Modern Synthesis Research Articles

Gara Garayev'in piyano eserlerinde doğu-batı bağlamında uygulanan muğam ilkeleri

Azerbaycanlı bestecilerin piyano yaratıcılığının çeşitli gelişim aşamalarında, yeni sanat akımlarına sürekli bir ilgi, müzikal ifade araçlarını yenileme eğilimi var. Yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısında, Romantizm ve Empresyonizm ile birlikte, muğamdan gelen ilkeleri de içeren Azerbaycan piyano müziğinin milli gelenekleri Avrupalı bestecilerin çalışmalarına dahil edilmiştir. Bunlardan biri, G.Garayev'in adıyla bağlantılı olan ve daha sonra ulusal besteci yaratıcılığının diğer alanlarında parlak tezahürünü bulan neoklasizm eğilimiydi. Azerbaycan bestecilerin piyano çalışmalarında neoklasizmin eğiliminden bahsederken, bu üslubu karakterize eden ana özelliklerden kısaca bahsetmemiz gerekiyor. G.Garayev'in piyano için yaptığı çalışmalar örneğinde, ulusal müzikal düşüncenin ilkelerinin neoklasik tarzda kullanılan araçlarla birleştirildiğini görüyoruz. Bestecinin çok sesli eserlerinde, muğam düşüncenin düzenlilikleri artık geçmişin ve günümüzün çok sesli yazım üslubuyla aynı değildir, aynı zamanda on iki tonlu kromatik tonalitenin "ortamında" da tezahür eden bu son derece farklı sistemlerin kesişme noktasını bulmada yazarın elde ettiği yeni sanatsal kalitenin açık bir örneği olarak kabul edilir.

Copper‐NHC Based Ullmann Catalysis in Water for Selective N‐Arylation of 3‐Aminophenols

AbstractStudies of environmentally benign catalytic methods are of great value in modern chemical synthesis, especially the chemo‐selective construction of chemical bonds under green conditions. This work elucidates such preferential synthesis of C−N bond over C−O bond via selective N‐arylation of 3‐aminophenols using 1,3‐bis‐[2‐hydroxyphenyl] imidazolium chloride (IHPHCl) and copper iodide as catalyst (1 mol %) in aqueous medium. Presence of chelating group (−OH) on IHPHCl enhances N‐selectivity. Overall this is a simple and green method for selective N‐arylation of 3‐aminophenols with good substrate scope and yields (60–88 %). GC‐MS, HRMS and other spectroscopic techniques were utilised in detailing the kinetics and mechanistic aspects.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AS A STAGE IN THE FORMATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

The topic of the article examines the special connection between an industrial enterprise and the urbanistic environment, taking into account certain features of the location of an enterprise in an urban planning environment, as well as the corresponding factors of the architectural and construction scheme of modernization of production to understand the modern process of reconstruction and renovation of industrial facilities in a historical context. In search of figurative plastic stylistic expressiveness, architects in the 1920s and 1940s drew attention to engineering structures, machines and units were placed outside, which already at that time became a visual carrier of iconic-shaped symbols of the aesthetics of industrial culture. Subsequently, during the period of new experimentation in the 60s and 70s, the volumes of the engineering infrastructure were included in the structure of the volumetric-spatial solution of the production environment as an element of compositional construction based on block-modules given by the technology. The revival of the modern synthesis of arts is talentedly embodied in the metallurgical enterprise "Interpipe": frescoes, volumetric compositions of the modern Danish artist - Olafur Eliasson have formed a modern industrial enterprise where almost classical heritage of the experimental period of the 60s-early 70s remained the basis and

New Approach to Synthesis of Tetralin via Naphthalene Hydrogenation in Supercritical Conditions Using Polymer-Stabilized Pt Nanoparticles

Supercritical (SC) fluid technologies are well-established methods in modern green chemical synthesis. Using SC fluids as solvents instead of traditional liquids gives benefits of higher diffusivity and lower viscosity, which allows mass transfer intensification and, thus, an increased production rate of chemical transformations. Therefore, a conjugation of heterogeneous catalysis with SC media is a large step toward a green chemistry. Tetralin (TL) is an important hydrogen donor solvent used for biomass liquefaction. In industry, TL is obtained via catalytic hydrogenation of naphthalene (NL). Herein, for the first time we have demonstrated the NL hydrogenation with close to 100% selectivity to TL at almost full conversion in the SC hexane. The observed transformation rates in SC hexane were much higher allowing process intensification. The downstream processes can be also facilitated since hexane after depressurisation can be easily separated from the reaction products via simple rectification. The TL synthesis was studied in a batch reactor at variation of reaction temperature and overall pressure. For the first time for this process, low Pt-loaded (1 wt.%) nanoparticles stabilized within hyper-cross-linked aromatic polymer (HAP) were applied. The Pt/HAP catalyst was stable under reaction conditions (250 °C, 6 MPa) allowing its recovery and reuse.

Global Patterns and Drivers of Bee Distribution

Insects are the focus of many recent studies suggesting population declines, but even invaluable pollination service providers such as bees lack a modern distributional synthesis. Here, we combine a uniquely comprehensive checklist of bee species distributions and >5,800,000 public bee occurrence records to describe global patterns of bee biodiversity. Publicly accessible records are sparse, especially from developing countries, and are frequently inaccurate throughout much of the world, consequently suggesting different biodiversity patterns from checklist data. Global analyses reveal hotspots of species richness, together generating a rare bimodal latitudinal richness gradient, and further analyses suggest that xeric areas, solar radiation, and non-forest plant productivity are among the most important global drivers of bee biodiversity. Together, our results provide a new baseline and best practices for studies on bees and other understudied invertebrates.

ASAF HÂLET ÇELEBİ’NİN PLATONİST ŞİİR EVRENİ

: The synthesis of modern and traditional in Asaf Hâlet Çelebi's poems is based on the poet's Platonic philosophy. His universe of poetry consists of poems collected in poetry books like He (1942), Lamelif (1945), Om Mani Padme Hum (1953) and poems that did not enter books during his lifetime. The archaic expressions, he uses in his choice of words, are eternal like Plato's ideas. Based on the ‘sun’ indicator and ‘good idea’ in the famous cave allegory, Asaf Hâlet Çelebi's lines are composed of examples of Plato's ‘visible world’ and ‘the thoughtful world’. Elements such as the paths of his poetry and his word choice indicates that he is referring to Western philosophy. This study analyzes the poems of Asaf Hâlet Çelebi and apart from the Eastern philosophy that has been dealt with only one-sided until now, it emphasizes the main influence of Western philosophy.Keywords: Asaf Hâlet Çelebi, Plato, Idealism, Idea, Cave Allegory, Platonism, Platonist, Poetry, Philosophy.

El “darwinismo puro” de Alfred Russel Wallace: aportaciones a la teoría evolutiva moderna

La historia suele ser insistente en recordar el caso de Alfred Russel Wallace como quien, de manera secundaria, apoyó la propuesta de Darwin. Para efectos de este trabajo se presenta lo que Wallace denominó en su obra Darwinism (1889) los elementos básicos del darwinismo puro, que servirían de base para lo que George John Romanes llamaría neodarwinismo, a partir tanto del trabajo de Wallace como del de August Weismann. Esos elementos abarcan ideas que comúnmente se asocian de manera exclusiva con el trabajo de Charles Darwin, como el concepto biológico de especie, los diferentes tipos de variación y su origen, la importancia de la selección natural como el mecanismo preponderante para entender la evolución, el rechazo a los mecanismos lamarckianos, entre otros puntos. A partir de lo anterior, los objetivos de este trabajo son dos: por un lado, rescatar esos conceptos básicos del darwinismo puro de Wallace; y por el otro, establecer algunas posibles explicaciones sobre por qué persiste la idea de que el trabajo de Wallace no parece haber sido de importancia para el desarrollo de la Síntesis Moderna.

Biological Individuality and the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: A Philosophical Conundrum in a (New) Biological Focus

There has been much debate in evolutionary biology concerning the extension of some of the central tenets of the modern synthesis (MS). Due to recent developments in evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo), epigenetics, phenotypic and developmental plasticity, niche construction and ecological inheritance, and animal traditions, an increasing array of leading evolutionary biologists, theoretical biologists, and philosophers of biology agree that the structure of the MS needs to be reconsidered. This paper reflects on the connection between this scientific debate and the notion of biological individuality. The paper proposes a discussion of two levels at which the concept of individuality intersects with the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES), as well as the tension between two roles for individuals in such an extended theoretical framework. First, taken at face value, many developments in evolutionary thinking point to an organismcentered view of evolutionary processes. Second, the concept of individuality appears to have been hugely modified in the history of evolutionary thought. Indeed, both multilevel selection theory and the framing of Darwinian individuality transitioning among levels in evolution entail an expansion of the notion of individuality. Such an extended notion leaves room for aggregations of (classical) organisms counting as evolutionary individuals while (allegedly proper) organisms may coherently be viewed as populations. It follows that while individuality has become increasingly relevant for the renewed view of evolution that the EES presents, the boundaries of the notion seem blurrier and more fluid than ever. The paper concludes with a call for pluralism with regard to individuals (and many other evolutionary concepts).

Tuning the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for Biomanufacturing of Monomeric Human Filaggrin

The modern cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is expanding the opportunity of cell-free biomanufacturing as a versatile platform for synthesizing various therapeutic proteins. However, synthesizing human protein in the bacterial CFPS system remains challenging due to the low expression level, protein misfolding, inactivity, and more. These challenges limit the use of a bacterial CFPS system for human therapeutic protein synthesis. In this study, we demonstrated the improved performance of a customized CFPS platform for human therapeutic protein production by investigating the factors that limit cell-free transcription–translation. The improvement of the CFPS platform has been made in three ways. First, the cell extract was prepared from the rare tRNA expressed host strain, and CFPS was performed with a codon-optimized gene for Escherichia coli codon usage bias. The soluble protein yield was 15.2 times greater with the rare tRNA overexpressing host strain as cell extract and codon-optimized gene in the CFPS system. Next, we identify and prioritize the critical biomanufacturing factors for highly active crude cell lysate for human protein synthesis. Lastly, we engineer the CFPS reaction conditions to enhance protein yield. In this model, the therapeutic protein filaggrin expression was significantly improved by up to 23-fold, presenting 28 ± 5 μM of soluble protein yield. The customized CFPS system for filaggrin biomanufacturing described here demonstrates the potential of the CFPS system to be adapted for studying therapeutic proteins.

Toward Speculative Loop Pipelining for High-Level Synthesis

Loop pipelining (LP) is a key optimization in modern high-level synthesis (HLS) tools for synthesizing efficient hardware datapaths. Existing techniques for automatic LP are limited by static analysis that cannot precisely analyze loops with data-dependent control flow and/or memory accesses. We propose a technique for speculative LP that handles both control-flow and memory speculations in a unified manner. Our approach is entirely expressed at the source level, allowing a seamless integration to development flows using HLS. Our evaluation shows significant improvement in throughput over standard LP.

On the Compatibility of Evolutionary Biology and Theism

Human beings are the products of many thousands of years of biological evolution, and this process occurs in accordance with the principles of natural selection originally articulated and defended by Charles Darwin and developed and defended further in the modern synthesis of the 20th century. In this paper, I consider how it may be thought that this fact threatens the rationality of belief in the Christian God. These threats are countenanced with respect to issues of design, randomness, suffering, and the objectivity of ethics. I argue that while some versions of Christian belief, such as those grounded in a literalist reading of the Genesis creation story or those committed to the image of God thesis, may be threatened by a Darwinian worldview, there are nonetheless plausible versions of Christian belief that are immune to Darwinian challenges.

Bridging Conservative and Modern Approaches: Muhammad’s ‘Abduh’s Interpretation of al-Fatihah

Muḥammad ‘Abduh (1849-1905) is a modern Moslem scholar of Egypt. He was known as a reformist and an architect of Islamic modernism. Through his modernism, he introduced a synthesis of Islamic teachings and modern thought in order to bridge between conservative and modern approaches. This present paper is analysis of his tafsīr on al-Fātiḥah to understand his mix approches. The author found that ‘Abduh’s tafsir applied conservative language to reflect his radical ideas. However, ‘Abduh also introduced modern approaches in his tafsīr. Finally, it is found that al-Fātiḥah in ‘Abduh tafsir contains the substantial messages of the Qur’an.

Copper-Catalyzed Borylative Difunctionalization of π-Systems

Organoboronates represent a cornerstone functional group in modern synthesis owing to their unique reactivity and divergent synthetic capability. Copper catalysis has become one of the most powerfu...

Contiguous Quaternary Carbons: A Selection of Total Syntheses.

Contiguous quaternary carbons in terpene natural products remain a major challenge in total synthesis. Synthetic strategies to overcome this challenge will be a pivotal prerequisite to the medicinal application of natural products and their analogs or derivatives. In this review, we cover syntheses of natural products that exhibit a dense assembly of quaternary carbons and whose syntheses were uncompleted until recently. While discussing their syntheses, we not only cover the most recent total syntheses but also provide an update on the status quo of modern syntheses of complex natural products. Herein, we review (±)-canataxpropellane, (+)-waihoensene, (–)-illisimonin A and (±)-11-O-debenzoyltashironin as prominent examples of natural products bearing contiguous quaternary carbons.

The Effects of Size and Shape Dispersity on the Phase Behavior of Nanomesogen Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Self-assembly of anisotropic nanomaterials into fluids is a key step in producing bulk, solid materials with controlled architecture and properties. In particular, the ordering of anisotropic nanomaterials in lyotropic liquid crystalline phases facilitates the production of films, fibers, and devices with anisotropic mechanical, thermal, electrical, and photonic properties. While often considered a new area of research, experimental and theoretical studies of nanoscale mesogens date back to the 1920s. Through modern computational, synthesis, and characterization tools, there are new opportunities to design liquid crystalline phases to achieve complex architectures and enable new applications in opto-electronics, multifunctional textiles, and conductive films. This review article provides a brief review of the liquid crystal phase behavior of one dimensional nanocylinders and two dimensional nanoplatelets, a discussion of investigations on the effects of size and shape dispersity on phase behavior, and outlook for exploiting size and shape dispersity in designing materials with controlled architectures.

Science meets politics A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane Samanth Subramanian Norton, 2020. 400 pp.

A passion for promoting the public good guided geneticist J. B. S. Haldane's scholarship

Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles.

Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.

Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of lithium acetylides

The incorporation of alkynes into organic molecules is one of the most valuable transformations for the formation of C–C bonds and provides a versatile handle for further modifications. The Sonogashira cross-coupling of acetylenes holds a prominent position among the suite of catalytic cross-coupling reactions that are key to modern synthesis. Here we present a method that is complementary to the Sonogashira reaction, demonstrating cross-coupling of lithium acetylides with aryl bromides. The reactions take place under ambient conditions with short reaction times, affording the corresponding aryl acetylenes in good to excellent yields while displaying a remarkable functional group tolerance for an organolithium reaction, allowing the presence of a variety of organolithium-sensitive carbonyl functionalities. This developed cross-coupling methodology offers ample opportunities to access a wide variety of acetylenes, as is illustrated by the facile preparation of key intermediates for chemical biology and optoelectronic materials. The Sonogashira cross-coupling is a key strategy in modern synthesis for C–C bond formation and introduction of the versatile alkyne functionality into organic molecules. Now, a complementary method is reported based on the palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of lithium acetylides with aryl bromides.

Creating a ‘gestalt shift’ in evolutionary science: roles for metaphor in the conceptual landscape of the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES)

ABSTRACT The role of novel metaphors, analogies and figurative devices in generating new frameworks for thought and guiding new scientific discoveries has been one of Evelyn Fox Keller’s important contributions to our understanding of the development of genetics in the twentieth century. Here we explore metaphors that are used in the construction of the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES), a theoretical framework that is still very much in the making. The EES challenges mainstream gene-based, ‘Modern Synthesis’ versions of evolutionary theory and calls for a development- and organism-oriented view of heredity and evolution. We show that at the current unstable and dynamic stage of its construction, the metaphors and analogies that are put forward by advocates of the EES play an important role in defining its boundaries, scope and ambitions, while the aesthetic and ambiguous aspects of these same metaphors are used by opponents to undermine the scientific value of the EES.

Quasi-religious Belief in Darwin and Darwinism: “Straw-Men” Scientist Believers Everywhere

Narratives that describe models of how the world works involve some form of idealization, but all models are subjective and influenced by many human factors including the location, period of time, and profession of the narrator. Charles Darwin is a particularly fascinating case. Many scientists have tended—and continue—to idealize him as a person and a scientist, as well as his evolutionary ideas, in particular those related to “adaptationism” and the “struggle for existence.” In fact, many still defend that there is no need for any kind of new or even “extended” evolutionary theories: what we have from Darwin, or from the subsequent “Modern Synthesis,” is enough, as if the thousands of studies made in the last decades, including the discovery of the DNA, the genomes of humans and other species, or the crucial evolutionary role played by epigenetics, did not add anything relevant to how we understand biological evolution. Interestingly, such reactions are somehow comparable with those of some religious leaders that, when certain scientific discoveries contradict narratives of a religious text, argue that these are just “minor” details that do not put those narratives into question. An example concerns certain adaptationist narratives, which as Gould noted cannot be falsified: by assuming a priori that a structure has to have an “adaptive function,” even when hypotheses that the function is A, B, C, or D are contradicted, one tries to show that perhaps the function is E, or F, and so on, instead of being at least open to the hypothesis that perhaps those “negative results” mean that the structure has no current “adaptive function.” Such circular reasoning is deeply related to another common feature of humans-the-storytelling-animals: our continuous search for “purpose.” As the founder of biology, Aristotle, famously stated, nature “does nothing in vain”—a teleological notion that deeply influenced Darwin, and continues to influence us. The aim of this paper is not to criticize Darwin—I profoundly admire his life, travels, persistence, naturalism, and brilliant ideas such as that of natural selection. Instead, here, I discuss subjects such as adaptationism and the notions of progress, purpose, and “struggle for life” and their links to racism and misogyny to call attention to the remarkable parallel between religious thinking and the inflexible way in which many defend Darwin’s, Darwinist, or Neo-Darwinist ideas, even when such ideas might have contributed to enduring biases and prejudices within both the scientific community and broader society.