Modern Codes Research Articles

Samara banner as a cultural code

The paper deals with the phenomenon of the Samara banner as a cultural code. It is emphasized that the period of the second half of the 19th early 20th centuries is increasingly considered by researchers as a source of elements transmitted and perceived as modern cultural codes. Epistemological, psychological, sociological and information-communication approaches to understanding cultural codes are presented, with the help of which ideas about the unity, cohesion of society are formed and the social uncertainty of modernity is reduced. The period of the Russian-Turkish war is characterized as a period of the cultural code formation associated with the activation of national self-identification, growth of patriotism, formation of civil consciousness and civil society. The process of formation and consolidation of the cultural code inherent in the modern inhabitant of the Samara province, which was influenced by notable socio-political, cultural and religious events of both the past and the present, is analyzed. Dynamics is noted in assessing the role of the Samara Banner phenomenon for various periods of Russian history. The authors give an example of systemic involvement of the younger generation of the Samara Region residents in the history of their native land, through acquaintance with the history of the Samara banner, presented in the textbooks Stories on the history of the Samara Region and History of the Samara Region.

On the use of the reference building approach in modern building energy codes

For decarbonization of the building sector to happen at scale, net-zero energy levels of operational efficiency must be achieved. A global consensus is emerging around the Passive House energy performance level (15 kWh/m2/a thermal energy demand) as “net-zero energy ready”. Given the imperative to rapidly transform buildings and shortcomings of the traditional prescriptive approach, a growing number of building energy regulations are adopting the performance-based or outcome-based approach, seeking to mandate net-zero energy performance with ambitious timelines. Some such regulations are based on the Reference Building Approach (RBA) where the energy performance of a building is assessed based on a hypothetical building of the same design but meeting a set of minimum prescriptive requirements. More commonly, performance targets are defined in absolute terms, based on energy intensity metrics. Although the European version of the RBA reconciles the absolute and relative performance targets through mandatory statistical performance baselines, the RBA in North America is used as an independent alternative to absolute energy use/demand intensity metrics (kWh/m2/a). This paper examines the North American Reference Building Approach, focussing on its implementation in the British Columbia Energy Step Code as an instructive example. It is shown that the RBA has serious flaws. Most importantly, by creating a sliding scale, the RBA does not deliver net-zero energy performance, while incentivizing inefficient designs and poor energy modeling practices. Despite the regional focus of the data, the conclusions are applicable to the RBA in general. Based on the results, it is recommended that the use of the RBA in building energy codes and standards be discontinued.

As the Deep River Rises

Abstract The present essay seeks to offer a conceptual framework for grappling with climate change from within the sources of Jewish law (halakhah), a discourse rooted in the Hebrew Bible but developed in the rabbinic literature of Late Antiquity and then in medieval and modern codes and commentaries. Halakhah reflects deeply-held intellectual, theological, ontological, and sociological values. As a modus vivendi, rabbinic law—variously interpreted by Jews of different stripes—remains a vital force that shapes the life of contemporary practitioners. We are interested in how a variety of contemporary scholars, theologians, and activists might use the full range of rabbinic legal sources—and their philosophical, jurisprudential, and moral values—to construct an alternative environmental ethic founded in a worldview rooted in obligation and a matrix of kinship relationships. Our essay is thus an exercise in decolonizing knowledge by moving beyond the search for environmental keywords or ready analogies to contemporary western discourse. We join the voices of recent scholars who have sought to revise regnant assumptions about how religious traditions should be read and interpreted with an eye to formulating constructive ethics.

Effect of bidirectional excitation on seismic performance of regular RC frame buildings designed for modern codes

The existing practice to estimate seismic performance of a regular building is to carry out nonlinear time history analysis using two-dimensional models subjected to unidirectional excitations, even though the multiple components of ground motion can affect the seismic response, significantly. During seismic shaking, columns are invariably subjected to bending in two orthogonal vertical planes, which leads to a complex interaction of axial force with the biaxial bending moments. This article compares the seismic performance of regular and symmetric RC moment frame buildings for unidirectional and bidirectional ground motions. The buildings are designed and detailed according to the Indian codes, which are at par with the other modern seismic codes. A fiber-hinge model, duly calibrated with the biaxial experimental results, is utilized to simulate the inelastic behavior of columns under bidirectional bending. A comparison of the estimated seismic collapse capacity is presented, illustrating the importance of considering the bidirectional effects. The results from fragility analysis indicate that the failure probabilities of buildings under the bidirectional excitation are significantly higher as compared to those obtained under the unidirectional excitation.

A New High-Performance 4-Bit Code Converter and Parity Checker Using Mixed Logic Design

In modern communications, code converters and accurate data transmission are essential. This paper presents a new code converter (i.e., Binary to Gray and Gray to Binary) and Parity Checker using mixed logic design. Mixed modeling will be better to achieve low power, high speed and fewer transistors instead of considering a single logic style for array structures. It is important to note that additional metal layers are required for implementation. The HSPICE simulations have been done on these circuits with various supply voltages and frequencies. The existing circuits are compared with mixed logic design circuits and found that the proposed designs show better performance. Especially when compared with FS_XOR1 (which produces better results than others), the power consumption of Mixed logic design is reduced by 5.40%, the speed is improved by 14.89% and PDP is also decreased by 19.48% in the case of Binary to Gray. Moreover, significant improvements can be seen with other existing designs.

Inq, a Modern GPU-Accelerated Computational Framework for (Time-Dependent) Density Functional Theory.

We present inq, a new implementation of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) written from scratch to work on graphic processing units (GPUs). Besides GPU support, inq makes use of modern code design features and takes advantage of newly available hardware. By designing the code around algorithms, rather than against specific implementations and numerical libraries, we aim to provide a concise and modular code. The result is a fairly complete DFT/TDDFT implementation in roughly 12 000 lines of open-source C++ code representing a modular platform for community-driven application development on emerging high-performance computing architectures.

A consistent safety format and design approach for brittle systems and application to textile reinforced concrete structures

Design and verification of structures in modern codes of practice account for a safety format, ensuring that the probability of failure does not exceed a given threshold. Although specific safety formats are proposed in some cases for special types of structures or analyses, most designs and verifications are currently performed on the basis of the Partial Safety Factor Format (PSFF). This format is applied to cover different materials and structural responses, allowing for a uniform methodology to account for reliability. Such consideration greatly simplifies the design process, but raises concerns on its consistency when different structural responses are observed. In the PSFF as considered in fib Model Code and Eurocodes, no explicit distinction is made on the value of the partial safety factors (for actions or materials) depending on whether a structural system has a brittle or a ductile response. This can be potentially inconsistent, as brittle systems have limited or no redistribution capacity of internal forces (which can give rise to premature failures if action effects are poorly estimated), while ductile systems have large potentials to redistribute internal forces and are thus little sensitive to this issue.In this paper, to investigate on the suitability of PSFF for brittle structures, the most suitable manner to determine internal forces for brittle elements failing in bending and the corresponding model uncertainties of action effects are investigated in detail. The concepts are derived from a theoretical perspective and applied to the case of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). This material is a promising development to reduce the footprint of concrete construction and to build lightweight structures, but exhibits a very brittle response in bending (contrary to ordinary reinforced concrete with usual reinforcement ratios). In this paper, by means of an experimental and theoretical investigation, it is shown that following a suitable approach to estimate internal forces for brittle systems as TRC leads to a low level of model uncertainty of action effects. This leads to the conclusion that, compared to standard design of ductile systems, no additional correction is required for safety issues. Following this outcome, the partial factors for TRC structures are calibrated. In addition, due to the significance of geometrical uncertainties, a method for designing TRC on the basis of a design value of the effective depth (a reduced value accounting for construction tolerances instead of its nominal dimension) is eventually discussed, showing that it allows for a more uniform level of safety.

Soft computing-based models for the prediction of masonry compressive strength

Masonry is a building material that has been used in the last 10.000 years and remains competitive today for the building industry. The compressive strength of masonry is used in modern design not only for gravitational and lateral loading, but also for quality control of materials and execution. Given the large variations of geometry of units and joint thickness, materials and building practices, it is not feasible to test all possible combinations. Many researchers tried to provide relations to estimate the compressive strength of masonry from the constituents, which remains a challenge. Similarly, modern design codes provide lower bound solutions, which have been demonstrated to be weakly correlated to observed test results in many cases. The present paper adopts soft-computing techniques to address this problem and a dataset with 401 specimens is considered. The obtained results allow to identify the most relevant parameters affecting masonry compressive strength, areas in which more experimental research is needed and expressions providing better estimates when compared to formulas existing in codes or literature.

Обоснованный риск: этапы развития в уголовном законе России и перспективы применения

Currently in order to improve the application of the norms of the criminal law, for example, on reasonable risk this retrospective study has been conducted. The importance of improving the position of the norms on reasonable risk, obvious as connection with the development of science and technology situations associated with the risk appears more and accordingly, the task of the criminal law to regulate each of them. The author analyzes the provisions of the norm proposed by scientific practitioners before the appearance of modern standards about reasonable risk modern code in the form of projects. On the basis of social situations associated risk, currently emphasizes the relevance position projects rules about reasonable risk not fixed modern edition of the article. The article is indicated that the situation, previously proposed in develop scientific and practical team’s projects with them and consolidation in the current for today, but not used normal in force discussion of the nature of the provisions will allow objectively solve the issue of criminal legal consequences of action related risk through which caused damage public relations, real protected by law. In particular, the author points to the need to clarify of the mechanism, for the application of criminal law in relation to the rule of reasonable risk, which is a circumstance mitigating punishment and precluding the criminality of an act.

Effect of the infill panels in the floor response spectra of an 8-storey RC building

One of the significant challenges concerning earthquake risk mitigation is the seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings that were not designed according to modern codes. Several authors recognized that the infill walls might significantly affect the seismic response of reinforced concrete structures (RC). Still, they are treated as “non-structural” elements by the national and international codes and they are not considered in the seismic assessment of existing RC buildings, and their impact on the seismic response of the structure is neglected. This manuscript aims to study the seismic response of an 8-storey RC structure simulated in the software OpenSees with and without masonry infill walls. The masonry infill walls were simulated considering their in-plane and out-of-plane (OOP) behaviour interaction. Two different studies were performed. First, the study of the impact of the infill walls in the global building seismic response and after that the study of the infill walls seismic performance. Several incremental dynamic analyses were carried out for these studies to study floor accelerations and velocities and determine peak floor acceleration and peak floor velocity. At the same time, floor response spectra were drawn for the design peak ground acceleration, according to Eurocode 8. Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum is also obtained and presented according to Eurocode 8. The OOP accelerations and OOP velocities of the masonry infill walls were recorded for all the input ground-motions. The maximum OOP accelerations and velocities reached by the infill panels at each floor were obtained and discussed. The respective infill acceleration and infill acceleration-displacement response spectrum and infill velocity response spectra were then derived and presented. Finally, the amplification of the infills OOP accelerations along the building height will be evaluated and compared with the Eurocode 8 demands. The results show that the infills increase the peak floor accelerations and modify the floor response spectra. The infills OOP accelerations are always 1.2–2 times higher than PFA. The infills acceleration response spectra do not change with the increase of the building height.

Performance Analysis of Coded OTFS Systems Over High-Mobility Channels

Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation is a recently developed multi-carrier multi-slot transmission scheme for wireless communications in high-mobility environments. In this paper, the error performance of coded OTFS modulation over high-mobility channels is investigated. We start from the study of conditional pairwise-error probability (PEP) of the OTFS scheme, based on which its performance upper bound of the coded OTFS system is derived. Then, we show that the coding improvement for OTFS systems depends on the squared Euclidean distance among codeword pairs and the number of independent resolvable paths of the channel. More importantly, we show that there exists a fundamental trade-off between the coding gain and the diversity gain for OTFS systems, i.e., the diversity gain of OTFS systems improves with the number of resolvable paths, while the coding gain declines. Furthermore, based on our analysis, the impact of channel coding parameters on the performance of the coded OTFS systems is unveiled. The error performance of various coded OTFS systems over high-mobility channels is then evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate a significant performance improvement for OTFS modulation over the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation over high-mobility channels. Analytical results and the effectiveness of the proposed code design are also verified by simulations with the application of both classical and modern codes for OTFS systems.

Effect of Proportioning of Lateral Stiffness in Orthogonal Directions on Seismic Performance of RC Buildings

ABSTRACT Effect of different proportioning of lateral force-resisting system in the orthogonal directions, on seismic collapse capacity and fragility of reinforced concrete buildings is investigated. Buildings with different structural systems and configurations, are designed for a modern seismic design code. To simulate the structural collapse, the hysteretic models of beams, columns, and shear walls are duly calibrated using experimental tests results. Results show that if the buildings of a given height are designed for the same hazard level, these show equal levels of safety against collapse, irrespective of the proportioning of lateral load resisting systems in the orthogonal directions.

How Metals Are Transported in and out of a Galactic Disk: Dependence on the Hydrodynamic Schemes in Numerical Simulations

Abstract Metallicity is a fundamental probe for understanding the baryon physics in a galaxy. Since metals are intricately associated with radiative cooling, star formation, and stellar feedback, reproducing the observed metal distribution through numerical experiments will provide a prominent way to examine our understanding of galactic baryon physics. In this study, we analyze the dependence of the galactic metal distribution on numerical schemes and quantify the differences in metal mixing among modern galaxy simulation codes (the mesh-based code Enzo and the particle-based codes Gadget-2 and Gizmo-PSPH). In particular, we examine different stellar feedback strengths and an explicit metal diffusion scheme in particle-based codes, as a way to alleviate the well-known discrepancy in metal transport between mesh-based and particle-based simulations. We demonstrate that a sufficient number of gas particles are needed in the gas halo to properly investigate the metal distribution therein. Including an explicit metal diffusion scheme does not significantly affect the metal distribution in the galactic disk but does change the amount of low-metallicity gas in a hot diffuse halo. We also find that the spatial distribution of metals depends strongly on how the stellar feedback is modeled. We demonstrate that the previously reported discrepancy in metals between mesh-based and particle-based simulations can be mitigated with our proposed prescription, enabling these simulations to be reliably utilized in the study of metals in galactic halos and the circumgalactic medium.

Ensuring the detection of property in the institute of property seizure

The article is devoted to the study of certain issues of property detection in the institution of seizure of property. On the basis of comparative legal analysis, the possibility of ensuring the detection of property using search and seizure within the Criminal Procedure Code of the past and modern Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and foreign countries was assessed. The rights of the victim under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are analyzed in terms of his/her right to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law to decide his/her civil rights and obligations. The application of the criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine is analyzed taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights on the protection of human rights in relation to the rights of individuals or legal entities to peacefully own their property. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the previous provisions do not in any way restrict the right of the state to enact such laws as it deems necessary to exercise control over the use of property in accordance with the general interest. Scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, formal-legal and comparative-legal method became the methodological basis of the research.

Prediction of fire resistance of concrete encased steel composite columns using artificial neural network

Concrete encased steel (CES) columns, also known as steel reinforced concrete (SRC) composite columns, exhibit superior fire resistance due to concrete acting as a protection layer for the embedded steel section. While modern design codes have provided design guides for the fire resistance of CES columns, they are only applicable to those made of normal strength concrete. For high strength CES columns, advanced analysis is needed to capture the brittleness of high strength concrete at elevated temperature. In this paper, two methods, namely the artificial neural network (ANN) and the analytical equations, are proposed to predict the fire resistance of axially-loaded CES columns made of high strength concrete. To train the ANN, a finite difference model is developed to compute the temperature field in CES columns and it is used to establish a database containing 15,200 specimens. The cross-sectional dimensions and materials grades of the specimens are carefully selected to cover a wide range of values including those commonly adopted in real-life applications. The inputs of the ANN are identified through an extensive parametric analysis. The selected ANN consists of 7 inputs, 3 outputs and 2 hidden layers and achieves a high determination coefficient R2 value of 0.999. For practical implementation, analytical equations are also derived and achieve high R2 values above 0.953. The predictive power of the ANN and the analytical equations are examined against the observations obtained from actual fire tests, showing reasonable accuracy of prediction. Both methods are simple, of high accuracy and have implicitly accounted for temperature-dependent material degradation, and hence do not require input of temperature-dependent material properties and advanced analysis software.

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Data used in modern code review mapping study and survey

Understanding shared links and their intentions to meet information needs in modern code review:

Code reviews serve as a quality assurance activity for software teams. Especially for Modern Code Review, sharing a link during a review discussion serves as an effective awareness mechanism where “Code reviews are good FYIs [for your information].”. Although prior work has explored link sharing and the information needs of a code review, the extent to which links are used to properly conduct a review is unknown. In this study, we performed a mixed-method approach to investigate the practice of link sharing and their intentions. First, through a quantitative study of the OpenStack and Qt projects, we identify 19,268 reviews that have 39,686 links to explore the extent to which the links are shared, and analyze a correlation between link sharing and review time. Then in a qualitative study, we manually analyze 1,378 links to understand the role and usefulness of link sharing. Results indicate that internal links are more widely referred to (93% and 80% for the two projects). Importantly, although the majority of the internal links are referencing to reviews, bug reports and source code are also shared in review discussions. The statistical models show that the number of internal links as an explanatory factor does have an increasing relationship with the review time. Finally, we present seven intentions of link sharing, with providing context being the most common intention for sharing links. Based on the findings and a developer survey, we encourage the patch author to provide clear context and explore both internal and external resources, while the review team should continue link sharing activities. Future research directions include the investigation of causality between sharing links and the review process, as well as the potential for tool support.

Seismic Performance of RC Beam–Column Joints Designed According to Older and Modern Codes: An Attempt to Reduce Conventional Reinforcement Using Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete

An analytical and experimental investigation was conducted herein to examine the cyclic load behavior of beam–column joint subassemblages, typical of both the modern reinforced concrete (RC) structures and of the pre-1960s–1970s existing ones. Seven exterior RC beam–column joint subassemblages were constructed and subjected to earthquake-type loading. Three specimens were designed according to the requirements of the Eurocode (EC) for ductility class medium (DCM), while the other three specimens possessed poor seismic details, conforming to past building codes. The hysteresis behavior of the subassemblages was evaluated. An analytical model was used to calculate the ultimate shear capacity of the beam–column joint area, while also predicting accurately the failure mode of the specimens. It was clearly demonstrated experimentally and analytically that it is possible for excessive seismic damage of the beam–column joint region to occur when designing according to the current European building codes. In addition, the proposed analytical model was found to be very satisfactory in accurately predicting seismic behavior and in preventing the premature brittle shear failure of the joints. The seventh subassemblage, constructed with steel fiber RC and significantly less transverse reinforcement than that required according to the EC, exhibited satisfactory ductile seismic performance, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed design solution.