Modern Cars Research Articles

Investigation of the wear of asphalt concrete pavement taking into account the influence of temperature, moisture of the pavement and the presence of an aggressive environment

Abstract. The emergence of a large number of modern high-speed cars with improved dynamic characteristics and an increase in the share of cars, especially large load capacity, have significantly accelerated the destruction of asphalt roads. Plastic deformations, tracks and cracks are more and more often observed on asphalt concrete pavements of roads, their wear is accelerated. As a result, the transport and operational condition of roads deteriorates, the speed of traffic decreases, the cost of road transport increases, and increasing costs are required for road repairs. Thus, the conditions of traction of the wheels of the car with the road surface are influenced by the service life of the coating, traffic intensity, the amount of harmful emissions of industrial enterprises and climatic factors. At the same time uneven change of conditions of coupling in cross and longitudinal profiles of the highway comes to light. Analyzing the natural and climatic factors, we can establish that different weather conditions have different effects on the condition of the road surface. In summer, the condition of the surface is dry and clean, so the driving conditions are safe. Taking into account all the factors that lead to the destruction of the coating with the formation of residual deformations and irreversible changes, requires the study of wear of the coating surface. he wear of the coating largely depends on the friction force in the area of contact of the tire with the surface of the coating, the type of tires and the pressure in the tires. But the random nature of changes in the intensity and composition of traffic, seasons, temperature, humidity, rainfall affects the amount of wear over a period of operation of the road surface. The presence of water or solutions in the pores of the coating leads to the separation of mineral particles from the layer under the action of impact force from the wheels of vehicles. It is experimentally established that the wear of asphalt concrete in the dry and wet state increases with increasing temperature. One of the main types of damage to road surfaces is their premature wear under the influence of vehicle wheels, in combination with changing weather conditions. Analyzing the natural and climatic factors, we can establish that different weather conditions have different effects on the condition of the road surface. The article considers the influence of temperature, humidity and the presence of solutions of chloride anti-icing materials on the process of abrasion of asphalt pavement in the autumn-winter period. Occurrence of big differences of temperature and humidity accelerates processes of aging of materials from which layers are made, influencing their durability and wear resistance.

Smart traffic control: Identifying driving-violations using fog devices with vehicular cameras in smart cities

Growing vehicular traffic in urban areas creates a mess for authorities to handle city traffic. With the lack of human resources, authorities are moving towards the use of smart and auto-traffic control systems to manage an increasing volume of traffic. Mostly, these systems monitor traffic using street cameras and identify illegal traffic behaviors, such as signal violations. However, it is not feasible to employ humans or static cameras everywhere in the city in order to cover all the urban roads. These days, modern automobiles come with cameras to store videos as a black-box in case of an accident. In this paper, we exploited the use of vehicular cameras and proposed a smart traffic control model to report any traffic violation on the road. To this end, the vehicle's camera monitors all front cars on the road and transmits videos to the car's attached fog device. The fog device analyses the captured video for unlawful behavior and reports to traffic authorities in case of any violation. Initially, front vehicles are recognized using Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), whereas road lanes are marked using Hough transform. Later, the violations are identified using the violation-detection algorithm. As a use case, the algorithm is designed for the fog device to identify driving violations, including wrong U-turn and driving on a central divider line or a yellow line. The role of the fog device is implemented on a GTX750-Ti GPU-based machine. Finally, the system's performance is evaluated in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

Effects of Temperature and Turbulence on Characteristics and Morphological Variations of Urea Deposits in Urea-SCR Systems. A Study Using SEM and XRD

The Urea-Water Solution (UWS) is sprayed into the diesel engine exhaust gases of automobiles in order to generate reducing agent NH3 in Urea-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems adopted to diesel engines of modern automobiles to mitigate oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although it is a very efficient technique, deposit formation at low temperatures is a major concern. The growth of deposits not only reduces the efficiency of NH3 generation but also generates non-depleting complex compounds. The temperature of exhaust gas and the Reynolds number of the flow have significant effects on this deposit formation. In this study, the compositional variation and the crystallinity of the deposits are investigated using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) with respect to variation in temperature and flow rate at the preliminary stage. The elemental analysis is done for different samples using EDX that indicates urea as a major constituent in most of the deposits for a temperature range of 423-523K for overdosed conditions. The XRD results indicate the evolution of various traces of urea-related compounds at different temperatures and for turbulent flow of Reynolds Number 9000-32000. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the morphological variations of the deposits have been studied for various temperature and flow conditions. The comparative study of the morphology of deposits during the initial stages of deposit formation indicates an extent to which growth can occur and probable areas of deposits for further growth.

Robust authentication for automotive control networks through covert channels

Automotive control networks offer little resistance against security threats that come with the long-range connectivity in modern cars. Remote attacks that undermine the safety of vehicles have been shown to be practical. A range of security mechanisms have been proposed to harden resource-constrained embedded microcontrollers against malicious interference, including cryptographic protocols that establish the authenticity of in-vehicle message exchange. However, authenticated communication comes with repercussions on deployability and vehicle safety in terms of reliability, real-time compliance, backwards compatibility, and bandwidth and resource use.In this article we investigate benign, defencive uses of covert channels to implement and support vehicular message authentication mechanisms as a transparent, resource-conserving approach to automotive network security. We provide the first comprehensive evaluation of covert channels in Controller Area Networks (CAN) with respect to the attainable bandwidth and reliability of covert communication. Our analysis identifies timing-based covert channels as candidates to design a complementary nonce synchronisation channel that can enhance robustness against message loss in existing authentication schemes. We practically implement and evaluate this design on top of an open-source authenticated CAN communication library, showing that covert timing channels can improve communication robustness in benign circumstances, while not reducing the security guarantees of the underlying authentication primitives when under attack.

MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF AUTOSERVICE ENTERPRISES

In the current conditions of qualitative transformations in various sectors of the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the entire system of economic relations, the problem of the functioning of modern car service enterprises for the mainten,ance and repair of individual vehicles becomes especially relevant. This problem is primarily related to the main tasks facing road transport enterprises and is the main component of the efficiency of economic activities of enterprises. The large variety of factors influencing the work of car service enterprises makes it difficult, first of all, to classify them and requires information about their similar groups. The main groups of factors influencing the effective functioning of car service enterprises are divided into general and specialized factors. At the same time, factors of direct impact directly affect the work of car service enterprises, and factors of an indirect nature do not directly affect the activities of enterprises, but it is necessary to keep records of them in order to make appropriate decisions.
 In the current economic conditions, car service enterprises, despite their departmental affiliation, have to rationally resolve some contradictions that are caused by the obvious imperfection of the structural relations themselves. At the same time, one can still observe a very high level of depreciation of the main equipment and an acute shortage of acceptable sources of financing, the impossibility of obtaining credit funds due to high interest rates. All these problems, first of all, significantly restrain the very process of demand for the implementation of transport services for car maintenance. Therefore, in this current situation, car service enterprises are forced to look for their internal reserves and capabilities. It is on the solution of all these above-mentioned problems that the identification or establishment of the so-called controllable factors that affect the production activities of car service enterprises will depend.

SDLV: Verification of Steering Angle Safety for Self-Driving Cars

AbstractSelf-driving cars over the last decade have achieved significant progress like driving millions of miles without any human intervention. However, behavioral safety in applying deep-neural-network-based (DNN based) systems for self-driving cars could not be guaranteed. Several real-world accidents involving self-driving cars have already happened, some of which have led to fatal collisions. In this paper, we present a novel and automated technique for verifying steering angle safety for self-driving cars. The technique is based on deep learning verification (DLV), which is an automated verification framework for safety of image classification neural networks. We extend DLV by leveraging neuron coverage and slack relationship to solve the judgement problem of predicted behaviors, and thus, to achieve verification of steering angle safety for self-driving cars. We evaluate our technique on the NVIDIA’s end-to-end self-driving architecture, which is a crucial ingredient in many modern self-driving cars. Experimental results show that our technique can successfully find adversarial misclassifications (i.e., incorrect steering decisions) within given regions if they exist. Therefore, we can achieve safety verification (if no misclassification is found for all DNN layers, in which case the network can be said to be stable or reliable w.r.t. steering decisions) or falsification (in which case the adversarial examples can be used to fine-tune the network).

Research on the Sensitivity of Automotive Sensors under the Background of 5G

With the continuous development of automotive electronics, automotive sensing technology has also appeared and has been more and more widely used. As an important part of the automotive electronic control system, automotive sensors not only need to collect information, but also transmit information. The automobile sensor first needs to convert the automobile operating condition information into electrical signals and then transmit it to the central control unit, in order to make the engine reach the best working condition. In addition, automotive sensors can also perform accurate and real-time measurement and control for information such as pressure, temperature, speed, photoelectricity and flow rate, which greatly improves the effectiveness of information processing. As a factor that can affect the safe operation of a car, the quality of the car sensor plays a direct role. Therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of automobiles, strict requirements on the accuracy, stability, responsiveness, shock resistance and service life of automobile sensors are required. The development of modern cars is moving towards a safer and more comfortable perspective and the key to achieving this goal lies in the development of sensors. At present, the development of sensors mainly depends on the development of new sensors and the integration, intelligence and multifunction of sensors. Realize the improvement of the sensor’s working accuracy and response speed and the ability to adapt to different environments. Therefore, studying the application of sensors in the current automotive field is of great significance to the future development of the automotive field and the sensor field.

Making the Case for Centralized Automotive E/E Architectures

The rapidly increasing complexity of software in modern cars dictates new trends in electrical and/or electronic (E/E) automotive architectures. As a result, many original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers have been advocating centralized E/E architectures as the automotive architectures of the future. In this article we make the case for centralized E/E architectures in the automotive industry. We discuss the motivation for centralized architectural schemes by carefully examining challenges and drawbacks of the traditional decentralized automotive E/E architectures, while contrasting with the corresponding benefits offered by centralization. Then, the technologies required to support new centralized architectures are discussed in detail. In particular, we present the state of the art in networking technologies, virtualization, electronic control unit (ECU) hardware and AUTOSAR, and discuss the state of adoption of these technologies in industry. Throughout, functional safety is considered and addressed as an overarching concern in the automotive industry.

CAN-Bus Attack Detection With Deep Learning

Modern cars include a huge number of sensors and actuators, which continuously exchange data and control commands. The most used protocol for communication of different components in automotive system is the Controller Area Network (CAN). According to CAN, components communicate by broadcasting messages on a bus. In addition, the standard definition of the protocol does not provide information for authentication, so exposing it to attacks. This paper proposes a method based on deep learning aiming at discovering attacks towards the CAN-bus. In particular, Neural Networks and MultiLayer Perceptrons are the class of networks employed in our approach. We also validate our approach by analysing a real-world dataset with the injection of messages from different types of attacks: denial of service, fuzzy pattern attacks, and attacks against specific components. The obtained results are encouraging and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.

Influence of the Load Distribution and Sizes on the Wheel Geometry in Passenger Cars

This paper discusses impact of changes in the load size and distribution in passenger cars on geometry of the suspension and steering systems. It was found to have a major impact on the road safety. The research was carried out with the four most popular suspension system designs used in modern passenger cars, i.e. multi-link suspension on both front and rear axles, only on the front axle, only on the rear axle and a simple suspension design for both front and rear axles. Eight load variants were used for the tests. Changes in the following wheel geometry parameters were identified: toe-in and camber angles of all the wheels and castors for the front wheels. The numerical relationships were determined between the load distribution and sizes and changes in suspension and steering systems in passenger cars. It was found that cars with multi-link suspension in both front and rear axles adapt best to changes in weight and load distribution.

Data-driven linear parameter-varying modelling of the steering dynamics of an autonomous car

Developing automatic driving solutions and driver support systems requires accurate vehicle specific models to describe and predict the associated motion dynamics of the vehicle. Despite of the mature understanding of ideal vehicle dynamics, which are inherently nonlinear, modern cars are equipped with a wide array of digital and mechatronic components that are difficult to model. Furthermore, due to manufacturing, each car has its personal motion characteristics which change over time. Hence, it is important to develop data-driven modelling methods that are capable to capture from data all relevant aspects of vehicle dynamics in a model that is directly utilisable for control. In this paper, we show how Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) modelling and system identification can be applied to reliably capture personalised model of the steering system of an autonomous car based on measured data. Compared to other nonlinear identification techniques, the obtained LPV model is directly utilisable for powerful controller synthesis methods of the LPV framework.

Assessment of socio-economic efficiency of application of the new ice braking system on modern cars

The article is devoted to assessing the socio-economic efficiency of internal combustion engine equipment with an electronic system for regulating its mechanical losses, which provides effective vehicle braking. The evaluation of the socio-economic efficiency of the proposed equipment for the internal combustion engine of cars-taxis with an electronic system for managing mechanical losses, which provides effective braking of the car, showed that this improvement provides a high resource economy for Russia, amounting to about 3.5 % of the revenue of the taxi market in the Russian Federation. Keywords rating, car, socio-economic impact, the deceleration of the vehicle engine

Addressing Cybersecurity in the Next Generation Mobility Ecosystem with CARAMEL

The proliferation of next generation mobility, promotes the use of autonomous cars, connected vehicles and electromobility. It creates novel attack surfaces for high impact cyberattacks affecting the society. Addressing the cybersecurity challenges introduced by modern vehicles requires a proactive and multi-faceted approach combining techniques originating from various domains of ICT. Emerging technologies such as 5G, LiDAR, novel in-vehicle and roadside sensors and smart charging, used in modern cars, introduce new challenges and potential security gaps in the next generation mobility ecosystem. Thus, it is critical that the domain’s cybersecurity must be approached in a structured manner from a multi-domain and multi-technology perspective.The CARAMEL H2020 project aims to address the cybersecurity challenges on the pillars upon which the next generation mobility is constructed (i.e., autonomous mobility, connected mobility, electromobility). To achieve that, advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques will be utilized for the identification of anomalies and the classification of incoming signals indicating a cyber-attack or a cybersecurity risk. Apart from risk detection, methods for the mitigation of the identified risks will also be continuously incorporated to the CARAMEL solution. The final goal of CARAMEL is to create an anti-hacking platform for the European automotive cybersecurity and to demonstrate its value through extensive attack and penetration scenarios. In this paper we will expand on the unique cybersecurity-relevant characteristics of the pillars upon which the CARAMEL solution is built. Next, a number of use cases emerging from such analysis will be extracted in order to form the basis upon which the CARAMEL platform will be evaluated. Finally, we will conclude with an overview of the platform’s architectural composition.

Analysis of acceleration slip regulation system used in modern cars

Analysis of acceleration slip regulation system used in modern cars

ОЦЕНКА БЕЗОТКАЗНОСТИ ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДВИГАТЕЛЕМ

In modern automobiles operational control of work processes of internal combustion engines is executed by an electronic engine control system (EECS) in which operational damage inevitably arises due to influence of mechanical, chemical and other processes. In order to detect and localize the damage the authors suggest a method for determination of the EECS condition with a preliminary assessment of its no-failure probability P(t) that allows establishing a possibility of a system failure according to operating time up to next scheduled automobile maintenance. A value of the P(t) indicator depends on condition of the EECS structural elements and is determined by corresponding diagnostic parameters. As a result, the authors suggest a regression equation that allows assessing influence of values of diagnostic parameters on an optimization parameter and the solution of which is conducted with the use of the experimental design method. In order to simplify calculations the authors have developed a computer program that gives a possibility to determine the probability of the EECS no-failure operation and its life according to diagnostic parameters gained at scheduled maintenance.

Design and Evaluation of a Reconfigurable ECU Architecture for Secure and Dependable Automotive CPS

The next generation of automobiles integrate a multitude of electronic control units (ECUs) to implement various automotive control and infotainment applications. However, recent works have demonstrated that these pervasively computerized modern automobiles are susceptible to security attacks that could compromise the physical safety of the driver and/or passengers. In this paper, we propose a novel ECU architecture for automotive cyber-physical systems (CPS) that simultaneously integrates both security and dependability primitives in the design with negligible performance, energy, and resources overhead. We implement our proposed ECU architecture on Xilinx Automotive (XA) Spartan-6 FPGA. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed architecture using a steer-by-wire (SBW) application over controller area network (CAN) with flexible data rate (CAN FD) as a case study. We also optimize and implement a prior secure and dependable automotive work on NXP quad-core iMX6Q SABRE automotive board. We quantify the performance, energy, and error resilience of our proposed architecture for the SBW case study. Results reveal that our proposed architecture can attain a speedup of 47.9× while consuming 2.4× lesser energy than the optimized SABRE board implementation of security and dependability primitives. We further perform a comparative analysis of prior designs and the proposed ECU architecture for different in-vehicle networks, viz., CAN, CAN FD, and FlexRay. Results verify the feasibility as well as the superiority of the proposed ECU over other prior designs in terms of response time, energy efficiency, and error resilience.

Potential applications of additive manufacturing technologies in the vehicle industry

One of the most competitive fields on the planet is the automotive industry. Newmarket and innovative designs regularly arise, necessitating the development of new manufacturing methods to keep up with the automotive industry. Additive manufacturing offers a significant competitive advantage in this industry, serving as a disruptive strategy by increasing production flexibility, reducing product development time, and providing optimal automotive components and bespoke vehicle products on demand. Additive manufacturing on soft assembly tools or specialised tools to make automotive components enhances automotive production. Additive Manufacturing’s freeform capability allows for the design and direct fabrication of optimised automotive components aimed at improving vehicle performance, as well as tailored assembly tools to boost productivity. Another related technological advantage of additive manufacturing is the ability to create lightweight components with the help of generative design algorithms. Furthermore, the time to market for Additive Manufacturing parts has fallen dramatically, allowing mass customisation to become a reality. The strong downward trend in fuel consumption offers new automobile design, performance, and compliance with regulations. Considering the actual example switch from the conventional combustion engine to other motion systems, Additive Manufacturing is a critical enabler technology for modern automobiles. This paper provides an overview of Additive Manufacturing applications in the automobile sector, focusing on the technical and economic benefits of this manufacturing technology.

Перспективы развития тормозных систем современных военных автомобилей

The article contains information about the development of brake systems of military vehicles. The advantages and disadvantages of the brake control of modern cars used in Russia and abroad are shown. The directions of priority development of brake systems are defined.

Анализ динамической характеристической кривой системы электроснабжения автомобилей

Units of modern cars require an uninterrupted supply of electricity of the required quality, therefore, the prompt determination of the technical condition of the power supply system (SE) is an urgent task. During the operation of the car, there is a dynamic redistribution of electricity consumed for the needs of consumers between the car generator and the storage battery (AKB). The efficiency of the balance of electricity on board the car is influenced not only by the power of consumers, the mode of movement of the car, weather and climatic factors, but also by the technical condition of the generator and battery, however, insufficient attention has been paid to this. It has been established that the currents of the generator, the field winding and the battery, as well as the voltage of the on-board network, can serve as indicators of the technical condition of the vehicle’s ESS. The purpose of the article is to develop typical loading modes of a vehicle’s solar cell and a technique for their modeling in laboratory conditions. The leading method for solving this problem is fixing the ESS parameters using an analog data recorder with variations in the load current and the generator rotor speed. In the course of the experiment, the loading modes were changed in the order of increasing the generator rotor speed. The nature of the change in the parameters of the solar cell in the case of a working generator and a charged battery has been determined. The efficiency of the solar cell can be indirectly estimated by the ratio of the areas limited by the charging and discharging currents of the battery of the dynamic characteristic curve. With a load current of 10 A, the energy supplied by the battery generator exceeds the energy consumed for the work of consumers. When the load current increases to 15 A, the energy balance shifts towards the discharge part. The experimentally established dependences of the change in the parameters of the solar cell with variations in the load and speed modes of operation can be considered a scientific novelty. The practical significance of the research carried out is to increase the reliability of diagnosing SE based on the analysis of indicators of its technical condition. Further research will be aimed at determining changes in the parameters of the vehicle’s ESS in the process of occurrence and development of generator and battery malfunctions.

Case-системи для розробки мультиагентної системи (МАС) в системі діагностування та технічного обслуговування автомобілів

The article provides a comparative analysis of existing software products and libraries that allow the design of multi-agent systems for diagnostics and maintenance systems for modern cars. The authors substantiate two main shortcomings inherent in all products - analogues: the need for high qualification of the user as a software code developer, and low performance of intelligent methods in the structure of agents, which worsens their performance. Both manufacturers and car owners are objectively interested in the widespread use of telematics systems for monitoring the technical condition of cars. Predictive diagnostics gives them access to a huge amount of information about all the nuances of car operation, wherever they are, during the entire service life. The application of this approach using a multi-agent system (MAS) will allow taking the next step in this direction. Information from the connected vehicles goes to the main server. Systematization and analysis of data make it possible to establish the causes of malfunctions, identify patterns of their occurrence and make further predictions. Purpose of the work: to perform a comparative analysis of existing software products and libraries that allow the design of multi-agent systems. The topic of the work is disclosed on the example of the analysis of software tools for the development and design of MAS at the present stage. There are a number of systems and libraries on the market designed for the development of multi-agent systems. These Case - systems are suitable for the development of multi-agent systems of any direction, that is, they are universal from this point of view. Therefore, for us it is a universal application tool for the automotive industry. Ultimately, the work performed a comparative analysis of existing software products and libraries that allow the design of multi-agent systems. The analysis revealed two main drawbacks inherent in all products - analogs: the need for high user qualifications as a developer of software code, and low indicators of the possibilities of introducing intelligent methods into the structure of agents, worsens the indicators of their work.