a solution to the challenges that have been highlighted. The framework was developed in order to detect fraudulent activity in online banking.This system makes use of sequence pattern mining algorithms in order to examine the transaction logs of every user and find variations that may be indicative of fraudulent conduct. By concentrating on individualised transaction patterns, the USPM-FrauD model provides a method that is both more efficient and more specifically targeted to the identification of fraudulent activity in online banking. When compared to rule-based and Markov chain models, the experimental findings reveal that the USPM-FrauD model has greater performance. This demonstrates that the model has the potential to be practically implemented in online banking systems that are used in the real world. In order to battle the ever-changing world of online banking fraud, financial institutions now have access to a more complex and user-specific tool thanks to the USPM-FrauD framework, which marks a substantial improvement in fraud detection approaches.

Postoje žiakov športových a nešportových tried k inklúzii žiaka so zrakovým postihnutím do vyučovania telesnej a športovej výchovy

The research aimed to investigate and compare the attitudes of students in sports and mainstream classes toward the inclusion of a student with a visual impairment in physical and sports education classes. Attitudes were analysed separately for the areas of social interaction, modifications to the rules of sports games, and from an overall perspective of inclusion. The research population consisted of a total of 232 primary school students in grades 6 to 9 educated in mainstream classes (n=152) and in sports classes (n=80). The research data were collected using the standardized CAIPE-R questionnaire modified for the inclusion of students with visual impairment (α=0.735). The research found significant differences in social interactions (U=4343, p=0.00**), in modifications of sports game rules (U=4647, p=0.00**), and in the overall attitudes toward inclusion of a student with visual impairment in physical and sports education (U=4185, p=0.00**) in favour of more positive attitudes for students in mainstream classes compared to students in sport classes.

Comprehensive Analysis of Implementation and Evaluation IoT based Techniques in Networked Security Systems

This research introduces an advanced network security methodology based on IoT, combining five innovative algorithms: Dynamic Threat Detection (DTD), Adaptive Intrusion Prevention System (AIPS), Anomaly-Based Security Metrics (ABSM), Context-Aware Firewall (CAF), and Cognitive Security Assessment (CSA). Each algorithm contributes specific functionalities, ranging from real-time threat detection and adaptive policy adjustments to anomaly quantification, contextual rule modifications, and holistic security risk assessments. The ablation study conducted on each algorithm reveals critical components driving their performance, ensuring a deep understanding of their inner workings. The proposed method demonstrates superior performance in accuracy, scalability, usability, and adaptability compared to existing network security methods. Visual representations and a comprehensive evaluation further validate the proposed method's effectiveness, positioning it as an advanced and efficient solution for addressing evolving network security challenges.

Incidence and prevalence of injuries in some sports – review

: Injuries are an inherent risk associated with sports participation, impacting the health and performance of athletes across various disciplines. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the incidence and prevalence of injuries in selected sports, shedding light on the magnitude and patterns of injuries observed within each sport. To conduct this review, an extensive search was performed across electronic databases and relevant sports medicine literature. The findings reveal significant variability in injury rates and patterns among different sports. Sports such as football, handball, and volleyball, exhibit higher overall injury rates, with musculoskeletal injuries being most prevalent. Conversely, sports such as running, and cycling tend to demonstrate lower injury rates, with a focus on overuse injuries. Common injury types observed across sports include sprains, strains, fractures, contusions, and concussions, while body regions such as the lower extremities, head and neck, and upper limbs are frequently affected. Various factors contribute to the occurrence of injuries in sports, including player age, gender, skill level, training intensity, equipment usage, playing surface, and rule modifications. Contact and collision sports carry a higher risk of traumatic injuries compared to non-contact and individual sports. Understanding the incidence and prevalence of injuries in different sports is crucial for the development and implementation of injury prevention strategies. This review highlights the need for tailored approaches that address sport-specific risk factors, focusing on athlete education, proper training techniques, equipment modifications, rule changes, and enhanced medical support.

Exciton fine structure in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures

Moiré superlattices of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) heterostructures give rise to rich excitonic phenomena associated with the interlayer twist angle. Theoretical calculations of excitons in such systems are typically based on model moiré potentials that mitigate the computational cost. However, predictive understanding of the electron-hole coupling dominating the excitations is crucial to realize the twist-induced modifications of the optical selection rules. In this work, we use many-body perturbation theory to evaluate the relation between twist angle and exciton properties in TMD heterostructures. We present an approach for unfolding excitonic states from the moiré Brillouin zone onto the separate-layer ones. Applying this method to a large-angle twisted MoS2/MoSe2 bilayer, we find that the optical spectrum is dominated by mixed electron–hole transitions with different momenta in the separate monolayers, leading to unexpected hybridization between interlayer and intralayer excitons. Our findings offer a design pathway for exciton layer-localization in TMD heterostructures.

Legitimating innovation through category positioning: a case study of The Hundred cricket competition

PurposeIn response to increasing competition for consumer attention, sport governing bodies have innovated short-format, action-oriented versions of traditional sports to attract new fans. This article explores how sport governing bodies (SGBs) manage the need for innovations to both conform to existing stakeholder expectations whilst offering novel benefits in comparison to competition (i.e. legitimate distinctiveness).Design/methodology/approachCreated by the English Cricket Board (ECB), The Hundred competition was used as a case study to explore the conformity-differentiation tension through a legitimacy lens using document and media analysis.FindingsSeven themes were created to explain how the ECB managed legitimacy tensions: rule modification, team creation, scheduling, game-day experience, broadcasting, gender equity and sponsorship. In each theme, differentiation and conformity were traded-off by the ECB to prioritise pragmatic legitimacy with broadcasters and sponsors.Practical implicationsFor sport management professionals, the Hundred demonstrates the commercial value of differentiating new sporting events from competitors via hybrid broadcasting partnerships, embedded gender equity and designing game-day experiences that attract hard-to-reach consumer demographics.Originality/valueSGBs must trade-off legitimacy between sources when innovating to survive, and when faced with conflicting expectations, commercial imperatives determined whether to conform or differentiate.

Enhanced Non-Maximum Suppression for the Detection of Steel Surface Defects

Quality control in manufacturing equipment relies heavily on the detection of steel surface defects. Recently, there have been an increasing number of efforts in which object detection techniques have been utilized to achieve promising results in the detection of steel surface defects since the defect patterns can be considered objects. To enhance the detection performance in the object detection problem, the non-maximum suppression (NMS) step, which eliminates redundant boxes overlapped with a box having the greatest detection score, is essential. In this work, we propose a novel NMS to improve the detection method of steel surface defects. The proposed NMS approach is composed of three novel techniques: IoU regularization, threshold adjustment, and comparison rule modification to enhance the detection performance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed NMS, we carry out extensive numerical experiments using the YOLOv7 and EfficientDet models on the steel surface defect datasets, NEU-DET and GC10-DET. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed NMS outperforms the conventional NMS methods in both quantitative and qualitative manners.

Investigation of the mechanical properties of Coir fiber reinforced polyethylene composites

In this research, Coir fibre reinforcement was added into a Polyethylene (PE) matrix. Polyethylene composites reinforced with Coir fibre were made using melt-mixing and solution-mixing techniques. Many fibres were severed during the melting and blending process. Optical microscopy was used to inspect the composite material for fibre damage as it was being made by melt mixing. Distribution of fibre lengths during melt mixing was predicted using a polynomial equation. The experimental analysis of the mechanical properties of Coir/PE composites was conducted using several theoretical models, including the Hirsch model, modification of rule of mixtures, and the parallel and series models. The tensile strength was also modeled based on the measurement angle with respect to the fibre orientation.

Prevention strategies and modifiable risk factors for sport-related concussions and head impacts: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo evaluate prevention strategies, their unintended consequences and modifiable risk factors for sport-related concussion (SRC) and/or head impact risk.DesignThis systematic review and meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019152982) and conducted...

Research and Analysis of Glass Weathering Based on Ergodic K-Prototype Algorithm

When making glass products, adding fluxes with different chemical compositions can form different glass types. Affected by the burial environment, the composition proportion of ancient glass products will change over time, thus affecting the correct judgment of their types. Based on decision tree, traversal K-prototype algorithm, grey correlation analysis and other methods, this paper studies and analyzes the classification and identification related to glass weathering and the statistics of chemical composition laws, the relationship between the surface weathering of glass relics and the glass type, decoration and color is analyzed. In this paper, after data pretreatment, the surface weathering and the other three indicators are preliminarily observed through contingency analysis, and then the correlation between the variables is further clarified by using the chi-square test. It is found that the surface weathering is significantly related to the overall glass type, and lead barium glass is more prone to surface weathering than high potassium glass; There is no obvious correlation between surface weathering and decoration and color. Then, according to the glass types, the glass relics are divided into four glass types: lead-barium weathering/non-weathering, high-potassium weathering/non-weathering, and the statistical analysis is established after the pretreatment of the chemical composition of these four types. Then, combined with the independence t-test, we can further obtain the specific element differences, and give a ranking table of the degree of influence. Finally, based on the above statistical exploration, the model of chemical composition law of glass relics before weathering is built according to the mechanism analysis of the four composition laws of high-potassium glass Si and its chemical composition that significantly affects the weathering, the chemical composition that significantly affects the weathering of lead-barium glass, and the chemical composition that has no effect on the weathering of glass. According to the test data of weathering point, the prediction table of chemical composition content before weathering is given. The interval test of the model results shows that the failure rate of high potassium prediction is high. The revised model of chemical composition law of glass relics before weathering is obtained by analyzing and considering the modification of the value rule of high potassium Si.

Оновлення системи фіскальних правил в Європейському Союзі та перспективні напрями їх реформування в Україні

Introduction. In 2022 and 2023 fiscal rules in Ukraine were suspended by amendments to the Budget Code, although after the end of war the negotiation process with the EU on its enlargement will put the issue of resumption of the fiscal rules in Ukraine and their alignment with the EU norms on the economic reforms’ agenda in Ukraine. Problem Statement. Restoration of the system of fiscal rules in Ukraine and its new substantive filling on the way of Ukraine’s preparation for the EU accession taking into account the experience of implementation of the supra-national fiscal rules in the EU and challenges for the reforms of the budgetary framework in the EU member states. Purpose – drawing lessons of functioning of the numerical fiscal rules in the EU, reviewing the components of transformation of the budgetary framework and mechanisms of the fiscal policy surveillance from the side of the EU supra-national bodies and eventually, on their basis, specifying the core directions of reforming fiscal rules in Ukraine for their approximation to the EU standards. Methods. General scientific and special methods are applied: analysis and synthesis, description and comparison, historical method, method of theoretical generalization and abstract-logical method. Results. The article highlights the essence of fiscal rules as important constituents of modern fiscal institutions, shows the quantitative indicators of extension of the fiscal rules across the world and their common combinations. It reveals the main trends in modification of the fiscal rules and validation of the escape clauses in the course of corona-crisis. The author summarizes the mechanisms of budget deficit regulation, containment of public expenditure growth and limiting public debt level in the EU member states with a focus on the provisions of the Stability and Growth Pact and of the EU Regulations, which specify the tools of application of the Pact and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The author synthetizes the key dimensions of current transformation of the EU fiscal rules with an emphasize on the instruments of fiscal policy surveillance in the EU member states and targeting fiscal policy at achieving green and digital transition by their economies with simultaneous debt sustainability goal. Policy proposals are devised for upgrading the system of fiscal rules in Ukraine and their validation after finishing the war. Conclusions. Incorporation of debt limit and budget balance ceiling across the sector of general government into the budgetary legislation of Ukraine, as well as of net primary expenditure rule aimed at restoration of the debt sustainability, as well as mechanisms of implementation of the fiscal rules and independent monitoring of the fiscal rules observance in line with the EU standards (over the medium run) would contribute to securing macro-financial stability in Ukraine and accelerate the economic and political integration of Ukraine with the EU.

Experimental and numerical studies on cold-formed steel battened columns

The compression performance of cold-formed steel battened columns was experimentally and numerically investigated in this study. Three types of built-up sections considered in this study were composed of two stiffened chord components and longitudinally distributed batten plates, which were assembled utilizing self-tapping screws. A total of 20 simply supported columns were tested under concentric compression. The experimental results in terms of loading capacity, failure mode and load versus shortening response were obtained and then employed to calibrate the finite element model. Furthermore, based on the verified finite element model, a parametric study was carried out to explore the effects of member slenderness, transverse distance between the chords and longitudinal batten spacing on the compressive strengths of the thin-walled battened columns. Underpinned by the results of 20 experiments and 216 numerical analyses, it was demonstrated that the nominal strengths by doubling the resistances of individual chord components determined using direct strength method were generally rather conservative and quite scattered for the cold-formed steel battened members undergoing compression. Additionally, the provisions specified in the AISI S100 with the shear stiffness reduction of built-up section members considered by the modified slenderness ratio were overall unconservative to predict the compressive strengths of the thin-walled battened columns. Therefore, modifications of the current design rules were proposed in this investigation to offer accurate strength predictions for the cold-formed steel battened compression members.