Modern Russian Speech Research Articles

Discourse complex <i>i da</i> ‘and yes’ as a dialogue actualizer in modern Russian speech

The article examines semantic and pragmatic features of the discursive complex i da (“and yes”). The relevance of the research is explained by the active inclusion of i da in contemporary speech practice, various genres and styles over the past decade, which was not observed before. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the element i da becomes the object of linguistic analysis for the first time. This study contributes to the understanding of the discursive complex i da in the context of modern linguistic practices. The findings of this research can be beneficial for further linguistic studies and practical applications. The element i da is not recorded in dictionaries and reference books, which also testifies to the novelty of the material presented in the article, which was extracted from the “National Corpus of the Russian Language”, the electronic media bank “Integrum”. The paper is also based to some degree on the personal observations of the authors. This study provides a fresh perspective on the linguistic element i da, contributing to the existing body of linguistic research. The research was conducted within the framework of the structural and descriptive method using semantic, syntactic, and contextual analysis. As a result, the main discursive role of the complex i da was established, i. e., maintaining the interactive nature of conversation through a ‘delayed response’ mechanism, which allows considering i da as a feedback marker. The discursive complex i da involves a real or potential (in the case of a monologue) interlocutor/opponent in the discourse, performing the role of a dialogic actualizer. The core seme of the complex (‘agreement’) can be explicitly supported by the context, and the addressee of the agreement can be not only the ‘other’ but also the speaker himself. The study reveals the rhetorical potential of i da in monologic speech. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the discursive complex i da, highlighting its role in dialogic actualization and its rhetorical potential in monologic speech. The variants of punctuation design of the complex i da identified during the research indicate the need for its further study and the creation of a theoretical basis for subsequent codification in punctuation guides. The study proposes a hypothesis about the appearance of i da in Russian as a result of calquing English phrases and yes / and yeah, which are of international nature. This research emphasizes the importance of further investigation into the discursive complex i da, its punctuation variants, and its origins in the Russian language.

Lexemes vozrast (age) and vozrastnoy (age) as euphemisms in modern media discourse

The object of this study is the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy; the subject of the study is the euphemistic uses of these lexemes and their semantic derivation in modern Russian and in media discourse. The author examines the definitions of lexemes in the main explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, analyzing their semantic structure. The use of these lexemes in modern journalistic discourse as euphemisms is analyzed on the basis of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The corpus study confirms a significant number of euphemistic names of age in modern Russian, as well as the assumption that in modern journalistic discourse the lexeme vozrast can be used in the meaning of ‘old age’, and vozrastnoy — in the meaning of ‘elderly’. The research was conducted using general scientific methods of component and contextual analysis, corpus research, functional-semantic method, elements of quantitative method, etc. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying the features of the functioning of the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy, acting as euphemisms, in modern Russian speech (based on the material of media discourse), namely, in the high use of euphemistic uses. Contexts with such uses usually report that the psychological age does not coincide with the physical one, about the desire of people to look younger than their years (more often about women), to hide their real (physical) age, about worries about the past youth. The euphemization reflects the cultural notion of old age as an abnormal age. It is concluded that the euphemistic meanings of the lexemes vozrast and vozrastnoy have become entrenched in the language, have become widely used and stylistically neutral. Thanks to the euphemistic meaning, the lexemes have expanded their use.

The lexeme "normal" in Russian speech: a case study

The subject of the study is the lexeme "normal", a multidimensional analysis of which is carried out on the basis of data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRR), which includes more than 2 billion words, which makes it quite representative. The purpose of the work is to determine the composition of the homocomplex "normal" in modern Russian, to compare homonyms in semantic, syntagmatic, functional aspects. The relevance of the research undertaken is due to the fact that the lexicographic literature does not provide a complete description of all homonyms "normal". Thus, the predicative "normally" has remained outside the attention of lexicographers, although it is in this category that the pragmatic potential of the studied word is realized; in addition, cases of using the word in a discursive function have not been noted. This study was conducted on the basis of a concordance of 4055 texts with this lexeme, a large amount of material allowed us to draw conclusions about the quantitative and qualitative features of the functioning of this homocomplex. In accordance with this goal, descriptive, quantitative, statistical methods, as well as corpus analysis methods were used in the work. The methodological basis of the research was the works devoted to the problem of functional homonymy (V. V. Vinogradov, O. S. Akhmanova, V. V. Babaytseva, P. A. Lekant, etc.) and methods of corpus linguistics (O. N. Lyashevskaya, N. V. Pertsov, V. A. Plungyan, E. V. Rakhilina, D. V. Sichinava, etc.). The results The following provisions became the basis of the work: based on the data selected from the corpus, it is argued that the homocomplex "normally" unites a group of functional homonyms (adjective in short form; adverb; predicative (category of state); interjection), which differ in a set of morphological features, syntactic function, syntagmatic features, semantics expressed in speech. It is concluded that all these homonyms are active in modern Russian speech; they have pragmatic and stylistic features in different speech spheres. The first texts with the predicative "normally", as well as with the homonymous adverb, recorded in the NCRR, belong to the end of the XIX century; the use of "normally" as an interjection in a discursive function appears much later, in the 1980s. Statistical methods allowed us to determine the most frequent collocations with the lexeme "normally".

Classical Teaching of Rhetoric in Russian Philological Tradition (18th — First Half of the 19th Century)

The article presents a historical and critical review of the classical teaching of rhetoric as the science and art of speech in the Russian philological tradition of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries. A description of this experience of rhetoric as “the science of inventing, arranging and expressing thoughts” can give a lot to a modern scholar and teacher, since today’s educational practice largely uses ancient classical methods and techniques in organizing verbal and speech education. The authors present information about rhetoric in Ancient Rus’, when there were no rhetoric textbooks, but active oratorical activity was carried out; the first rhetoric textbooks of the 17th century and the time of Peter the Great with their practical advice and recommendations for constructing a speech; describes “means for acquiring eloquence” by Mikhail V. Lomonosov, which, as it turns out, were based on their predecessors, rhetoric manuals of Peter’s times; in our first higher educational institutions, for example, Moscow University, “eloquence” was taught primarily, and at the beginning of the 19th century, “literature” reigned and the peak of Russian rhetoric flourished in the first years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where Nikolai F. Koshansky was teaching. The modern world of the Russian Word cannot be imagined without this historical and cultural tradition, in the study of which much remains to be done, but without the support of which it is impossible to realize creativity in modern Russian speech. Materials related to teaching rhetoric can provide a lot of useful advice and recommendations to the modern teacher and student regarding both the rules of speaking and the education of a speaker. Th us, Old Believer rhetoricians give specific advice on personality formation and pronunciation rules; Lomonosov offers classical “means of acquiring eloquence,” interpreting them in an original way for the Russian audience, and the pinnacle of rhetorical education should be the lessons of N. F. Koshansky at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, who recommended reading, reflection and practical exercises.

Gender Semantics of Nominations <i>родитель – родительница – родители</i> in Modern Media Discourse

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify manifestation patterns of gender semantics of Russian nouns родитель – родительница – родители (pluralia tantum) in different referent and context conditions. The research is based on newspaper subcorpora of Russian National Corpus. Results. The vocabulary values are marked by gender semes: родитель (father), родительница (mother), родители (father and mother – the separate lexeme). The first two nouns are characterized by a reduced stylistic meaning. They are also evaluated as outdated, but it does not confirm in modern Russian speech. The feminitive родительница retains a gender meaning in all types of usage, it is often used as a neutral synonym for мать (mother). It shows a clear tendency towards stylistic neutrality. At the same time it has a negative connotative background and can be used for reducing the social and personal status of the referent. The word родитель is a male nomination if denotes a particular person. For a generalized referent or if as a logical predicate, the gender seme is not preserved. Colloquial coloration is preserved only when the word referents a particular person. The meaning of the noun родители with semes of the bigender couple is fully realized only if it denotes a particular family or nominates a social role attributed to a particular family. In other cases it has non-gendered semantics, and becomes the plural form of родитель as ‘person with offspring’. Conclusion. We suppose changes in the semantic structure of the noun родитель can affect the lexical and morphological status of the word родители.

Sound distortions of phraseological units in modern Russian speech

Sound distortions of phraseological units in modern Russian speech

Word-Formation Adaptation of Borrowings in the Modern Russian Language.

The article analyzes the word-formation adaptation of borrowings in modern Russian speech. Language reflects the dynamics of modern life and is often updated by borrowings. Besides phonological, lexical, grammatical and semantic adaptations, word-formation adaptation is also one of the most important processes in the sphere of borrowings. Nowadays, new derivative words based on borrowings are often used in modern speech, and the multiple meanings of borrowed elements are observed. In the process of this adaptation, the composition of new affixoids and word-formation nests is also expanding, which reflects the active participation of neologism elements in the word-formation structure of Russian words and the wide spread of their use. Regular replenishment of the word-formation fund with foreign-language elements shows the productivity of borrowings in the modern Russian language

Prevention of Prerequisites for Spelling Disorders in Children with Speech Underdevelopment

Among the topical issues of modern Russian speech therapy, a special place is occupied by the study of the problem of specific school failure (dysorphography), the study of which is objectified by an increasing number of students who are unable to fully assimilate the spelling norms of Russian writing. The problem of dysorphography is realized by speech therapists not only at the stage of school education, when the violation of the spelling norm formation process becomes obvious, but also at the stage of the formation of written speech, when we can talk about a propaedeutic approach to identifying and preventing this problem. In modern Russian speech therapy, the concept of writing is considered as a complex conscious form of speech and speech activity. The whole way of mastering speech forms in children as a practical awareness of not only the sound form of the word, but also the practical mastery of lexico-semantic and lexico-morphological representations, which are the most important prerequisites for a child’s readiness to learn spelling and grammar of writing. The purpose of this study is to identify the mechanisms of the unavailability of children with speech underdevelopment to master the basic prerequisites of orthographically literate writing and ways to prevent them.

The "Lost Generation" in the Modern Russian-language Journalistic Discourse

The article examines the use of the term lost generation in modern journalistic discourse, which originally referred to writers of the first half of the twentieth century who passed the First World War and expressed in their work its tragic experience, their inner emptiness and alienation from society. The presence of an attribute with a characterizing meaning in this idiomatic term allows it to be determinologized and used in modern Russian speech as a free phrase: in relation to different generations of people, primarily to modern Russian youth. The purpose of the article is to describe the main types of usage of the syntagma lost generation in modern Russian speech and to identify their connection with the original meaning of the term. The research material is contexts extracted from the National Corpus of the Russian language, as well as the results of the linguistic experiment conducted by the authors. The authors uses quantitative, functional-semantic, descriptive methods, uses the method of component analysis, highlights the main meanings and areas of use of syntagma as a steadily reproducible precedent nomination. Comparison of the experimental results and analysis of the contexts of the National Corpus of the Russian language shows significant consistency. Both in the survey and in the corpus, the terminological use is quite frequent (the second most frequent among all the selected types), however, it is significantly inferior to the totality of non-terminological uses, among which both close to the original and rather distant ones stand out (‘youth’, ‘people who did not justify the hopes placed on them in the professional sphere’, ‘socially unprotected groups' and others).

Verevochnaya or Covidnaya Istoriya: Desemantization of the Word Istoria in Different Discourse Types

The article is devoted to the description of the communicative behavior of the word istoria, which, as a result of the process of resemantization, is used in the “non-dictionary” meaning: ‘a thing/something’ and widely functions in modern everyday Russian speech in various types of discourse. The study was carried out on the material of 3 sources: the oral subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the corpus of Russian everyday speech “One Speech Day” and separate recordings of the surrounding speech (from everyday conversations, interviews, lectures, etc.). The problem of the functioning of the bleached word istoria is considered in several aspects: the dependence of such usages on the type of discourse and the characteristics of the speaker (age, professional activity, level of speech competence–LSC), as well as the ability of the resemantized word istoria to characterize an idiolect. It turned out that the word istoria with “empty” semantics plays a role of a multifunctional tool serving various types of discourse in modern Russian speech, and its active use is a result of saving speech efforts and does not characterize any particular social group of speakers. Such use has the character of an individual speech trait: in some cases, the word istoria acquires a status of a “parasite word” and indicates a low LSC of a native speaker, and in other situations, it indicates the desire of a speaker with a high LSC to establish an easy communication style.

Сочетания в потоке + Р. п. и быть в потоке в современной русской речи

The article deals with the problem of metaphorical verbalization of the inner state of a person using the example of a non-predicative combination в потоке + Genitive and a predicative combination быть в потоке. Attention to the semantics of the lexeme поток (flow) and to the connotative features of these combinations is due to the high frequency of metaphorical use of the word поток and combinations like “Я в потоке” in the texts of modern media and social networks. The purpose of the article is to identify semantic features and connotative signs of combinations в потоке + Genitive and быть в потоке in the modern Russian speech. The research relies on component and contextual analysis. The work explicates the connotative semes of the noun поток, which are presented in its dictionary definitions; connotative semes that are actualized when using combinations в потоке + Genitive and быть в потоке in specific types of contexts are identified and analyzed on the data from the National Corpus of the Russian language. It is shown that the phenomenon поток in the Russian language consciousness is evaluated mainly negatively, which is expressed by certain lexical-semantic and morphological-syntactic language means that are regularly encountered in contexts.

Linguopragmatic Potential of Active Processes in Russian Neological Word Formation of Latest Period

The communicative-pragmatic effects in the generation and functioning of new phenomena in the Russian neological word formation of the latest period is discussed in the article. It informs about nonderivatives, created according to conventional and / or nonconventional models. It is shown that the specific intentions of the speaker and the addressee, their communicative needs, nontrivial topics of communication and the environment of speech, the features of the interaction of communicants, their communication strategies and tactics, etc. stand behind the formation of nonderivatives. Particular attention is paid to the following linguo-pragmatic mechanisms with the participation of nonderivatives: operations with semantic and pragmatic presuppositions, operations with inferences and implicatures of discourse, models for the implementation of conditions for the success of a speech act, the generation of indirect speech acts and speech reproduction of communicative strategies de dicto and de re use, contexts of using metalinguistic operators. The emphasis is made on the fact that the use of derivatives leads to semantic compression, the semantic capacity of the entire expression due to the actualization of various kinds of implicit information. The authors come to the conclusion that new formations in modern Russian speech testify to social attitudes, value priorities and speech-behavioral stereotypes of the speakers of the modern Russian language.

Educational features of modern Russian speech practice

The article concentrates on the educational features of modern everyday communication. The materials used were texts of notices that prove the existence of a crisis in modern mass communication. The reasons of crisis phenomena in speech practice have been established and ways out of the situation have been suggested.

Topical Trends of Modern Linguistics with the Positions of the Systemic Approach. Some Thoughts on the Results of a Scientific Internship at RUDN University “General and Specialized Methodology of Philological Science”, 2019

The article describes disputes about current issues of the modern scientific paradigm from the standpoint of systemic linguistics, whose powerful explanatory potential remains beyond the scope of the mass trends of linguistic science, and the formulation of new scientific issues as a result of a fruitful extrapolation of the systemic approach to the fields of philology that are not considered by the founders of systemic linguistics. In the first part of the article we considered differences in understanding the object, subject and method in Russian and foreign cognitive linguistics, leading to the loss of the international nature of linguistics, discussion of extremely painful issues for the Russian cognitive science about the cognitive futility of the term concept and the application of the cognitive approach in the study of discourse and text, violation of the continuity between the highest achievements of Russian and foreign scientific thought and the popular modern areas of linguistic research. Further in the article, the standpoint of a systemic typology is applied to the active processes of modern Russian speech. In the light of the approach taken, the facts that seem disparate from the standpoint of the culture of speech, from the standpoint of the systemic typology of languages, appear interconnected and determined by a general tendency - the deformation of the morphological type of the Russian language in the direction of the destruction of inflectivity. The result of the observed typological changes is the reduction in the possibility transfer highly intellectual meanings. An explanation of the principles of the organization of poetic speech in relation to the systemic typology of languages is an example how successfully S.Yu. Preobrazhensky applied the theory of the founder of modern systemic linguistics in the field which is far from interests of G.P. Melnikov. If the coincidence of the boundaries of the verse with the boundaries of the phrase within the sentence means the prevalence of the natural, that is, characteristic of the type of natural language in which the poem is written, principle of division, then the mismatch of boundaries speaks of a poetic technique that seeks to emphasize that the poetic statement is called upon to perform special communicative tasks leading to reconfiguring poetic syntax to other types of languages. The prospects of updating the systemic approach in modern semantic studies of grammar and vocabulary are discussed in the fourth and final part. The obtained results, which are set out in the article become the evidence base of the high potential for using the achievements of systemic linguistics in modern research practices.

Tendencies in modern verbal derivation

The article examines various types of verbal neologisms functioning in modern Russian speech. The aim of the research is to reveal the tendencies of verbal derivation at the turn and at the beginning of the 21st century. It is noted that verb vocabulary is regularly enriched by neologisms of different structural types despite the fact that this part of speech is less open to neologization. It has been demonstrated that suffixation, prefixation, and postfixation (grammatical suffixation) are the most productive processes of derivation. The following tendences of modern verbal derivation have been revealed: intensive formation of new verbs via borrowing from foreign languages; expansion of denominative derivation of verbs; an increase in the number of reflexive verbs expressing various aspects of subject-object relations. It is concluded that verbal neologisms are consistently used not only in media language, but also in the language of modern fiction where they enhance its expressiveness and imagery.

The types of truncated derivatives in contemporary Russian speech

This article studies a highly productive way of Russian word formation — truncation. This method of word formation, considered to be the "youngest", plays an important role in the contemporary compressive word formation. The purpose of this article lies in identifying new trends in the area of truncation in the Russian speech of the early 21st century. The author reveals the structural types of truncation and determines their relationship in the contemporary Russian language. The largest group of truncated derivatives includes personal nouns; there are also other new subject groups of the truncated units noted. The results show that truncation in modern Russian speech is becoming more widespread than before and it begins to extend to other parts of speech besides nouns. The author pays attention to the interaction of truncation with the suffixation characteristic of contemporary Russian speech. The derivatives, formed by truncation, are different from univerbated nouns, which are formally attributed by adjectives, which are part of the substantive word formation; thus, a criterion for differentiating truncated univerbated words seems in order. The material for analysis includes modern fiction, texts from mass media, and oral recordings. Using them has helped in revealing the dynamics of truncation processes.

УСЕЧЕНИЕ КАК СПОСОБ КОМПРЕССИВНОГО СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the study of truncation — one of the ways of compressive word formation. The paper identifies the main reasons that contribute to the activation of this method of derivation in modern Russian speech, describes the structural types of truncated words, and analyses their morphological features. It is shown that at present, truncations are increasingly used in everyday speech, jargon, Internet communication, and the language of mass media. It is concluded that the activation of truncation reflects the tendency to expressiveness of speech.

Об экспансии предлога про в современной русской речи, или Новейшая русская риторика

The article notes the tendency towards the preferred choice of the preposition pro (about) (instead of o) in modern Russian speech. The above said leads to a change in the compatibility of the accusative word form with the explanatory meaning, to an expansion of the range of verbs and nouns that control this form. The use of the word forms in names is updated (in different communicative spheres). Observations on the use of the so-called “The Accusative of theme” in media speech allowed us to identify different communicative intentions of the speaker, which are marked by the word form pro (about) N4: fixation of the topic, announcement, continuation and development, return to the topic, change of topic, forecast, clarification, accentuation. In addition, as part of the predicate, the word form with the preposition pro (about) is used as a means of the object of speech / thought characterization. In these syntactic conditions, a new way of defining the concept is formed: X eto pro (is about) N4, as well as a new question: What is X about? They are actively used in speech by adherents of the newest rhetorical canon – as opposed to the traditional one.

ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ПЕРМСКИХ СТУДЕНТОВ О ЯЗЫКОВОЙ НОРМЕ И РЕЧЕВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЕ: ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ

The article describes the results of a pilot sociolinguistic experiment the purpose of which was to study the ideas of modern youth about the language norm and speech culture. The main research question was how this social group assesses linguistic innovations / transformations and other facts of modern Russian speech. The research material was collected by means of a survey in which 80 informants took part. The task was to identify and analyze opinions on the concept of ‘speech culture’ and its features, ‘degradation’ / ‘non-degradation’ of the language, as well as the influence of the popular Russian TV series Real’nye patsany (Real Guys) on the creation of the image of Perm residents. The research results reveal the problems of speech culture essential from the point of view of young speakers, the most striking of which are the insufficient purity of speech, unjustified borrowing, and spelling mistakes. The presence of diametrically opposite ideas of the currently occurring processes (from the recognition of innovations to the idea of complete degradation) indicates that informants recognize the process of constant development of the language, which is, on the one hand, naturally-determined and, on the other, beyond the control of native speakers. The informants distinguish between the norm of the literary language and the norms of other language variants (for example, local variants of literary colloquial speech, various types of jargon), determine for each of the idioms their own sphere of functioning, socio-cultural environment, circle of speakers and, accordingly, their own evaluative characteristics of language variants, which do not always coincide with others.

Англо-американские заимствования в дискурсе современных российских глянцевых изданий

The study of the issue of foreign words penetration into the native language is one of the most pressing problems in modern linguistic science. The article examines the modern media discourse features of glossy magazines that reproduce the type of consciousness with its inherent motivational, target and ideological attitudes. The audience sometimes does not attach much importance to the influence that the mass media have on the language development. Therefore, glossy magazines, having become an integral part of the modern media space, play an active role in activating the technology of lexical borrowing and in the literary language development. The subject of the article is media texts of glossy, “glamorous” magazines influencing on the modern Russian language vocabulary. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of stylistic features of glossy media texts on the borrowing processes in modern Russian speech.