Modern Cars Research Articles

СПЕЦИФИКА ДИАГНОСТИКИ СИСТЕМЫ ВПРЫСКА ДВС В УСЛОВИЯХ ОГРАНИЧЕННЫХ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ОСНАЩЕНИЯ СТАНЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the problems of diagnostics of gasoline engines of passenger cars of domestic and foreign production, regardless of their brands and models with an injection system, under limited conditions, the technical possibility of equipping the engine diagnostic station with the necessary instruments and equipment, as well as qualified specialists. The number of growing cars in one year in Russia is approximately 2.3%, while the model range is updated by 1%. The functionality of car electronics due to the introduction and implementation (pulse width modulators, without wired data transmission systems, increased sensors and video surveillance cameras, alarms and can bus) increases by 10%, thereby outstripping the production and technical base of car service stations. The use and implementation of the can bus (high-speed data transmission) allows electronic control units of modern cars to help the driver in non-standard situations on highways and monitor the driver's actions in emergency cases in order to avoid a traffic accident, in addition, the electronic system allows you to execute voice commands of the driver or passengers, thereby eliminating mechanical impact on the control buttons of that or another function. Given the complexity and modernity of diagnostic equipment, appropriate personnel who have received qualified training in the region under consideration are also needed. The problems in the diagnosis of new cars with extensive electronic systems capabilities and the non-compliance of most service stations and diagnostic points of the passenger car engine injection system in a particular region of the Republic of Dagestan with the level of development and compliance of the production and technical base meeting the requirements for qualified repair of modern cars of domestic and foreign production, for objective reasons, have been studied and investigated. Effective methods of equipping the diagnostic post with various equipment with minimal loss of occupied space are recommended.

Analysis of the modern fire load of a car taking into account the use of new materials

The article analyzes modern requirements to different types of parking spaces, features of their organization. The multilevel variant of arrangement is considered separately, as well as the peculiarities of ensuring fire safety taking into account the fire resistance of structures, including the installation of automatic fire extinguishing system. Also as a result, a comparative analysis of polymers used in modern car construction as a source of specific fire load of parking lots is carried out. Keywords composites, fires, closed parking lot, automobile, fire load

Hydrogen Economy: Are we ready?

Hydrogen Economy: Are we ready?

Numerical Study of the Mechanical Behavior of a Composite Material Plate

Composite materials are playing an increasingly significant role in the field of mechanics, such as aeronautics, aerospace, ships, and modern cars. The objective of this work was to investigate the mechanical properties and behavior of a composite plate (carbon/epoxy) through various tests, including tension, compression, and bending, using numerical analysis. Additionally, static analysis of mechanical behavior was performed, as well as the natural vibration of undamped structures. This analysis aimed to determine stresses, displacements, natural frequencies, and modes of free vibration. The obtained results illustrated that the composite material has a significant impact on improving the quality of mechanical properties and increasing the lifetime of materials, making it a valuable option for design and repair techniques. Furthermore, the results obtained in this work align well with previous literature studies. By examining these parameters, this study aimed to enhance our understanding of how composite materials perform under different mechanical loads and dynamic conditions, thus contributing valuable data to advance the field of composite mechanics.

Artificial Neural Network-Powered, Driverless Vehicle Concept Development

Autonomous cars are now possible due to significant advances in robotics and intelligent control systems. Before these vehicles can safely operate in traffic and other hostile environments, there are many navigation, vision, and control issues. We want techniques that are both cost-effective and efficient, so that the field of research and academia may fully embrace self-driving cars. Within this scenario, we need something that can convert people to autonomous automobiles and include existing vehicles so that academics and explorers can access them. This study proposes a flexible mechanical layout that can be assembled in a short time and installed in most modern automobiles; it can also be used as a stepping stone in the development of autonomous vehicles. Using various actuators, conventional automobiles can be converted into autonomous vehicles. In the context of motor vehicle automation, motors are often used as actuators. In addition to motors, a pneumatic system was developed to automate the predetermined steps. An autonomous vehicle's mechanical arrangement is crucial, and it must be regularly updated and built to be robust in the face of dynamic conditions. We re-implemented two additional convolutional neural networks in an effort to conduct an objective test of their proposed network and compare our system's structure, technical complexity, and performance test during autonomous driving with theirs. This predicted network is around 250 times larger than the Alex Net network and four times larger than Pilot Net after training. Although the complexity and measurement of the publication's system are lower than other models that contribute lower latency and greater speed throughout inference, the operation was claimed by our system, which achieved autonomous driving with an equivalent efficacy as that achieved with two other models. The projected deep neural system reduces the need to infer ultra-fast computational hardware. This is important for cost efficiency, scale, and cost.

Finding a generic fixed brake force distribution through optimizing hydraulic brake system parameters to prevent wheel lock

Purpose The paper aims to identify a suitable generic brake force distribution ratio (β) corresponding to optimal brake design attributes in a diminutive driving range, where road conditions do not exhibit excessive variations. This will intend for an appropriate allocation of brake force distribution (BFD) to provide dynamic stability to the vehicle during braking. Design/methodology/approach Two techniques are presented (with and without wheel slip) to satisfy both brake stability and performance while accommodating variations in load sharing and road friction coefficient. Based on parametric optimization of the design variables of hydraulic brake using evolutionary algorithm, taking into account both the laden and unladen circumstances simultaneously, this research develops an improved model for computing and simulating the BFD applied to commercial and passenger vehicles. Findings The optimal parameter values defining the braking system have been identified, resulting in effective β = 0.695 which enhances the brake forces at respective axles. Nominal slip of 3.42% is achieved with maximum deceleration of 5.72 m/s2 maintaining directional stability during braking. The results obtained from both the methodologies are juxtaposed and assessed governing the vehicle stability in straight line motion to prevent wheel lock. Originality/value Optimization results establish the practicality, efficacy and applicability of the proposed approaches. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of hydraulic drum brake systems in modern automobiles, which can lead to safer and more efficient braking systems.

High power and thermal-stable of graphene modified LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode by simple method for fast charging-enable lithium ion battery

The use of batteries in modern electronic devices and electric cars is becoming increasingly important. Batteries with high energy density, high rate and cycle capability, as well as operational safety, are in high demand today. The cathode of a lithium-ion battery is a part that significantly affects the performance of the battery. LiNiMnCoO2 (NMC) cathode, especially in the composition of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), has high specific capacity but not high thermal and electrical conductivity stability. To improve the temperature stability and performance of the battery, conductive elements such as graphene can be added. The addition of graphene can increase battery performance due to its high electrical conductivity characteristics. In this study, the addition of graphene on NMC cathode through a simple solid-state technique along with direct mixing was shown to improve the cathode characteristics. The addition of graphene on the NMC cathode also proved to be capable of improving the cycle stability and rate capability. The retention capacity is 95.83 %, higher than that of the cathode without graphene modification, which is 92.27 % after 100 cycles with 1C current, and comparable to the capability of commercial batteries. The ability to work under rapid charge and discharge conditions was also well demonstrated with a capacity drop of 5.44 % over 200 cycles at a charge and discharge current of 5C. The addition of graphene was also shown to improve the safe use of NMC batteries. With the test at 5C current, the highest temperature of the battery was 46.52 °C, which is still considered safe for the operation of lithium ion-based batteries at high currents. In this research, the use of a simple solid-state method to mix the graphene with NMC811 cathode is proven to be able to produce lithium-ion batteries with superior performance. This offers ease in terms for use in large-scale production of cathode preparation that can produce high-performance cathodes.

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN IMPROVING TRANSPORT SAFETY: VEHICLE AND INFRASTRUCTURE SAFETY SYSTEMS

The growing number of traffic accidents and road deaths make traffic safety one of the most urgent problems of our time. Technological advancements in road transport and road infrastructure create a powerful potential for mitigating the risk of road accidents and ultimately saving lives. This study aims to analyse and evaluate the impact of technology on improving transportation safety with a focus on vehicle and infrastructure safety systems. The object of research is technologies aimed at preventing road accidents and reducing their consequences, while the subject of research is the role of these technologies in traffic safety. To achieve the goal, we used the following methods in this study. An analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources was carried out, which made it possible to assess the state of modern research in the field of transport safety and identify the most significant aspects of the technologies usage to reduce the risk of road accidents. Active participation in scientific discussions and exchange of views with leading scientists in this field allowed us to gain additional insights and evaluate the current state of research in transport safety. The study encompassed several tasks, including analysing and assessing modern car safety technologies. The research analysed the impact of existing car safety technologies on traffic accident statistics, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the article explored the role of infrastructure, including intelligent traffic management and communication technologies, in enhancing overall traffic safety. We identified challenges, such as privacy and cyber security, related to the application of technology in transport security and outlined prospects for further development of this industry. The article highlights the importance of using technology to improve traffic safety. The findings allow us to determine that the development of car safety systems and infrastructure has the potential to reduce road accidents substantially. The recommendations from the study emphasise the need for further research in cyber security and standardisation of technologies to ensure their secure integration on roads. This approach to the technology implementation can help diminish the risk of road accidents and preserve human lives. Keywords: technologies, transport safety, transport technologies, cars, transport infrastructure.

See the light

AbstractMany features in today's modern cars are designed to support drivers on their journeys all over the world. Working in the background and invisible to most, some of these hidden components provide us with increased comfort and safety no matter what the driving conditions are like.

Regulating driving automation in the European Union – criminal liability on the road ahead?

Technological developments enable modern cars to drive autonomously. The EU has embraced this phenomenon in the hope that such technology can ameliorate mobility and environmental problems and has therefore engaged in tailoring technical solutions to driving automation in Europe. But driving automation, like other uses of AI, raises novel legal issues, including in criminal law – for instance when such vehicles malfunction and cause serious harm. By only pushing for a technological standard for self-driving cars, are EU lawmakers missing necessary regulatory aspects? In this article, we argue that criminal law ought to be reflected in EU strategy and offer a proposal to fill the current gap, suggesting an approach to allocate criminal liability when humans put AI systems in the driver’s seat.

Face Recognition System Based Car Security System

Modern car security systems have been developed as a result of the growing demand in the automotive sector for increased convenience and security. In order to provide safe access management and authentication for cars, this paper suggests a face recognition system-based auto security system that makes use of facial recognition techniques. When a match is detected, the system uses computer vision algorithms to identify and detect the faces of approved drivers, enabling the car to be unlocked and started without any issues. In order to convert near infrared face images into their corresponding visible images, we develop a nir-vis image translation model. Using two distinct nir databases of face images, the pre-trained face embedding model is applied to present the evaluation performances. The proposed system offers improved security by eliminating the need for traditional key-based systems and providing a robust biometric-based authentication mechanism. Anti-spoofing procedures are also integrated to guarantee the system's dependability and defense against fraudulent attempts. One of the disadvantages of the current systems is that not everyone finds it comfortable to have to memorize their password for certain systems. An RFID card is another device that has been developed to verify the identification of the user. Hackers have the ability to modify RFID data and substitute it with their own. Certain systems utilize fingerprints to verify an individual's identity. The primary reasons for the low adoption of biometric fingerprint locks are their expensive cost and the potential for falsified or damaged fingerprints. Certain systems identify an obstruction ahead of the car, sound an alert, tell the driver to pull over, but do nothing to actually avoid the obstruction. Through tests and assessments, the usefulness and practicability of the suggested system are shown, highlighting its potential as a workable option for safe and practical access management in automotive settings

Inspection of Spot Welded Joints with the Use of the Ultrasonic Surface Wave.

Spot welded joints play a crucial role in the construction of modern automobiles, serving as a vital method for enhancing the structural integrity, strength, and durability of the vehicle body. Taking into account spot welding process in automotive bodies, numerous defects can arise, such as insufficient weld nugget diameter. It may have evident influence on vehicle operation or even contribute to accidents on the road. Hence, there is a need for non-invasive methods that allow to assess the quality of the spot welds without compromising their structural integrity and characteristics. Thus, this study describes a novel method for assessing spot welded joints using ultrasound technology. The usage of ultrasonic surface waves is the main component of the proposed advancement. The study employed ultrasonic transducers operating at a frequency of 10 MHz and a specially designed setup for testing various spot welded samples. The parameters of the spot welding procedure and the size of the weld nugget caused differences in the ultrasonic surface waveforms that were recorded during experiments. One of the indicators of weld quality was the amplitude of the ultrasonic pulse. For low quality spot welds, the amplitude amounted to around 25% of the maximum value when using single-sided transducers. Conversely, for high-quality welds an amplitude of 90% was achieved. Depending on the size of the weld nugget, a larger or smaller amount of wave energy is transferred, which results in a smaller or larger amplitude of the ultrasonic pulse. Comparable results were obtained when employing transducers on both sides of the tested joint, as an amplitude ranging from 13% for inferior welds to 97% for superior ones was observed. This research confirmed the feasibility of employing surface waves to assess the diameter of the weld nugget accurately.

A Model-Based Method for Enabling Source Mapping and Intrusion Detection on Proprietary Can Bus

With the deep integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the increase of computational power and memory, vehicles can also serve as the infrastructures for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), e.g., as fog nodes. However, when connecting vehicles to the internet, alongside with the benefits it brings, it also opens many new challenges such as security attacks. Controller Area Network (CAN) is one of the main in-vehicle communication protocols in modern cars. Its lack of sender verification mechanism makes CAN particularly vulnerable to cyber-attacks including masquerade attack. Fingerprinting Electronic Control Units (ECUs) based on hardware characteristics has been proved feasible and effective on defending CAN buses. However, most state-of-the-art works exploited the supervised learning algorithm to identify the transmitter based on the signal characteristics. This makes the decision process hard to understand, and it also limits the deployment on proprietary CAN bus without prior knowledge. To solve this, we design a novel clock-skew-based approach capable of pinpointing the sender and detecting intrusion on proprietary CAN bus. We take a single CAN frame as the object for measurement, and adjust the measuring process such that our approach can be independent of the transmission time of frames. Based on the statistical analysis of data from real vehicles, we propose a novel box-plot algorithm based on score mechanism to filter the raw data. Finally, the clock skews are estimated and accumulated to build a linear model for representing the transmitter ECU. The evaluation results on one CAN prototype and two production vehicles show that our approach is able to well identify and differentiate ECUs on the bus without prior knowledge. The data processed by the proposed box-plot algorithm can describe the hardware characteristics of ECUs precisely. We also show the ability of our approach to protecting the CAN bus against the masquerade attack.

“Optimizing Heat Transfer Efficiency with Nanofluids in Automotive Radiator Applications for Enhanced Performance: A Comprehensive Review Article of Research Findings”

Abstract: This research paper explores the potential of nanofluids to optimize heat transfer efficiency in automotive radiator applications, ultimately enhancing performance. In modern automobiles, efficient cooling is paramount to ensure engine reliability and performance. Traditional coolant systems have limitations in terms of heat transfer efficiency, which has led to a quest for innovative solutions. Nanofluids, engineered fluids containing nanoparticles, have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique thermal properties. The study outlines a comprehensive literature review, which delves into the fundamentals of heat transfer in automotive radiators and identifies the challenges posed by conventional coolants. It highlights the concept of nanofluids and their potential benefits, drawing upon previous research findings. The methodology section details the experimental setup or numerical simulations employed in this study, including the selection of nanofluids and testing conditions. The results indicate a substantial improvement in heat transfer efficiency when nanofluids are utilized, thus demonstrating their viability as a coolant in automotive radiators. The discussion section provides an in-depth analysis of the findings, offering insights into the implications of this research. While emphasizing the advantages of nanofluids, the paper also acknowledges its limitations and uncertainties. The conclusion summarizes the significance of the research, underscoring the potential of nanofluids in revolutionizing automotive cooling systems. This research paper serves as a vital resource for automotive engineers, researchers, and manufacturers seeking to enhance the performance and efficiency of radiator systems, ultimately contributing to more reliable and eco-friendly automotive technology.

“Enhancing Automotive Radiator Performance through Optimal Heat Transfer with Nanofluids”

Abstract: The automotive industry continually seeks innovations to improve vehicle efficiency and sustainability. One critical aspect is optimizing the performance of vehicle cooling systems, especially the radiator, to enhance heat transfer efficiency and overall thermal management. This study explores the integration of nanofluids, colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in traditional engine coolants, into automobile radiators to achieve this goal. Nanofluids, engineered at the nanoscale, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional thermal properties. By judiciously selecting and dispersing nanoparticles within the coolant, substantial improvements in thermal conductivity and heat capacity can be achieved. This leads to superior heat transfer capabilities compared to conventional coolants. In this research, a comprehensive experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of nanofluid-infused radiator systems. The study encompasses the selection of suitable nanoparticles, their dispersion within the coolant, and subsequent testing within a controlled automobile radiator environment. The experimental results showcase substantial enhancements in heat transfer efficiency, demonstrating the potential of nanofluids to optimize cooling system performance. The findings suggest that nanofluid-based cooling systems have the capacity to significantly elevate heat transfer rates within the radiator. This enhancement holds promise for improving the overall efficiency of automotive cooling systems, consequently positively impacting vehicle performance and sustainability. The use of nanofluids in radiator applications stands as a viable solution to meet the ever-growing demands of efficient thermal management in modern automobiles. This research not only contributes to advancing the understanding of nanofluid applications in automotive engineering but also underscores the potential for practical implementation in vehicle cooling systems. The results advocate for further exploration and integration of nanotechnology within the automotive sector to drive advancements towards sustainable and energy-efficient transportation solutions

Face and number plate recognition for car anti-theft

Smart parking systems along with that is continuous development of new technologies, are widely applied to improve our lives. It can also add new technologies with advanced functions making it a multi-functional management system. Thanks to the anti-theft technologies that are installed, modern cars are significantly more difficult to steal than they once were. However, electrical systems can still experience issues, though and malfunction at some point. This paper suggests using video image recognition technology, at car parks and parking lots as an anti-theft solution, alerting the presence of the non-owner of vehicle in the driver’s seat. The system automatically predicts whether the driver is valid with the registration number plate. The image of the car is captured by the camera at the entrance gates of the parking lot. The proposed algorithm includes face recognition in images, building a deep learning convolutional network that classifies faces (subscriber’s images); using Cascade trainer to train number plate object recognition, vehicle number recognition through character recognition technique. The system can recognize reality through a personal computer connected to the camera at the scene or through photos and video files. Result, the model can face recognition and match to license plate in at a moment.

DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR THE GROUP LOCALIZATION OF PHRASES IN THE DATABASE

When creating modern cars, in addition to analog and mechanical devices, digital technologies are also very widely used.
 The article considers the process of software development for group unloading of text phrases into a database in the C# programming language and using Windows Presentation Framework, which is reasonable to apply to facilitate the tasks of developing car diagnostics procedures.
 The goal is to development of software for group uploading of text phrases to a database in the C# programming language and using the Windows Presentation Framework (WPF).
 The method or methodology of the work: the article discusses a project to develop a WPF application for group uploading of text phrases to a database.
 Results: a program with a UI interface has been developed to automate the unloading of phrases into the database.
 Scope of the results: the obtained results should be used to facilitate the tasks of developing car diagnostic procedures.

Modeling and estimation of the reliability of electrical components for autonomous driving

AbstractFrom automated to autonomous cars, a higher and higher reliability of the electrical components is required, while on the other hand the number of electrical components is continuously increasing in modern cars. Therefore for these components the estimation of a mean‐time‐to‐failure (MTTF) and a failure rate, a so‐called failure‐in‐time (FIT) rate, and the quantification of the corresponding uncertainties is crucial. The verification of the required FIT rates of less than one failure in one billion hours of lifetime is a challenge.Risk estimates have to be determined before and within the development process of future automated/autonomous cars. However, tests in real time take too long and are too expensive. As the next step, the uncertainty quantification of networks of components as in the vehicle electric system or a battery (with cells and management systems) are to be considered as well.This paper discusses several options for the determination of these failure rates. Following an overview we focus on the approach of experimental overstress tests and the combination of overstresses varying in time. Mathematically, the latter means a switching between different probability distributions in time. We state how to combine probability distributions that are typical for MTTF. Results for step functions in time as well as continuous changes in time of the probability distribution are presented. The main result is that the order of the temporal stresses is essential. This calls into question whether the common practice using temperature collectives is applicable here.

Design and Development of AKEA: A 360-degree rotating vehicle

The design of a 360-degree rotating vehicle has been proposed as a solution to the problems encountered in traditional wheel vehicles. This paper highlights the benefits of such a design, the proposed models for implementing the design, and the design of a 360-degree rotating vehicle known as AKEA. Traditional wheel vehicles are faced with numerous problems such as parking and u-turn. The 360-degree rotating vehicle design eliminates these problems as it can take turns without moving the vehicle, and no extra space is required to turn the vehicle. The proposed models for implementing the design of the 360-degree rotating vehicle include lifting plates, chain sprockets, chain or belt drives, and quad-steering mechanisms. These models have several shortcomings, including complexity in design, unrealistic features and increased turning radius. The AKEA design, however, incorporates sustainable and recycled materials, and the result of the design process was a vehicle that performed various features. These features include side-ways movement, 360-degree rotation, and mobile phone operation. AKEA is connected to the mobile phone via Bluetooth, having a range of 100 meters. However, to improve the design further, sensors for self-driving and WiFi connectivity for a broader range of connectivity were proposed. In conclusion, the design of a 360-degree rotating vehicle is necessary to reduce and eliminate problems encountered in traditional wheel vehicles. Although several models have been proposed, the AKEA design performs various features and can be implemented in modern cars and trucks. Improving the design by incorporating sensors and WiFi connectivity will improve the responsiveness of the mobile application and ensure wider range connectivity.

Research on Feature Detection of Light Vehicle Emission Pollution Under the Control of Artificial Intelligence

Most modern cars use electronically controlled fuel injection engines. Because the fuel injection rate is strictly in accordance with the intake port, the combustion is more thorough and cleaner, so it usually has better emission performance. However, when there is a problem with it, it will have a great impact on its emission characteristics. By conducting exhaust emission experiments under WLTC, NEDC, and FTP-75 operating conditions, the emission characteristics of exhaust gases under various operating conditions were compared. Through comparative analysis, it is concluded that under WLTC conditions, the strictness of vehicle exhaust emissions has increased compared with the past, which provides a basis for automobile manufacturers to manage vehicle exhaust in the new technical environment.