Modern Textbooks Research Articles

History of controlled trials in medicine: real priorities are little-known. <i>Report 1</i>. Basic concepts, terms, and disciplines that use medical experiment: historical and philosophical sources

The three-report review was aimed at describing the historical development of clinical trials, controlled trials (CT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the inclusion of these experimental approaches in disciplines related to both the health of individuals and populations (medicine and epidemiology). In Report 1, the authors consider the terminology issues applied to CT and RCT, the sources of the involved concepts, and relevant disciplines. It was shown that the terms ‘control’ and ‘trial’ appeared in experimental literature only at the end of the 19thcentury, ‘CT’ appeared in the first third or quarter of the 20thcentury, and the term ‘RCT’ appeared only in 2000s. It was found that approaches with CT and RCT were often included even in classical epidemiology, and this fact eliminates the specificity of differences between observational and experimental disciplines and blurred the difference between inductive and deductive methodologies. Scientific, philosophical, conceptual, and historical aspects were also considered for three areas that included CT and RCT: epidemiology, clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine (EBM). It was concluded that classical epidemiology, using predominantly inductive approaches, was not the scope of real medical experiments, in the first place, and, secondly, its prognosis was not aimed at the individual. At the same time, both clinical epidemiology and EBM, which mainly use deductive approaches, involve experiments, making it possible to make prognosis for a particular patient. The proposed summarizing scheme of the historical origins and philosophical foundations of disciplines aimed at finding and proving health effects using observational and experimental approaches reflects the problems considered and covers individual time milestones, which, as a rule, are not named in modern epidemiology textbooks and textbooks of other disciplines.

AYURVEDA PERSPECTIVE OF UNDERNUTRITION IN CHILDREN & ITS MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMIC REVIEW

Karshya (Underweight) is one of the common problems in Indian preschool children & 43% Indian preschool children are underweight. One of important factor for Karshya is Hina Matra Ahara (inadequate quantity of food). About 75- 80% of Hospitalized children suffer from some degree or type of malnutrition. Lots of attempt have been made to minimize this at National level. Mid-day meal program to school going children alone will not be sufficient.so Aim of study is to review on management of Karshya. Material and Methods - Literary review was conducted with help of several important Ayurvedic and Modern textbooks, Research papers, Research Article, Journals to collect information on Karshya. The description of Karshya clearly correlates with under nutrition. Conclusion: Ayurveda can play major role in providing health to children. In Ayurveds, Balya an Bruhana Chikista for undernourished children is an interesting area in the field of Kaumarbhritya. Since we try to review of article on management of Karshya.

Text-based approach to writing development at Russian as a second language lessons

The article is devoted to the usage of educational texts in writing skills development during Russian as a second language learning process. It is especially relevant for those who are taking higher education programs in Russia and in Russian. It discusses the main problems arising in working with various genres of written texts presented in modern textbooks on writing. Particular attention is paid to differences in work with reproductive and productive types of writing texts, as well as genres that are included in Test of Russian as a Foreign Language (TORFL). Various methods were used, such as comparative, analytical, descriptive and others. All the methods used allowed us to identify the distinctive features of sample texts offered in modern writing materials. An analysis of students' papers performed during the lessons, allowed us to draw a conclusion about the causes of errors. The article substantiates the possibility of including into the educational process a new genre of written texts - SMS messages. The relevance of this idea is explained by the existing trend of using electronic communication, as well as the wide distribution among students of various messenger applications, such as WhatsApp and others.

Essential Elements for the Formation of a Polyculturally Educated Individual: a Problem of Statement

Introduction . This article examines the role of the first language and translation in foreign language teaching-learning process as well as their relevance and importance in professional training of Linguistics students particularly with regard to the formation of intercultural competence of the students majoring in interpreting and translation. The exceptional role of improving and perfecting the first language, or native tongue proficiency, in this process is emphasized. The importance of a native language as a pedagogical instrument in university teaching-learning process needs to be reassessed. For overcoming present challenges of foreign language teaching an imbedded native language paradigm should be developed. Methodology and sources. The present study was based on the authors’ personal experience in teaching EFL to engineering students, as well as in teaching the English Language and Translation from English into Russian. The students had to do the tasks, which were evaluated and analyzed. In addition, the students were asked to complete questionnaires. Results and discussion. One of the major the outcomes of the study is the conclusion that a native language should be an integral part of an efficient foreign language teaching paradigm to form a polylingual and polyculturally educated individuals. Unambiguous correlation between the native tongue proficiency and the foreign language mastering levels was discovered. Conclusion. Taking into account the rapid development of modern society and IT, for successful solution of the above problems we need to design up-to-date modern textbooks, preferably, e-books that provide material for FL learning but also put special focus on forming intercultural competence. It also seems quite appropriate to include a course on Stylistics of the Native Language (in our case, of the Russian Language) specially designed for students specialising in translation and interpreting and a course on English/Russian standards speech for interpreters.

Христаки Павлович и неговите уроци по писмописание в „Писменник общеполезен“ (1835)

The object of the research is one of the first two modern Bulgarian textbooks on letter writing – „Pismennik obshtepolezen“ („A Letter Writing Handbook of General Use“), 1835, by the prominent Revival pedagogue Hristaki Pavlovich. The book on letters is presented in the context of the cultural and historical situation in the second quarter of the 19th century, and from the point of view of the changes in the Bulgarian school, where new teaching methods and “modern sciences” were introduced. The article analyzes the theoretical part of „Pismennik obshtepolezen“, which contains instructions and rules for writing letters, and groups the types of letters and their components. Based on some statements by the author, conclusions are drawn about his views on ethical, social and pedagogical issues.

Методическое обеспечение работы учащихся начальной школы с информацией, представленной в виде диаграмм

The article outlines a range of methodological problems that arise when teaching younger schoolchildren, the ability to use information presented in the form of diagrams. Modern textbooks of mathematics for elementary school and methodological recommendations to them related to the topic “Diagrams” of the section “Working with information” are analyzed. Since the development in younger schoolchildren of the skills of working with visual sign-symbolic means of graphical presentation of information is one of the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education for meta-subject learning outcomes, the author proposes methodological techniques and a system of assignments that allow to eliminate the current and potential difficulties of primary school students when mastering charts.

Методическое обеспечение работы учащихся начальной школы с информацией, представленной в виде диаграмм

The article outlines a range of methodological problems that arise when teaching younger schoolchildren, the ability to use information presented
 in the form of diagrams. Modern textbooks of mathematics for elementary school and methodological recommendations to them related to the
 topic “Diagrams” of the section “Working with information” are analyzed. Since the development in younger schoolchildren of the skills of
 working with visual sign-symbolic means of graphical presentation of information is one of the requirements of the Federal State Educational
 Standard of Primary General Education for meta-subject learning outcomes, the author proposes methodological techniques and a system of
 assignments that allow to eliminate the current and potential difficulties of primary school students when mastering charts.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ТЕОРІЇ І ПРАКТИКИ СУЧАСНОГО ПІДРУЧНИКА ФІЗИКИ

The article substantiates the trends in the development of the theory and practice of a modern physics textbook. It determines the main areas for improving a physics textbook as a core component of didactic support of the educational process in physics.The modern physics textbook is considered as a multifunctional tool that ensures the achievement of didactic goals and is a core component of the methodology of competencybased learning. It implements the idea of concretization at the level of targeted guidelines of subject components (relevant knowledge, skills, abilities and values formed in the learning process) and contribution to the formation of key competencies (communicative, mathematical, digital, environmental, literacy competencies, healthy living, etc.), and it is also a means of forming, identifying and evaluating them.The conclusion about the evolution of the modern physics textbook from the means of realization of the content of teaching physics to ensuring its general pedagogical and subject functions (formation of a holistic view of the world and holistic creative personality of a student, humanization of education, students’ abilities) and a key component of educational and methodological support, which is a tool for achieving the goals set by educational standards.It is substantiated that the established procedures for creating the physics textbook conceptually reflect the traditions of Ukrainian textbook creation, which confirms the continuity of its development as a historical and pedagogical process. The methodological ideas implemented in these textbooks are relevant for modern theory and methods of teaching physics, in particular, in the context of developing didactic support for an integrated course "Natural Sciences" for the new Ukrainian school. It is emphasized that some methodological approaches to the introduction of the basic concepts of the school physics course, implemented in textbooks, have not lost their relevance, and their study and generalization is useful in creating a modern physics textbook.

Перспективы эволюции учебника иностранного языка для неязыкового вуза

We discuss issues related to rethinking the general status of a textbook as the main aid of teaching, its place and role in the system of teaching a foreign language (FL) at non-linguistic universities. A retrospective analysis of the main trends in the development of the concept of the foreign language textbook, the history of the transformation of its forms, functions and signific-ance is given. The increasing role of modern multimedia textbooks and integrated digital linguistic educational environments as an alternative to the traditional textbook is shown. The need for the textbook authors to take into account modern scientific and methodic ideas about the target, con-tent and procedural aspects of foreign language education is proved. The increasing relevance of intra-university publications is shown. An integrative methodology is proposed as a guideline for the development of the concept of a modern foreign language textbook at a non-linguistic university. The productivity of integrating profession-oriented foreign language training, the competence-based, communicative and intercultural approaches is substantiated. The contextual approach is considered as a way to actualize the profession-oriented vector of teaching foreign language at a non-linguistic university. It is shown that the implementation of the contextual approach requires that departments of foreign languages at non-linguistic universities of various profiles should specify the content of teaching a foreign language, in order to identify and clarify the features of professional communication of the specialists of a particular profile. In this case, it is necessary to take into account not only purely scientific and technical/ontological (subject context), but social, communicative, organizational aspects of communication (social context) as well. Summing up the results of the undertaken analysis, the author formulates the requirements for the content and structure of a modern textbook. A forecast is presented regarding the most probable directions of evolution of a foreign language textbook for non-linguistic universities.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ КАРТОГРАФІЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ В УЧНІВ 10-Х КЛАСІВ ЗАСОБАМИ ПІДРУЧНИКА ГЕОГРАФІЇ

The main methodological features of the formation of cartographic competencies in the study of Geography in the 10th grades of general secondary education are considered. Theoretical data on educational competencies according to national and European norms and standards are systematized. The course «Geography: Countries and Regions», 10th grade, involves students mastering a certain geographical nomenclature, which is clearly defined by the knowledge component of the expected results of educational and cognitive activities of students. One of the defining features in the study of Geography is given: working with cartographic information, statistical materials that help to establish cause-and-effect relationships, to correctly assess the most important socio-economic phenomena. The activity component of the program involves the use of thematic maps to explain the features of resettlement systems and placement of different types of production of goods and services within countries and regions of the world, etc. But the basis of working with maps is still created by geographical nomenclature. The content of school textbooks on Geography for the 10th grade of the standard level contributes to the formation of cartographic competence, most of the current textbooks contain extensive cartographic material. The textbook for the 10th grade on Geography by V. Bezugly and G. Lisicharova contains a large amount of various cartographic material, as well as various questions and tasks that correspond to different levels of education and are divided into reproductive, practical and creative. The using of cartographic material forms and develops students’ cognitive interest in Geography in general and cartography in particular. Moreover, knowledge of cartographic material expands the possibility of independent acquisition of cartographic and geographical knowledge. The results of research and analysis of the cartographic component of the content of textbooks for the course of Geography 10th grade «Geography: countries and regions» suggest that modern textbooks should provide thorough didactic and methodological opportunities for students to acquire cartographic competence.

The role of a multimedia textbook in the priority national project “education”

In the article, the authors consider the role of a multimedia textbook in modern education. The priority national project "Education" is being implemented in Russia - the creation and implementation of modern electronic textbooks is one of the priority concepts in this project. Electronic publications enhance interactive features such as modeling, surveys, discussions, and additional multimedia materials. Advantages of electronic textbooks: mobility, large capacity of information; the ability to constantly update content, without purchasing a new textbook and financial expenses; level of visibility: you can only put text, illustrations, diagrams and graphs in a printed publication, but you can also put animation in an electronic publication, which is convenient for visual display of academic subjects. The electronic textbook provides more opportunities for learning within the existing programs, as well as for the development and optimization of the educational process.

A modern history textbook as a means of developing student reading literacy (based on Singapore experience)

A modern history textbook as a means of developing student reading literacy (based on Singapore experience)

РОССИЙСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ XXI ВЕКА В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ШКОЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНИКОВ ИСТОРИИ

The article analyzes how the problems of Russian history of the 21st century are presented in modern school textbooks on the history of Russia. The relevance of the studied problem is determined primarily by the importance of history textbooks for constructing memory policies. At the same time, attention is paid to insufficient coverage of the 2000s transformations in modern historiography. The representation of the last twenty years in Russian history textbooks is analyzed in comparison with expert assessments of economists, sociologists, and political scientists. The authors conclude that Russian history of the 21st century appears on the pages of officially approved textbooks as a consistent, ongoing process of the development of a state that is gaining power. The textbooks contain very similar interpretations of the last two decades compared to the history of the 1990s, where one can find different interpretations of events made by the same authors. In addition, in textbooks one can find a lot of borrowings from official and propaganda rhetoric. In relation to the events of the 1990s and earlier, the authors of the textbooks under study selected alternative points of view, and subsequent events are assessed by them unambiguously. It can be stated that in the studied textbooks, the history of the last twenty years reflects the goals of historical science only to a small extent. It corresponds to the goals of historical policy to a greater extent. This conclusion becomes more obvious in the framework of the studies of Russian scholars, which, regardless of their views, cannot be described as an apology for the actions of political leaders.

The role of the school textbook integrating function in developing holistic view on the scientific picture of the world

The article analyzes a spectrum of school science textbooks and determines the need to create a modern textbook that shows the achievements in natural science disciplines, which are mentioned in the Federation State Educational Standard, UNESCO report and the results of the PISA. The study is primarily based on the theory of a school textbook developed by Russian scientists, V.G. Beilenson, D.D. Zuev, V.V. Kraevsky, S.G. Shapovalenko plus other authors. Based on the criteria put forward for the selection of textbooks, a comparative study of current Russian and British textbooks is carried out on natural science subjects for the final grades of secondary school to identify ways to implement the integrating function. It is shown that the integrating function manifests itself in the relationship between the internal components of the textbook as intra-structural integration, as intra-forms connecting school progress and the textbook with additional material as integration between related subjects. The article highlights principal components interrelated with the textbook, obtained during this research: modules and sections of the textbook; line of textbook series; and the national examination programme for the combined science subjects. It is shown that the integrating function in the school textbook contributes to the formation of a complete worldview of the natural science picture for the development of combined natural science competence.

Textbook requirements

The state examines modern textbooks, the requirements for them, and the role of these textbooks in the upbringing of the younger generation. This state provides recommendations for future textbooks and its role in improving the quality of education. Only by paying attention to these processes in good time will everyone grow up in good physical and psychological shape. If we look at the work done in recent years, everyone has a sense of care and responsibility for the future of the younger generation. In particular, President Sh. Mirziyoyev has repeatedly commented on schools, the conditions there, especially the quality of education, the environment in these institutions, and legislation has been passed in this regard, and its practical implementation in our lives is clearly rejected.

Axiological guidelines of education: on the issue of creating a modern textbook of Russian as a foreign language (pre-university training stage)

Axiological guidelines of education: on the issue of creating a modern textbook of Russian as a foreign language (pre-university training stage)

ПСИХОДИДАКТИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ УКЛАДАННЯ ПІДРУЧНИКІВ ДЛЯ УЧНІВ З ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

In the light of educational reform in Ukraine on the way to European values of equality and nondiscrimination, general secondary education institutions with an inclusive form of education should receive educational materials that meet the needs, interests, individual characteristics and capabilities of each student, including students with intellectual disabilities. The functions of differentiated and individualized teaching of a modern textbook indicate the need to reconsider the role of the school textbook in an inclusive educational space. Yes, it should not be exclusively a source of information, it should be a factor in the intellectual development of students according to their needs and abilities. Accordingly, the school textbook in content, form and design should be a projection not only of scientific knowledge, but also the basic laws of intellectual development of the individual in the learning process. The article considers the main requirements for the textbook for students with intellectual disabilities. These students are characterized by a slowdown in the speed of receiving and processing information; general decrease in mental activity and, as a consequence, narrowing of a stock of knowledge and representations about the world around and about itself; speech disorders, communication difficulties; insufficiency of verbal mediation of activity, inconsistency of figurative and verbal spheres of psyche, etc. Adherence to the methodological requirements for the school textbook for students with intellectual disabilities involves the compliance of materials with the age characteristics of students in terms of content, emotional impact; clear structural division and graphical selection of conclusions, key provisions, key concepts, etc .; a sufficient number of illustrations that facilitate the perception, understanding and memorization of educational material, conveniently located and associated with the text; inclusion of tasks that stimulate the development of a certain degree of independence in solving problems, the formation of skills to use the stock of available knowledge. All these requirements are met when selecting verbal material (articles, exercises, examples) for explanation, consolidation, repetition of educational material, methodological apparatus (rules, instructions, tasks, questions), illustrations (drawings, photographs, graphs, etc.).

淸末民國時期 교과서를 통해서 본 ‘民權’과 ‘民主’ 개념

Modern textbooks are devoted to the formation of “citizens” and become the channels for the formation of modern common sense, such as “Civil rights”, “Republic (or Democracy)”, “Natural human rights”, “Freedom” and “Rights” As a textbook of knowledge production and dissemination, it has become an interactive medium between the elite thought and the public. Therefore, the content of textbooks in different periods and the evolution of these modern concepts also reflect the change of political context and discourse at that time.<BR> In the late Qing Dynasty, although prohibited the use of words such as “Minquan” and “Liberty”, the word “Liberty” often appeared in textbooks. No matter “liberty”, “right” or “civil rights”, they all refer to “natural human rights” and “civil rights”. After the founding of the Republic of China, textbooks mainly expressed the meanings of “republic” and “civil”, and also emphasized the concept of “people

Democratic Transition in Russia in the 1990s in Textbooks on Russian History

The article analyzes how the problems of democratic transition are presented in modern textbooks on the history of Russia. The relevance of the problem under study is determined primarily by the importance of history textbooks for constructing a memory policy. At the same time, attention is drawn to insufficient coverage in the modern historiography of the transformations of the 1990s that is an important period of historical development. Presentation of Russian history in 1992-1999 in textbooks has been analyzed in comparison with expert evaluations of economists, sociologists and political scientists.&#x0D; The authors conclude that there are different interpretations of the problems of post-Soviet democratic transition in textbooks for the 10th grade on the history of Russia. In particular, in one textbook 1990s completely correspond to the current image of the “likhie 90s” (the hard 90s). In another one it is not only a time of great difficulties, but also an era of hopes and opportunities. But these differences are leveled, when economic and political development of the country at this time is appeared mainly in negative interpretation in the frame of the subsequent 2000s, which are presented as a time of success.

Возможностное наклонение в тверском переводном памятнике карельской письменности начала XIX века «Евангелие от Матфея»

The paper aims to reveal specificity of the potential mood forms functioning in the text of the Karelian translation of the Gospel of Matthew published in Tver at the beginning of the XIX century. Scientific originality of the study is conditioned by the fact that the potential mood forms observable in the Karelian translation of the Gospel of Matthew have not been previously investigated and also by the fact that the researcher for the first time compares this category functioning in the Karelian language of the XIX century and in the modern Tver Karelian dialects. The findings indicate that in the XIX-century language, potential mood forms are more frequent in comparison with the modern Karelian language but the potential mood category is formed in a similar way, so linguistic material of the Karelian translation of the Gospel of Matthew can be used while compiling modern textbooks.