Modern Translation Research Articles

АНТРОПОЦЕНТРИЗМ ЯК МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПРИНЦИП У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ НАУКОВОГО ПЕРЕКЛАДУ

Anthropocentrism is becoming one of the basic methodological principles in Translation Studies. There appeared theories where a translator is assigned a part of an interpreter of the source text semantic code rather than a verbal code converter. This principle is not only a feature of modern science, it also defines subject fields of particular sciences, and science translation is not an exception. Anthropologically, science reflects human intellectual activity being the basis of translation of scientific texts. The anthropocentrism of science translation is stipulated by the fact that this type of translation activity requires from the translator’s personality special intellectual efforts, keeping in mind the specific type of knowledge a science source text contains. This article investigates anthropocentrism as one of the leading methodological principles of modern Translation Studies, in particular its manifestation in science translation. A special research interest is taken in the role of the translator as a broadcaster of scientific knowledge. We have also considered a correlation of the subjective and objective in the translation of science texts, analyzing stereotypic vs creative translation choices. We took a close anthropocentric look at translator’s solutions in rendering texts from various branches of knowledge. In our study, we have analyzed the causes of translator’s mistakes influenced by the human factor, and provided alternative translation solutions, with the purpose of preventing such translation failures in conveying scientific information and improving the general quality of science translations. The main reasons of translation failures have been proved as incorrect folding of the source text, in other words inadequate concept interpretation. Mistakes are also caused by the translator’s inability to unfold the science text in the translated language, which hampers the conveying of coherence as a main typological parameter of a science text. Our research also aims to highlight the importance of further investigation of anthropological and other approaches to the translation of science texts, to trace their role in forming the theoretical basics of science translation. We also find it important to verify the hypothesis of creating a theory of science translation as a type of special translation, in view of insufficient research in the methods and principles of translatological study of science translation.

Kommentarii k missionerskim perevodam kitajskih traktatov po biologii v epohu dinastii Cin

During the history of Qing Dynasty which lasted over 260 years, many biological translation works translated by missionaries in China had been published. These biological translation works were the basis of the development of the Chinese biology in Modern times; and at the same time, the process and result of the translation can not only be analyzed by modern translation theories such as Skopos theory, but also had provided materials for the research of translation theory and practice. Therefore, making research on these translation works is helpful to reappear the conditions of biological communication between China and Western countries in Qing Dynasty and make research on missionaries' scientific translation.

Rhetorical Functions of Topos in Qur’anic Discourse

To argue effectively and influence the opponent in any argumentative discourse, the speaker needs to introduce commonplace statements that made the opponent accept them with no disinclination and hesitation. Such statements are recognized as Topos or topics, as the modern translator use. Topos mostly accompanies repetition and some other figures of speech that are prominent tools in any challenging speech; the religious one. The present paper is an attempt to explore the impact topos has on the discourse of the Glorious Quran It aims to detect some sorts of topos displayed together with figures of speech, show how their survival has a vital role in creating a persuasive and successful argument, and finally trace the influence they have on the interpretation of such discourse. Based on Aristotles’ categories of topos, Rygiel (1994) model of repetition, and Tafsir Al-Mizan for Al-Tabtabai, the concept of topos is illuminated with reference to some verses from the Glorious Quran. The researcher concludes that Aristotle’s categories of topos are applicable to the Glorious Quran and mostly accompany repetition, in addition to some other figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, and rhetorical question. Such a blend of the two topos and figures of speech help the speaker to defend, clarify, justify, and support his/ her argument to the extent that it leads the opponents to be extremely confident and persuaded with the argument even if they entirely believe in an opposing view.

CONSISTENCY IN TRANSLATING THE DIVINE NAME AL-'ALĪM IN THE HOLY QURĀN

Translating the meaning of the Holy Qurān includes translating the meanings of the Divine Names, which are related to the Almighty Allah. This study focused on the consistency of three modern translations in translating the most recurred Divine Name in the Holy Qurān, Al-'Alīm, which recurred one hundred and fifty-three times as traced by researcher. Al-'Alīm, the All-Knower, which refers to El-'elim, 'knowledge. Al-'Alīm is the one whose knowledge encompasses everything. This study is comparative as it compared the ST with the TT. On the other hand, it is descriptive on the base that it investigated the consistency of specific translations. The researcher built a corpus then analysed the data quantitatively and qualitatively. The study proved that one translation only was absolutely consistent, but the other two showed less consistency.

Coherence in translation

Abstract When comparing old and new Bible translations, differences are striking at all discourse levels. This paper concentrates on variations in the representation of subjective cognition and reasoning of subjects in the discourse. A corpus-based analysis was conducted that compared the domains of use of causal fragments in Dutch Bible translations that were either old, contemporary and loyal, or “easy”. In a close comparison of Bible translations, differences between domains of use are analysed in more detail. In old translations, the character’s subjective reasoning is clearly separated from the narrator’s utterances. By contrast, in modern translations, causal reasoning is more intertwined between character and narrator, resulting in shared reasoning.

Experimental study of the impact of using machine translation engines on the quality of translation of texts in the field of Jungian psychology

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of using machine translation engines (Microsoft Translator and DeepL Translate) on the quality of translation of texts in the field of Jungian psychology. The translation quality was determined by the number of errors and quality of rendering psychological terminology. The modern translation market offers many online engines designed to help with the translation of psychological texts, which gradually get more recognition, but it’s important to define the most efficient machine translation engine that can be recommended for working with the texts in the field of Jungian psychology. In the course of conducting our research, we formulated a research hypothesis, selected a psychological text rich in psychological terminology, compiled a bilingual glossary based on the selected text, selected machine translation engines and the procedure of evaluating errors, analyzed translated texts in terms of general quality and in terms of transferring psychological terminology, processed the experimental data and represented the results in the form of tables providing an expert assessment of the empirical data and formulated conclusions. In the process of conducting the experiment, the second hypothesis was confirmed: the quality of conveying the content and basic psychological terminology in the translation of the text in the field of Jungian psychology turned out to be higher when using the DeepL Translate machine translation engine, and therefore it is this machine translation engine that we can recommend for the use by professional translators working with texts in the field of Jungian psychology. However, when using this online translator, one needs to be aware of the inaccuracies, literalism tendency and stylistic errors that the machine makes.

REVIEW OF MUHAMMAD ASAD'S WORKS “SAHIH AL-BUKHARI THE EARLY YEARS OF ISLAM

This paper discusses Muhammad Asad’s (1990-1992) seminal work Sahih al-Bukhari The Early Years of Islam that wasfirst published in 1935 by The Arafat Publications, Srinagar, Kashmir and its second impression in 1981 by Dar Al-Andalus, Gibraltar. It presents modern translation and commentary of Sahih al-Bukhari, which brought forth significance philosophy and principle of hadith commentary in modern context. The paper aims to analyse the essential ideas developed by Muhammad Asad in his discussion of hadith and compared this with other critical works set forth by classical and contemporary Muslim traditionists. The research was structured based on descriptive, analytical, historical and comparative method. The study concluded that the work was momentous and profound reflecting contextualist approach in expounding the meaning of hadith and its intrinsic philosophy and far-reaching social and spiritual implication. It set forth crucial and highly influential methods of commentary of al-Bukhari’s Sahih – Sahih al-Bukhari The Early Years of Islam that had immensely contributed to the revival of hadith tradition and commentary (sharh) in modern ages.

ЦИФРОВА КОМПЕТЕНТНІСТЬ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ ФІЛОЛОГІЧНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

The article presents a theoretical study of the essence and specifics of digital competence as a component of the professional competence of the students-philologists . It was determined that an important result of the professional training of the students-philologists is the formation of one of the key competencies, namely digital. The categorical field of research and the content of basic concepts: digital competence and professional competence are analyzed. It was found that during the training of future specialists, the following competencies are formed: key, subject, general branch. Professional competencies are divided into basic and key. The first are formed on the basis of abilities, knowledge, skills that are easily applied in professional activities. Key competences are manifested in all types of activity and interaction with the world, characterize the spiritual world of an individual. It was found that the effective formation of the digital competence of the future philologist is determined by the structural content of the educational process in a set of implementation components: motivational-value, operationally technological, reflective-evaluative and creative. Today, a modern translator has a wide functional field of activity, and as a result, various tasks in the field of humanitarian studies in general and philology in particular, the quality of which depends on the level of training of philologists in a higher education institution, on the purposeful implementation of the leading provisions of the competence approach in education, which involves the effective direction of the educational process, from the formation of a specialist capable of creativity, the creation of various types of scientific products, self-analysis and work in tough competitive conditions. It was investigated that the mechanisms of forming the digital competence of the future philologist are: motivation, attitude, reflection and creative style.

Quoted at the Pulpit: Male Rhetoric and Female Authority in Fifty Years of General Conference

Quoted at the Pulpit: Male Rhetoric and Female Authority in Fifty Years of General Conference

Enhancing The Indonesian Translation of Quran: Morphological and Historical Semantic Analysis

Translating Qur'an must be conducted with a distinct methodology because of its outstanding features, which other languages cannot accommodate. Despite the terminology, translation of the Qur'an is more similar to Quran exegesis than the definition of modern translation. The difference occurs in the delivery language to which the original text is translated. The gap between Arabic and another language occasionally creates a failure to reach the accurate translation, particularly in the Indonesian Qur’an translation. Encountering the problems: semantic distortion, the linguistic features gap, simplicity of translation, the translation needs to be revised by employing Morphological and Historical Semantic analysis, which several scholars and translators had conducted. These two analyses provide translators with significant help to grasp precisely and translate accurately. In this study, two terms are analysed: tafakkara and hakim . The former term is problematic due to its morphology issue in understanding and translating, which the analysis reveals that the proper translation is kontemplasi than berfikir . The latter term is subjected due to its multiplex meaning. The analysis results in that the translation must be explained further in the additional note. Despite the findings, the initial translator team had done a proper translation for the 60s and 70s; since the Indonesian language develops afterward, the translation becomes partly vague; hence this analysis can tackle this issue.

The Poetry of Jeremiah Horrocks’s Venus in sole visa (1662): Astronomy, Authority, and the ‘New Science’

Abstract As one of the least common, yet predictable astronomical occurrences, the transits of Venus were to become among the most keenly anticipated events for early modern cosmologists. Basing himself on Johannes Kepler’s Tabulae Rudolphinae (1627), former Cambridge student Jeremiah Horrocks (1616–1641) made the first recorded observation of a transit from Much Hoole, Lancashire in 1639. Alongside the description of his observations, Horrocks’ Venus in sole visa contains four poems alongside the work’s prose descriptions, figures, and tables. His verses call on the long tradition of Latin scientific poetry employed for the predictable purposes of eulogy and homage, but they also serve to justify and clarify the author’s position on scientific issues of his time. Despite the long-recognized importance of Horrocks’ observations, his hexameter compositions have been largely ignored in later scholarship. In the latest translation of the Venus in sole visa (2012), one poem—the longest and arguably the best—is omitted altogether. This paper offers a study of Horrocks’ Latin poetry, his models and engagement with its subject matter. It reveals Horrocks’ efforts to promote his predecessors’ achievements, his position on questions central to the debates of his time, and the claims for authority he made for the work of others, as well as for his own. The present article also includes a new, modern translation of Horrocks’ longest, and recently forgotten poem as an appendix.

On Mediated Translation: A Fruitful Dialogue between Specialists in Translation Studies and Early Modern Translation

On Mediated Translation: A Fruitful Dialogue between Specialists in Translation Studies and Early Modern Translation

The Chu Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha (Hunan Province). Volume 1: Discovery and Transmission

The Chu Silk Manuscripts from Zidanku, Changsha (Hunan Province). Volume 1: Discovery and Transmission

Top Graduate Zhang Xie: The Earliest Extant Chinese Southern Play

Top Graduate Zhang Xie: The Earliest Extant Chinese Southern Play

Инклюзивный язык в художественном переводе (на материале переводов романа А. Кристи «Десять негритят»)

This article performs a comparative analysis of diachronic translations of Agatha Christie’s novel Ten Little Niggers/Ten Little Indians/And Then There Were None (intralingual translations into American English and interlingual translations into French, German and Russian) in terms of adequacy of literary translation and following the norms of inclusive language. The paper found that the intralingual translation into American English is a culturally determined adaptation of the original text excluding culture-specific concepts perceived differently in the American culture. While classical interlingual translations of the novel into German, French and Russian follow the norms of adequacy and equivalence, modern interlingual translations reflect the desire of translators to make various lexical and lexico-grammatical transformations in order to avoid invective vocabulary, which often leads to the loss of text-forming dominants of the novel (the modern translation into French is such an example). Further, the importance of preserving the intertext, which reflects the author’s artistic intention, is demonstrated. The symbolic dominants of the novel are considered here in their historical and sociocultural context. It is concluded that these dominants are closely related to the collective ideas about racial differences in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Moreover, it is shown that following new language norms in translation should not violate the unity of a literary work; hence the importance of conveying the author’s intention and the historical and sociocultural context of the work. Finally, recommendations are given to translators as to finding a balance between the requirements of political correctness and adequacy of translation.

Understanding the tonifying and the detoxifying properties of Chinese medicines from their impacts on gut microbiota and host metabolism: a case study with four medicinal herbs in experimental colitis rat model

BackgroundChinese medicines (CMs) have emerged as an alternative therapy for ulcerative colitis through reinforcing the vital qi and/or eliminating the pathogenic factors according to the traditional Chinese medicinal theory. Presystemic interactions of CMs with gut microbiota and the associated metabolic network shift are believed to be essential to achieve their holistic health benefits in traditional oral application.MethodsThis study first employed 16S rDNA-based microbial profiling and mass spectrometry-based urinary metabolomics to simultaneously evaluate four single CMs frequently prescribed as main constituent herbs for alleviating UC, the tonic ginseng and Astragali Radix (AR) and the detoxifying Scutellaria Radix (SR) and Rhubarb, on a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis rat model, with aims to understanding the tonifying or detoxifying properties of CMs through clinical phenotypes, the common features and herb-specific signatures in gut microbial alterations and the associated host metabolic shifts. Colitis was induced in rats receiving 5% DSS for consecutive 7 days. Control group received water alone. Herbal groups received 5% DSS and respective herbal preparation by gavage once daily. Body weight, stool consistency, and rectal bleeding were recorded daily. Feces and urine were freshly collected at multiple time points. On day 7, blood and colon tissues were collected to determine anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, colonic myeloperoxidase activity, and histopathologic alterations.ResultsGut microbiome was more prone to herb intervention than metabolome and displayed increasing associations with metabolic dynamics. Although both the tonic and the detoxifying herbs alleviated colitis and caused some similar changes in DSS-induced microbiome and metabolome disturbance, the tonic herbs were more effective and shared more common microbial and metabolic signatures. The detoxifying herbs elicited herb-specific changes. Rhubarb uniquely affected phenylalanine metabolism and established high correlations between Akkermansia muciniphila and Parasutterella and hydroxyphenylacetylglycine and phenylbutyrylglycine, while SR caused significant elevation of steroidal glucuronides dehydropregnenolone glucuronide and estriol glucuronide, both displaying exclusive correlations with genus Acetatifactor.ConclusionBoth tonic and detoxifying herbs tested ameliorated experimental colitis and elicited alternative microbial and host metabolic reprogramming. The findings highlight the importance of presystemic interactions with gut microbiota to host metabolic shifts and promote modern translation of tonic and detoxifying properties of CMs.

TRANSLATION OF LACUNA IN SUBTITLES FROM GERMAN INTO UKRAINIAN

This article deals with the concept of «linguistic lacunarity» and the analysis of the translation of lacuna, or the so-called «white spots» of the translation, from German into Ukrainian in the subtitles of television news programs of the German TV channel ZDF is carried out. Lacuna are lexical units, for the translation of which there is no direct equivalent. This is caused by different linguistic pictures of the world. They are also called non-equivalent vocabulary. E. Koseriu believes that the translation of lacuna is firstly the translation of a communicative situation, which the translator must first understand, and then qualitatively reproduce in the translation. And therefore, the most common strategy for the reproduction of lacuna is, in his opinion, descriptive translation. Modern translation studies is aimed at solving this problem, which covers various spheres of human life. In particular, this article examines the lacunae found in journalism. Firstly, the current topic of the coronavirus pandemic, economy and politics is investigated. The relevance of this study lies in the insufficient study of the issue of lacunarity in the German-Ukrainian language pair and the translation of lacuna in subtitles. In addition, audiovisual translation, subtitling has certain technical and contextual features that must also be taken into account. The study showed that descriptive translation, transcoding methods (transcription and transliteration) with and without explanation, full and partial calque are used to translate lacuna. In order to create an adequate and understandable translation for the recipient, the translator requires not only a high level of language skills and knowledge of cultural features, but also the ability to use search engines, erudition and creativity.

Translating Macbeth’s Colour Metaphors Into Arabic: A Revised CMT Approach to Shakespeare’s Creative Metaphors

Shakespeare is one of the most translated and retranslated English language authors into Arabic. Ever since the rise of the modern translation movement, translating Shakespeare into Arabic has continued to receive the attention of translators and researchers in the field of translating literature. But most academic and critical research on the translation of Shakespeare into Arabic has focused on the sociocultural implications of the translation process while neglecting aspects related to Shakespeare’s language and thought. One of the multifarious challenges of translating Shakespeare into Arabic is the Bard’s use of creative metaphors which account for the richness, exquisiteness and creativity of Shakespeare’s lexical and conceptual legacy. This paper aims to research one of the restrictions of translating Shakespeare’s creative metaphors in two Arabic translations of Macbeth with specific focus on the colour metaphors of the emotion of fear. The research methods adopt the improved version of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) in identifying, collecting and analysing the tokens in the source and target texts. The study shows that the translation of a creative metaphor into Arabic is influenced by the degree of saliency in the associations between the metaphor’s two conceptual domains. It also concludes that the revised CMT provides a reliable framework for understanding and analysing the communicative function of creative metaphors in discourse. The results also show that the deconstruction of conceptual metaphors back into their basic kernel patterns provides a good but inadequate strategy to translate highly-contextualized uses of creative metaphors in the case of lexical or conceptual restrictions.

Michael Edwards: A Poet’s Vision of the Untimely Message of God

Michael Edwards, professor of English literature at the Collège de France in Paris, poet, critic, and the first British subject to be elected to the French Academy, has turned his attention in recent years to biblical literature. In 2016 he published Bible et poésie (Paris, Fallois). A translation of the sequel, Pour un christianisme intempestif (Paris, Fallois), was released in February of 2022 by Fortress Press under the title, Untimely Christianity. In the same year, the English translation of his 2016 volume, under the title The Bible and Poetry, will be published by New York Review Books. This study examines the poet-scholar’s perspective on scripture, on theology, on the art of translation and his opinions of various modern translations of the Bible and highlights the most useful insights he contributes. The notion of Christianity’s radical alterity is an important key to Edwards’s work. Christianity is foreign to us, it is strange, so the scriptures that reveal it are also radically other. We Christians have been so desensitized to that otherness by our familiarity with the text that we seldom are challenged by it with the force that energized it originally. Its immense countercultural potential for transforming us and our world is blunted so that we don’t truly hear the voice of God in it. Edwards’s essential purpose is to help us reawaken our ability to hear the Bible in its untimely, countercultural power.

“Questa siepe”. Sull’Infinito di Leopardi Tra traduzione e interpretazione

"“Questa siepe”. On Leopardi’s Infinity between Translation and Interpretation. This study aims to analyse the translation of Giacomo Leopardi’s Infinito in Romanian made by Eta Boeriu (1923-1984) and of some other modern translations of this poem in Romanian. The author demonstrates that the translation of Eta Boeriu is still the most refined one, so we will compare it especially with the variants of Lascăr Sebastian and Vasile Romanciuc. Using the concepts of Eugen Coșeriu’s translation theory (Coșeriu 2009), especially his references to meaning, designation and sense (Coșeriu 1991, 220-21), Damian focuses on the term “siepe” (“hedge”), on its role in creating the sense of limit and the infinity in the poetry and on its linguistic and cognitive synonyms in the different Romanian translations. Keywords: Leopardi, Coșeriu, translation theory, The Infinity, Eta Boeriu, Yves Bonnefoy"